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                <title xml:lang="en-CA" level="m" type="main">Regenerations</title>
                <title xml:lang="en-CA" level="m" type="sub">Canadian Women's Writing</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m" type="main">Régénérations</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m" type="sub">Écriture des femmes au Canada</title>
                <editor role="editor">
                    <forename>Marrie</forename>
                    <forename>Carrière</forename>
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                <editor role="editor">
                    <forename>Patricia</forename>
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                    <forename>Susan</forename>
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                    <forename>Mihaela</forename>
                    <forename>Ilovan</forename>
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                    <forename>Ruth</forename>
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                    <orgName>University of Alberta Libraries</orgName>
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                <funder>
                    <orgName>Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada</orgName>
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                <sponsor><orgName xml:lang="en-CA">Canadian Literature Centre</orgName>/<orgName xml:lang="fr-CA">Centre de littérature canadienne</orgName></sponsor>
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                    <orgName>Implementing New Knowledge Environments</orgName>
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                <edition>Dynamic Table of Contexts edition</edition>
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                        <forename>Duncan</forename>
                        <surname>Turner</surname>
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                    <resp>Indexers: </resp>
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                        <forename>Judy</forename>
                        <surname>Dunlop</surname>
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                    <name><forename>François</forename> Trahan</name>
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                        <forename>MaryLou</forename>
                        <surname>Roy</surname>
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                        <forename>Andrew</forename>
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                        <forename>Samantha</forename>
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                    <orgName role="publisher">University of Alberta Press</orgName>
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                        <addrLine>Ring House 2</addrLine>
                        <addrLine>Edmonton, Alberta, Canada   T6G 2E1</addrLine>
                        <addrLine>www.uap.ualberta.ca</addrLine>
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                <publisher>
                    <orgName role="publisher">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory</orgName>
                    <address><addrLine>www.cwrc.ca</addrLine></address>
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                <idno type="ISBN">ISBN: 978-1-55195-345-8</idno>
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                    <p>Copyright © 2015 The University of Alberta Press</p>
                    <p>All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written consent. Contact the University of Alberta Press for further details.</p>
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                <!-- Source Description, which Andrew uses to generate the table of contents,  needs to be updated with new bibl information: -->
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                    <bibl> <title level="a" type="main">Preface/Préface</title> <author rend="bold"><forename>Marie</forename> <surname>Carrière</surname></author> &amp; <author rend="bold"><forename>Patricia</forename> <surname>Demers</surname></author> </bibl>
                    <listBibl>
                        <head>Au Fil de la Narration</head>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Au fill de la narration et des générations</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Nicole</forename>
                                <surname>Brossard</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Women Who Invite Collaboration</title>
                            <title type="sub">Caroline Bergvall, Erín Moure, et al.</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Susan</forename>
                                <surname>Rudy</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">A Modernist Commons in Canada/Une commune moderniste au Canada</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Dean</forename>
                                <surname>Irvine</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl><title level="a" type="main">L'apport du concept d'ontologie informatique à l'étude de l'histoire littéraire des femmes au XIXe siècle</title> <author><forename>Chantal</forename> <surname>Savoie</surname></author> &amp; <author><forename>Julie</forename> <surname>Roy</surname></author></bibl>
                    </listBibl>
                    <listBibl>
                        <head>Back to the Future</head>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Reclaiming the Past, Nurturing the Future</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Rosemary</forename>
                                <surname>Sullivan</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Du métaféminisme et des histoires au féminin</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Marie</forename>
                                <surname>Carrière</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Gothic Romance in Quebec</title>
                            <title type="sub">Engaging English and French in Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction by Women</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Lindsay</forename>
                                <surname>McMaster</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Readers Reading Margaret Laurence, 1965–1980</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Cinda</forename>
                                <surname>Gault</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                    </listBibl>
                    <listBibl>
                        <head>Des contextes minoritaires</head>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Être écrivaine en contexte minoritaire franco-canadien (1970–1985)</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Lucie</forename>
                                <surname>Hotte</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Crooked Ribs, Modern Martyrs, and Dull Days</title>
                            <title type="sub">Recovering Hidden Prince Edward Island Women through Their Life Writing</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Mary</forename>
                                <surname>McDonald-Rissanen</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Common Measure</title>
                            <title type="sub">“Folk Poetry” and the Scandal of Canadian Literature</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Gary</forename>
                                <surname>Kelly</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Recuperating Oblivion in <title level="m">The Displaced View (1988)</title></title>
                            <title type="sub">Midi Onodera’s Intercultural Feminist Experimental Cinematic Polyphony</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Sheena</forename>
                                <surname>Wilson</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                    </listBibl>
                    <listBibl>
                        <head>Women in Movement</head>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Publishing and Women in Movement</title>
                            <title type="sub">Changing the Game</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Louise</forename>
                                <surname>Dennys</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">"To Get In Behind the Curtain"</title>
                            <title type="sub">Miriam Green Ellis’s Travels and Tales</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Patricia</forename>
                                <surname>Demers</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">Catherine Mavrikakis</title>
                            <title type="sub">La force de penser (chaque jour)</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Maïté</forename>
                                <surname>Snauwaert</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                        <bibl>
                            <title level="a" type="main">This is What a Public Intellectual Looks Like</title>
                            <title type="sub">Dorothy Livesay’s Housewife Years and the Public Sphere</title>
                            <author>
                                <forename>Shauna</forename>
                                <surname>Lancit</surname>
                            </author>
                        </bibl>
                    </listBibl>
                    <bibl><title level="a" type="main">Afterword</title> <author>Susan Brown</author> &amp; <author><forename>Mary-Jo</forename> <surname>Romaniuk</surname></author></bibl>
                    <bibl>
                        <title level="a" type="main">Contributors/Collaborateurs</title>
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                    <!-\- Life tagset: -\->
                    <category xml:id="class_issue">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion related to class.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="nationality_issue">
                        <catDesc>Encodes passages discussing nationality.</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Encloses significant statements about where books were published.</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc> Encodes information about reprinting a work in collections with work by other people.</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Refers to a non-textual work or non-textual packaging of a written work.</catDesc>
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                    <!-\-  Textual Features tagset: -\->

                    <category xml:id="genre">
                        <!-\- List below is tentatively replaced with the CWRC primary genres. User testing will tell if this is a good alternative for this collection  -\->
                       <!-\- 
                        <catDesc xml:id="adaptation">Adaptation</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="afterword">Afterword</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="allegory">Allegory</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="annotation">Annotation</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc xml:id="epic">Epic</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc xml:id="parody">Parody</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc xml:id="propoganda">Propaganda</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc xml:id="short_story">Short Story</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc xml:id="sonnet">Sonnet</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="tragedy">Tragedy</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="translation">Translation</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="treatise">Treatise</catDesc>
                        <catDesc xml:id="young_adult_writing">Young Adult Writing</catDesc>-\->
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                    <category xml:id="genre_music"><catDesc>Music</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_novel"><catDesc>Novel</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_non-ficion"><catDesc>Non-fiction</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_poetry"><catDesc>Poetry</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_performance"><catDesc>Performance</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_short_story"><catDesc>Short story</catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_scholarlyWriting"><catDesc>Scholarly writing </catDesc></category>
                    <category xml:id="genre_issue">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussions of disputable generic allegiance or unusual generic mixtures.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="voice_or_narration">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of narrative techniques.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="textual_strategies">
                        <catDesc>Rhetorical and discursive effects.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="characterization">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussions of fictional characters.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="intertextuality">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of gestures in a text towards other texts. Includes exchange, debate, rivalries, influence of one writer on another.</catDesc>
                    </category>
                    <category xml:id="theme_or_topic">
                        <catDesc>Encodes both theme (concepts central to a particular text) and topic (subjects of less central weight).</catDesc>
                    </category>
                    <category xml:id="motif">
                        <catDesc>Encodes a recurring element that has symbolic significance.</catDesc>
                    </category>
                    <!-\-  Reception tagset: -\->
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                        <catDesc>Encodes time frame of a literary response to a work.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="response_re-evaluation">
                        <catDesc>Encodes a response that is a re-evaluation of a literary work.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="response_formal">
                        <catDesc>Encodes a formal response to a literary work (e.g. a review).</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Encodes an informal response to a literary work (e.g. a comment or a letter).</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="response_gendered">
                        <catDesc>Indicates whether or not a literary response is predicated on the writer's gender.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="recognitions">
                        <catDesc>Encodes material about acclaim offered to literary works, usually in the form of awards and prizes.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="censorship">
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of censorship.</catDesc>
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                    <!-\-  Critcal Interpretation tagset: -\->
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                        <catDesc>Encodes statements about larger issues of cultural authority.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="economics">
                        <catDesc>Encodes material related to wealth, power, etc.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="men_writing">
                        <catDesc>Discussions of male writing as gendered, or as a tradition (not all discussions of writing by men).</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Discussions of women's writing as gendered, or as a tradition (not all discussions of writing by women).</catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of literary communities and their influences on intellectual history. </catDesc>
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                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of social movements.</catDesc>
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                    <category xml:id="close_reading">
                        <catDesc>Encodes passages of close reading.</catDesc>
                    </category>
                    <category xml:id="methodology">
                        <!-\- Should we create subcategories for methodology? Or include these methodological approaches as categories in 'genre'? -\->
                        <catDesc>Encodes discussion of someone's methodological approach, or that of another critic. Methodological categories include: feminist, Canadianist, new historical, deconstructionist, psychoanalytic, globalism, post-colonialism, sustainability, etc.</catDesc>
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            <titlePage>
                <docTitle xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <titlePart type="main">Regenerations</titlePart>
                    <titlePart type="sub">Canadian Women's Writing</titlePart>
                </docTitle>
                <docTitle xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <titlePart type="main">Régénérations</titlePart>
                    <titlePart type="sub">Écriture des femmes au Canada</titlePart>
                </docTitle>
                <byline><docAuthor>Marie Carrière</docAuthor> &amp; <docAuthor>Patricia Demers</docAuthor>, <roleName xml:lang="en-CA">Editors</roleName>/<roleName xml:lang="fr-CA">Directrices</roleName></byline>
                <docImprint>
                    <publisher>The University of Alberta Press</publisher>
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            <titlePage>
                <docEdition>
                    <s>Published by:</s>
                    <biblFull>
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                            <title/>
                        </titleStmt>
                        <publicationStmt>
                            <publisher>The University of Alberta Press</publisher>
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                                <addrLine>Ring House 2</addrLine>
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                                <p>Copyright © 2015 The University of Alberta Press</p>
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                        <notesStmt>
                            <note>
                                <p>Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication</p>
                                <p>Regenerations : Canadian women's writing = Régénérations : écriture des femmes au Canada / Marie Carrière &amp; Patricia Demers, editors/directrices.</p>
                                <p>Includes bibliographical references and index.</p>
                                <p>Issued in print and electronic formats.</p>
                                <p>Text chiefly in English; some text in French.</p>
                                <p>ISBN 978-0-88864-627-9 (pbk.).—ISBN 978-1-77212-026-4 (epub).—</p>
                                <p>ISBN 978-1-77212-027-1 (Amazon kindle).—ISBN 978-1-77212-028-8 (pdf)</p>
                                <p> 1. Canadian literature (English)-Women authors-History and criticism.</p>
                                <p>2. Canadian literature (French)-Women authors-History and criticism. I. Carrière, Marie J., 1971–, author, editor II. Demers, Patricia, 1946–, author, editor III. Title: Régénérations.</p>
                                <p>PS8089.5.W6R436 2014</p>
                                <p>C810.9'9287</p>
                                <p>C2014-905233-2</p>
                                <p>C2014-905234-0</p>
                            </note>
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                        <sourceDesc>
                            <p>Index available in print, PDF and DToC editions.</p>
                            <p>ISBN 978-088864-627-9 print edition</p>
                            <p>ISBN 978-177212-028-8 PDF edition</p>
                            <p>ISBN 978-177212-026-4 ePub edition</p>
                            <p>First edition, print, PDF, ePub and Amazon Kindle, 2014.</p>
                            <p>First Dynamic Table of Contexts edition, 2015.</p>
                            <p>ISBN 978-1-55195-345-9 DToC edition. Vesrion 1.0</p>
                        </sourceDesc>

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                            <note>The University of Alberta Press gratefully acknowledges the support received for its publishing program from The Canada Council for the Arts. The University of Alberta Press also gratefully acknowledges the ﬁnancial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund (CBF) and the Government of Alberta through the Alberta Media Fund (AMF) for its publishing activities.</note>
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            </titlePage>
            <div type="contents">
                <head>Contents / Table des matières</head>
                <list>
                    <item>
                        <title level="a" type="main">Preface/Préface</title>
                        <ab><persName rend="bold" role="editor"><forename>Marie</forename> <surname>Carrière</surname></persName> &amp; <persName rend="bold" role="editor"><forename>Patricia</forename> <surname>Demers</surname></persName> </ab>
                    </item>
                    <item> Au Fil de la Narration <list><item> <title level="a" type="main">Au fill de la narration et des générations</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Nicole</forename> <surname>Brossard</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Women Who Invite Collaboration</title> <title type="sub">Caroline Bergvall, Erín Moure, et al.</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Susan</forename> <surname>Rudy</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">A Modernist Commons in Canada/Une commune moderniste au Canada</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Dean</forename> <surname>Irvine</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item><title level="a" type="main">L'apport du concept d'ontologie informatique à l'étude de l'histoire littéraire des femmes au XIXe siècle</title> <ab><persName role="author"><forename>Chantal</forename> <surname>Savoie</surname></persName> &amp; <persName role="author"><forename>Julie</forename> <surname>Roy</surname></persName></ab></item></list> </item>
                    <item>Back to the Future <list><item> <title level="a" type="main">Reclaiming the Past, Nurturing the Future</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Rosemary</forename> <surname>Sullivan</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Du métaféminisme et des histoires au féminin</title><ab> <persName role="author"> <forename>Marie</forename> <surname>Carrière</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Gothic Romance in Quebec</title> <title type="sub">Engaging English and French in Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction by Women</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Lindsay</forename> <surname>McMaster</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Readers Reading Margaret Laurence, 1965–1980</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Cinda</forename> <surname>Gault</surname> </persName> </ab></item></list> </item>
                    <item>Des contextes minoritaires <list> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Être écrivaine en contexte minoritaire franco-canadien (1970–1985)</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Lucie</forename> <surname>Hotte</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Crooked Ribs, Modern Martyrs, and Dull Days</title> <title type="sub">Recovering Hidden Prince Edward Island Women through Their Life Writing</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Mary</forename> <surname>McDonald-Rissanen</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Common Measure</title> <title type="sub">“Folk Poetry” and the Scandal of Canadian Literature</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Gary</forename> <surname>Kelly</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Recuperating Oblivion in <title level="m">The Displaced View (1988)</title></title> <title type="sub">Midi Onodera’s Intercultural Feminist Experimental Cinematic Polyphony</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Sheena</forename> <surname>Wilson</surname> </persName> </ab></item></list> </item>
                    <item>Women in Movement <list> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Publishing and Women in Movement</title> <title type="sub">Changing the Game</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Louise</forename> <surname>Dennys</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">"To Get In Behind the Curtain"</title> <title type="sub">Miriam Green Ellis’s Travels and Tales</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Patricia</forename> <surname>Demers</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">Catherine Mavrikakis</title> <title type="sub">La force de penser (chaque jour)</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Maïté</forename> <surname>Snauwaert</surname> </persName> </ab></item> <item> <title level="a" type="main">This is What a Public Intellectual Looks Like</title> <title type="sub">Dorothy Livesay’s Housewife Years and the Public Sphere</title> <ab><persName role="author"> <forename>Shauna</forename> <surname>Lancit</surname> </persName> </ab></item></list> </item>
                    <item>
                        <title level="a" type="main">Afterword</title>
                        <ab> <persName role="author"><forename>Susan</forename> <surname>Brown</surname></persName> &amp; <persName role="author"><forename>Mary-Jo</forename> <surname>Romaniuk</surname></persName></ab>
                    </item>
                    <item>
                        <title level="a" type="main">Contributors/Collaborateurs</title>
                    </item>
                </list>
            </div>
            <div type="preface" xml:lang="en-CA">
                <head>Preface / <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Préface</hi></head>
                <docAuthor>
                    <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120027154" cert="definite">marie carrière</persName>
                </docAuthor>
                <docAuthor>
                    <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698" cert="definite">patricia demers</persName>
                </docAuthor>
                <p xml:id="p0">
                    <ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting"><hi rend="italic" xml:lang="fr-CA">Ce que les femmes de chaque génération ont eu à dire et à transmettre</hi>: with brilliant succinctness in her contribution to this volume, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName> enunciates the scope of this collection. These essays are revised versions of papers delivered at the <listEvent> <event> <label>Canadian Women Writers Conference/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Colloque écritures des femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName></hi></label> </event> </listEvent>, held at <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" cert="definite">the University of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102" cert="definite">Alberta</placeName></orgName> <date when="2010">in fall 2010</date></ref>. <ref target="#collaboration">Seeing, hearing, discovering, and recovering the words of Canadian women writers comprised its exciting prospect. Realizing that this material—from the <date from="1800" to="2000">nineteenth century to the present</date>—continues to link and connect, and toggles back and forth across centuries and languages, has been one of the delights of our collaborative work of selection and positioning.</ref></ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p1">
                    <ref target="#women_writing"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Relier, (em)brancher, rapprocher, ce ne sont que quelques mots pour évoquer plus généralement les trajectoires possibles rassemblant tout autant dans la similarité que la différence l’écriture des femmes et la critique féministe au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> et au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>. <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#social_movement">Quant à elle, l’écriture au féminin s’est très souvent voulue un mode de partages, de collaborations et de traductions, ainsi que de nouvelles approches poétiques et théoriques. Elle se situe aux confins de divers mouvements intellectuels et sociaux, notamment féministes et transculturels. Que ces pensées portent sur la prise de parole, le genre et la différence sexuelle, ou le soi et l’autre, l’écriture — celle d’hier comme celle d’aujourd’hui — les enchâsse, les remet en cause et, peut-être avant tout, ose les imaginer autrement</ref></ref></hi>.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p2">
                    <ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#technology"><ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">Essay collections that treat Canadian women’s writing in relation to literary history and digital scholarship, and with a multicultural and bilingual scope, have been close to non-existent, with the exception of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917" cert="definite">Barbara Godard</persName>’s <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T173651-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Gynocritics/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">La gynocritique</hi>: Feminist Approaches to Canadian and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Quebec</placeName> Women’s Writing/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Approches féministes à l’écriture des canadiennes et québécoises<?oxy_comment_end?></hi></title>(<date when="1987" cert="definite">1987</date>)</ref>. Historical, monolingual feminist collections, <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T174216-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?><title level="m">A Mazing Space: Writing Canadian Women Writing<?oxy_comment_end?></title> (<date when="1986" cert="definite">1986</date>) and <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T174418-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Reimagining Women: Representations of Women in Culture<?oxy_comment_end?></title> (<date when="1993" cert="definite">1993</date>), both of which emerged from pre-digital-age <listEvent> <event> <label>conferences also held at <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" cert="definite">the University of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102" cert="definite">Alberta</placeName></orgName></label> </event> </listEvent>, set impressive benchmarks.</ref><ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#technology"> <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Nous présentons notre ouvrage dans l’espoir d’amplifier et d’enrichir cette tradition. Selon nous, le temps s’annonce bien pour un recueil bilingue abordant les nouvelles formes de collaboration et de recherche numériques et concevant d’une manière innovatrice l’histoire littéraire canadienne façonnée par la recherche féministe. C’est ce que tente précisément de faire le présent volume collectif</hi></ref></ref></ref>.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p3">With the keynote speakers’ addresses serving as touchstones to the chapters in each thematic section, what has emerged as most invigorating is the ways in which the chapters speak to one another, disregarding discursive divisions and time frames. <ref target="#technology">Consider how the range of digital media allows us to see, hear, and connect Canadian women writers, their work, and the scholarly attention they attract. <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Plusieurs études de cet ouvrage démontrent que l’environnement électronique se propose non seulement comme un moyen de communication à la fine pointe, mais comme un véritable mécanisme de récupération et d’analyse de textes dont la place n’a pas toujours été dûment accordée par l’histoire littéraire</hi>. <ref target="#genre_poetry"><ref target="#technology"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730" cert="reasonably certain">Susan Rudy</persName>’s examination of the stimulating workspaces of poet-investigators <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" cert="definite">Erin Moure</persName> opens up the field of collaboration for performance art as well as poetry so that online communication, brimming with potentiality, creates and even alters knowledge.</ref></ref> <ref target="#technology"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" cert="definite">Dean Irvine</persName>’s collaborative, nationwide project of Canadian modernism illustrates the sociality of the digital commons. For <persName ref="ttp://viaf.org/viaf/125077482" cert="definite">Maïté Snauwaert</persName>, the blogs, e-books, and alternative radio broadcasts of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName> provide an entry point to the changing quotidian scene in which dreams themselves contribute to a kind of fugitive reality.</ref> <ref target="#non-book_media">Analyzing the intercultural film techniques of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102848858" cert="definite">Midi Onodera</persName> allows <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/55491034" cert="definite">Sheena Wilson</persName> to comment on Japanese-Canadian history, displacement, and redress by offering a new vision of imagining her-stories.</ref></ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p4">
                    <ref target="#non-book_media">Paper and broadcast media are full of insights into other historical periods while they also link past and present writers and questions.</ref>
                    <ref target="#women_writing"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Les voix féminines, connues et moins connues, dans les médias, la presse et le journal intime, par exemple, ne sont pas toujours immédiatement visibles, si on s’en tient aux modalités habituelles de nos histoires littéraires consacrées</hi>. <ref target="#non-book_media"><persName>Shauna Lancit</persName>’s consideration of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" cert="definite">Dorothy Livesay’s</persName> <orgName sameAs="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> radio show of the <date when="1950" cert="definite">1950s</date>, <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T175924-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Critically Speaking<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, prompts readers to connect this language of the social—with the housewife as a public intellectual—to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" cert="definite">Irvine</persName>’s larger project of the sociality of the commons.</ref> <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Manuscript diaries, notebooks, and unpublished fiction supply platforms for <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305358828" cert="definite">Mary McDonald-Rissanen</persName>, <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/110237888" cert="definite">Gary Kelly</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698" cert="definite">Patricia Demers</persName> to probe the lives of women writers often neglected in academic discourse and literary history and, in the process, to interrogate the exclusivity of our understanding of authorship and readership.</ref></ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p5">Writers and readers, we are reminded through the contributions of <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/36720142" cert="definite">Lindsey McMaster</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33915041" cert="definite">Cinda Gault</persName>, live in interconnected worlds. <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Certains points de convergence culturels et idéologiques mis en œuvre par ces deux études ne sont pas sans nous rappeler les liens rapprochant écriture et lecture au féminin, et cela par rapport aux deux contextes langagiers représentés dans ce recueil</hi>. <ref target="#nationality_issue">While <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/36720142" cert="definite">McMaster</persName> returns to nineteenth-century English-Canadian writers, whose divided heroines identify with French <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, to reflect the emerging nation’s inner conflicts, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33915041" cert="definite">Gault</persName> concentrates on critical response to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" cert="definite">Margaret Laurence</persName>’s protagonists as representations of unresolved tensions between nationalists and feminists.</ref> <ref target="#social_movement"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120027154" cert="definite">Marie Carrière</persName>’s analysis of metafeminism captures its range and vacillating connections to second-wave feminism through the work of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Hélène Dorion</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Flora Balzano</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Nadine Bismuth</persName>.</ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p6">
                    <ref target="#technology">The material conditions of production influence how writers do their work and how, in the digital age, we can access and discuss it. <ref target="#archive"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105437213" cert="definite">Chantal Savoie</persName> and <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/83594244" cert="probable">Julie Roy</persName>’s retrieved historical archive of women’s contributions to the periodical press in <date from="1800" to="1900">nineteenth-century</date> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Quebec</placeName> is one model of archival retrieval.</ref> <ref target="#economics"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127" cert="definite">Lucie Hotte</persName>’s investigation of the link between provincial funding, critical reception, and francophone women’s writing in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6087430" cert="definite">New Brunswick</placeName>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6065171" cert="definite">Manitoba</placeName>, and especially <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> in the pivotal period of the <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970s</date> and <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980s</date> is another. </ref><hi xml:lang="fr-CA"><ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#technology">Ces chercheures nous font voir l’importance, voire la nécessité, d’une relecture de textes au féminin, notamment par l’utilisation de la technologie numérique.</ref></ref> <ref target="#response_re-evaluation">Cette relecture est souple et ouverte, d’où l’histoire de nos littératures et de leur réception critique divulgue ses lacunes et son inachèvement</ref></hi>.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p7">
                    <ref target="#economics">Material and cultural conditions are intricately interrelated. As <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T182829-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Louise Dennys<?oxy_comment_end?></persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7436967" cert="definite">Rosemary Sullivan</persName> disclose, they affect career trajectories. Witness the tough battles <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T183039-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Dennys<?oxy_comment_end?></persName> faced in the colonial power structure of the Canadian publishing industry in the <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970s</date>, now transfigured by the prominence of literary voices from the old colonial margins.</ref>
                    <ref target="#education">In a comparable sequence, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7436967" cert="definite">Sullivan</persName>’s remarkable achievement as a biographer of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="probable">Elizabeth Smart</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" cert="definite">Margaret Atwood</persName> fuels her dedication to creative writing programs in Canadian universities, as new incarnations of an old atelier model.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p8">
                    <ref target="#women_writing"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Dans ce recueil collectif, des générations d’écrivaines se croisent et s’entrecroisent. <q><hi rend="italic">Lorsque je fais le tour de ma bibliothèque, je fais le tour de ma vie dans laquelle des femmes, des écrivaines, des amies ont constitué des temps forts dans mon existence</hi></q>, témoigne encore <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName> dans les pages qui suivent. Ce sont les mouvements esthétiques et intellectuels qu’ont propagés ou desquels ont émergé ces femmes, ce sont les langues, les pratiques et les idées circulant en elles et à travers elles qui continuent à produire les temps forts de l’écriture des femmes et la critique féministe au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> et au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>. À les constituer dans leurs spécificités multiples et leurs trames pluridimensionnelles</hi>.</ref>
                </p>
                <div type="section">
                    <head>Works Cited</head>
                    <listBibl>
                        <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917" cert="definite">Godard, Barbara</persName>, ed. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T183637-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Gynocritics/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">La gynocritique</hi>: Feminist Approaches to Canadian and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Quebec</placeName> Women’s Writing/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Approches féministes à l’écriture des canadiennes et québécoises<?oxy_comment_end?></hi></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/137764636" cert="definite">ECW</orgName>, <date when="1987">1987</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91929241" cert="definite">Neuman, Shirley</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110856904" cert="definite">Glennis Stephenson</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37064336" cert="definite">Glennis Byron</persName>, eds. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T184548-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Reimagining Women: Representations of Women in Culture<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" cert="definite">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date when="1993">1993</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91929241" cert="definite">Neuman, Shirley</persName>, and <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T184935-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Smaro Kamboureli<?oxy_comment_end?></persName>, eds. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T185014-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>A Mazing Space: Writing Canadian Women Writing<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102" sameAs="Alberta" cert="definite">AB</placeName>: <orgName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T185311-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Longspoon<?oxy_comment_end?></orgName>, <date when="1986" cert="definite">1986</date>. Print.</bibl>
                    </listBibl>
                </div>
            </div>
        </front>
        <body>
            <div type="part">
                <head xml:lang="fr-CA">Au Fill de la Narration...</head>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <head>
                        <title level="a">Au fil de la narration et des générations</title>
                    </head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <q rend="bloc">Et l'on sera un jour dans le souvenir de nos enfants au milieu de petits-enfants et de gens qui ne sont pas encore nés. Comme le désir sexuel, la mémoire ne s'arrête jamais. Elle apparie les morts aux vivants, les êtres réels aux imaginaires, le rêve à l'histoire.</q>
                    <ab xml:id="p9">
                        <hi rend="italic">— <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51677529">Annie Ernaux</persName>,</hi>
                        <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306965270" cert="definite">Les années</title>
                    </ab>
                    <p xml:id="p10">
                        <ref target="theme_or_topic">Le monde a changé, il continue de le faire tous les jours à un rythme effarant avec un esprit marchand à tout casser. Parler de la mémoire dans un monde en perpétuels et rapides changements n'est donc pas une petite tâche. Et pour cela faut-il peut-être prendre le temps de réinvestir le mot mémoire et d'essayer de comprendre pourquoi nous voulons nous souvenir, à un moment de l'histoire où le présent ne chasse pas le passé mais le présent lui-même. Où l'espace n'est plus une distance, mais une présence de l'instant à partager. Notre présent ne ressemble-t-il pas de plus en plus à une multiplication fluide d'images éphémères, ouvrant sur du possible et du rêve? Ou conduit-il tout simplement à nous faire sombrer dans un ressassement superficiel?</ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">
                                <ref target="#technology">Le livre, Internet, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName> et <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125720882" cert="definite">Twitter</orgName></ref>
                            </hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p11">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Comme si le temps long du livre allait à la rencontre de l'éclair informatique, pour nous rappeler ou nous faire oublier ce que nous, femmes d'Amérique du Nord, étions il y a à peine cinquante ans. Ce que nous avons vécu durant ces années est unique dans l'histoire de l'humanité. Certes, il y a toujours eu des moments de rébellion chez les femmes, mais jamais nous nous étions autant adonnées à l'histoire, à la philosophie, à la critique, à la littérature, à l'art, à la création, à la politique, tout cela en notre propre nom et intérêt. Jamais dans l'histoire nous n'avions eu le contrôle de notre fertilité et de nos <hi>mots.</hi></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p12">
                            <ref target="#history"> Le monde a changé. Aussi ne saurons-nous jamais quel fut notre apport à ces changements, car déjà des phrases phares comme <q>nous aurons les enfants que nous voudrons</q> ou <q>la vie privée est politique</q> ont été happées par les technologies de reproduction, les <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">reality shows</hi> et le monde virtuel. <ref target="#health_issue"><ref target="#education">Pourtant nous savons très bien que notre apport dans les domaines des relations interpersonnelles, de la sexualité et du quotidien a permis d'intégrer de nouvelles valeurs aux mondes du travail, de l'éducation, de l'environnement, du droit et de la santé.</ref></ref> Nous sommes advenues dans la réalité en nous rendant visibles par nos revendications, nos propositions, nos questions, nos amours inimaginables. <ref target="#violence">Étrange phénomène, les changements que nous avons rendus possibles (hélas! seulement pour quelques-unes d'entre nous) n'ont en rien changé l'attitude des papes, cardinaux, rabbins et mollahs à notre égard, n'ont en rien atténué l'esclavage et le commerce des corps féminins, n'ont en rien diminué la violence faite aux femmes, n'ont en rien sorti les femmes de la dépendance et de la pauvreté</ref>. (Un journal titrait récemment <title level="a">La porno, indicateur de la sécurité en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/99237" cert="definite">Irak</placeName>
                                <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150119T123051-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?></title><?oxy_comment_end?>, <date when="2010-08-24">24/08/2010</date> : c'est vous dire à quel point plus ça change, plus c'est pareil!) </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">La mémoire</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p13">
                            <ref target="#history">Mais revenons un instant à la mémoire, puisque le projet qui nous réunit est tout autant lié à ce qui fut, à ce qui arrive présentement et à ce que nous aimerions poursuivre dans le cadre de projets et de dialogues, par l'entremise de l'impalpable espace virtuel capable d'altérer les mœurs, l'identité, l'énergie collective voire même l'histoire. Je pense ici à quelques phénomènes récents comme ces rencontres inventées et organisées en temps réel tels les <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">flash mobs</hi> (rassemblements éclair) et les <hi xml:lang="en-CA">happenings</hi> éphémères.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p14">
                            <ref target="#history">
                                <ref target="#canon_formation">De tout temps, une partie de la mémoire sociale a été appelée à devenir histoire. Cette histoire est le résultat de choix liés à ce que la société préfère se rappeler, les larmes aux yeux, ou célébrer, foule en liesse. La mémoire se transforme alors en centenaire ou bicentenaire événementiels, élit des œuvres littéraires qui deviennent des classiques, décrète que des sites naturels ou architecturaux feront désormais partie du patrimoine mondial. Nous célébrons de moins en moins héros et héroïnes, tout en ne continuant pas moins d'idolâtrer les stars-vedettes du système <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">sexy muscles and money symbol</hi>. <ref target="#violence">C'est de plus en plus avec une compassion médiatique que nous nous remémorons les victimes de violence haineuse et de désastres naturels ou politiques particulièrement spectaculaires. Parallèlement, nous avons constamment besoin de nous rappeler le courage, la résilience, la persévérance des gens ordinaires. De même, au moment où notre mémoire est de plus en plus dans notre ordinateur, nous multiplions les devoirs de mémoire afin d'être bien sûrs de ne pas oublier comment la folie de violence, d'orgueil et de bêtise a ici balayé sur son passage un peuple, là sacrifié une génération.</ref> <ref target="#gender_issue"><ref target="#historical_oppression"><ref target="#religion">Mais il est rare que nous puissions nous rappeler comment cette même folie a raturé, siècle après siècle, des milliers de femmes pour des raisons de religion et de tradition. En effet, les sociétés omettent facilement de parler de l'oppression des femmes, ces dernières étant toujours piégées dans les filets du pouvoir et ceux de la religion, de l'ignorance et des peurs collectives qui constituent une menace constante à leur intégrité</ref></ref></ref>.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p15">
                            <ref target="#history">
                                <ref target="#violence">Se rappeler, c'est rappeler vers nous des êtres (héros, figures emblématiques) et des événements (<listEvent> <event> <label>Hiroshima</label> </event> </listEvent>, <listEvent> <event> <label>la chute du mur de Berlin</label> </event> </listEvent>, <listEvent> <event> <label>le 6 décembre 1989</label> </event> </listEvent>, <listEvent> <event> <label>le 11 septembre 2001</label> </event> </listEvent>), bref, c'est se souvenir de circonstances et de gestes exceptionnellement beaux, ou exceptionnellement cruels. Maintenant que notre accès à un savoir vaste est facile, comment jouir et profiter de connexions qui peuvent, sans nous encombrer l'esprit, stimuler la créativité et nourrir notre solidarité?</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p16">
                            <ref target="#history">Chaque acte public de mémoire célèbre une ou des valeurs dont le sens est intégré à nos vies sous forme de valeur affective. De là les larmes, les cris de joie, le délire et la fête qui accompagnent les moments de partage public d'une mémoire collective. Les actes publics virtuels concernent de moins en moins la politique et de plus en plus les petits plaisirs individualistes gavés de présent et d'un appétit constant de consommation.</ref>
                            <ref target="#politics">Certes, il y a encore des manifestations politiques, à l'occasion des <listEvent> <event> <label>G-8 et G-20</label> </event> </listEvent>, mais, de plus en plus, on s'adonne à des <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">flash mobs</hi> sans aucune revendication, dans le seul but de se regrouper instantanément pour un apéro, une danse ou une photo : <q>être une foule inexplicable pendant 10 minutes ou moins</q><note place="end">Depuis <listEvent> <event> <label>le printemps arabe de 2011</label> </event> </listEvent>, les foules indignées et revendicatrices n'ont pas cessé de se manifester dans toutes les régions du monde, y compris au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> avec le <q><listEvent> <event> <label> printemps érable</label> </event> </listEvent> </q>.</note>.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">ELLES / notre mémoire</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p17"><ref target="#sexuality">Récemment, une amie française lesbienne radicale est décédée. Elle vivait entourée de femmes fortement liées au mouvement radical lesbien du milieu <date when="1970" cert="definite"> des années 1970</date>. <ref target="#women_writing">Elle avait connu des écrivaines féministes lesbiennes québécoises, françaises et américaines de l'époque la plus dynamique. Dans une lettre d'adieu, cette amie nomme les femmes créatrices qu'elle a connues, qui l'ont aidée et stimulée dans sa vie</ref></ref>. Par cette énumération toute simple, chacune de celles qui a lu la lettre a vu défiler sa vie de jeune femme adulte en lutte et en amour. Ainsi peut-on dire que sa mort a donné lieu à un ressourcement de mémoire. <ref target="#intellectual_history"><ref target="#politics">En d'autres termes, on ne répètera jamais assez la force de la dynamique de la deuxième vague du féminisme </ref><ref target="#women_writing">et combien il a été vital pour plusieurs femmes de ma génération de découvrir et de lire<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478"> Virginia Woolf</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2466221">Simone de Beauvoir</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110217112">Djuna Barnes</persName> et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22149082">Gertrude Stein</persName>, de retrouver les femmes de la Rive gauche à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>, de voir le <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">Dinner Party</hi> de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97732316">Judy Chicago</persName>, d'entendre <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116050857">Mary Daly</persName> et de participer à la <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T181632-0700" comment="not on the VIAF list"?>School of Writing for Women<?oxy_comment_end?></hi> créée par <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92127388">Daphne Marlatt</persName> et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/45824469">Betsy Warland</persName>. Je ne suis jamais allée au <listEvent> <event> <label><hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">Womyn's Festival</hi> du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5001836" cert="definite">Michigan</placeName></label> </event> </listEvent>, mais je présume que cela aussi devait être magique. J'ai participé à quatre des cinq <listEvent> <event> <label>Foires du livre féministe</label> </event> </listEvent> entre <date from="1984" to="1994">1984 et 1994</date> et rencontré des dizaines d'écrivaines des cinq continents. <date when="2009-12">En décembre 2009</date>, à l'occasion d'un colloque consacré à la regrettée <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917">Barbara Godard</persName>, j'ai eu l'occasion de revoir plusieurs des écrivaines et universitaires canadiennes qui ont transformé le rapport aux mots et la lecture critique. Pour ma part, il m'a toujours semblé important d'inscrire de la mémoire dans la vie culturelle et cela je pense l'avoir fait avec l<title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/286097018">'Anthologie la poésie des femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6325494" cert="definite">Québec</placeName></title>, <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150404T181651-0600" comment="Not in the VIAF list"?>La nef des sorcières<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150404T181708-0600" comment="Not in the VIAF list"?>Les têtes de pioche<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314463610">Baiser vertige</title>, la petite maison d'édition <orgName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150119T155141-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L'Intégrale<?oxy_comment_end?></orgName> que j'ai fondée et qui m'a permis de publier un texte de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116050857">Mary Daly</persName> (traduit par <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61543323">Michèle Causse</persName>) et un autre de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27094343">Louky Bersianik</persName>. Lorsque je fais le tour de ma bibliothèque, je fais le tour de ma vie dans laquelle des femmes, des écrivaines, des amies ont constitué des temps forts dans mon existence. Récemment, je suis tombée sur quelques-uns des livres parus <date from="1975" to="1990" cert="definite">entre 1975 et 1990</date> : <title level="m" xml:lang="en-CA"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T183936-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>SP/ELLES, Poetry by Canadian Women<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, préparé en <date when="1986">1986</date> par <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/286097018">Judith Fitzgerald</persName>, qui regroupait des textes de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92127388">Daphne Marlatt</persName>, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61645922">Ann Wallace</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8771515">Lola Lemire Tostevin</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59208470">P.K. Page</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2714957">Louise Dupré</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36937689">Louise Cotnoir</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93664900">Ayanna Black</persName>, etc. <ref target="#genre_poetry">Et ce numéro 53 de la revue <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T185950-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Ellipse<?oxy_comment_end?></title> consacré à la poésie d'<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erin Mouré</persName> et à la mienne avec des articles de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29076300">Susan Knutson</persName> et de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Susan Rudy</persName></ref>. Et l'anthologie intitulée <title level="m" xml:lang="en-CA"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T184304-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>The Girl Wants To<?oxy_comment_end?></title> de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66548874">Lynn Crosbie</persName> dans laquelle se retrouvaient entre autres les noms de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94761998">Kathy Acker</persName>, <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150119T085409-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Beth Brand<?oxy_comment_end?></persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/56654402">Barbara Gowdy</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/57418207">Evelyn Lau</persName>, <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150119T085436-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Makda Silvera<?oxy_comment_end?></persName>. Et combien d'autres livres dont <title type="m" xml:lang="en-CA"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T184139-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>A Mazing Space<?oxy_comment_end?></title> préparé par <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56633719">Smaro Kamboureli</persName> et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91929241">Shirley Neuman</persName> ainsi que les revues <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T190132-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>A Room of One's Own<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T190305-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Tessera<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T191204-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list 
"?>La vie en rose<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T191420-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Arcade<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, etc. Il me suffit de regarder dans ma bibliothèque pour voir se profiler l'énergie de trois générations (et je reviendrai sur la question des générations).</ref></ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p18">
                            <ref target="#politics"><ref target="#economics"><ref target="#health_issue"><ref target="#violence"><ref target="#sexuality">D'autres auront en mémoire leur lutte active pour l'équité salariale, pour les garderies, pour le droit à l'avortement, pour un changement des lois concernant le délit de viol et de harcèlement sexuel, pour le mariage entre personnes du même sexe, pour un registre canadien des armes à feu</ref></ref></ref></ref>. <ref target="#economics"><ref target="#education">Ici, je serais tentée de dire qu'il faudrait aussi avoir en mémoire le présent très récent et ne pas oublier que le gouvernement minoritaire(devenu ensuite majoritaire lors de l'élection du <date when="2011-05-02">2 mai 2011</date>) du premier ministre <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54470012">Stephen Harper</persName> a éliminé <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134800888" cert="definite">le Programme de contestation judiciaire</orgName>, réduit le budget de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126280342" cert="definite">Condition féminine au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName></orgName>, a coupé des millions de dollars au <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/181010594" cert="definite">Programme d'apprentissage, d'alphabétisation et d'acquisition des compétences essentielles pour les adultes</orgName>, a aboli le droit à l'équité salariale des fonctionnaires fédéraux et a présenté une loi qui ouvre la porte à la re-criminalisation de l'avortement.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p19">
                            <ref target="#history">Oui, il faut ouvrir l'œil au présent. Mais il faut aussi sortir nos albums de photos car ils ravivent les certitudes et la ferveur. L'album de photos ne me rend pas nostalgique, il me stimule, m'incite à observer et à questionner le visible et l'invisible de notre présence au monde. Il faut entretenir notre mémoire comme on entretient un jardin, avec ses racines et son cycle de vie, car en elle se cache en grande partie ce qui constitue notre identité vivante. Elle est une clé vitale sur la façon que nous avons d'interpréter et d'interpeller le monde fuyant dans lequel nous vivons. Un proverbe dit : <q> loin des yeux loin du cœur </q>. <ref target="#canon_formation">J'ai besoin de ma mémoire féministe car, sans elle, le monde happe d'un seul coup de mâchoire machiste une force vitale à la vie et à la dignité des femmes. L'album de photos nous rappelle ce que nous avons dit, fait, pensé et voulu. Il force inévitablement la question: ai-je changé? Est-ce que je continue de penser et d'agir en fonction du même fond de pensées et de croyances que celles qui m'ont animée il y a 40 ans? Suis-je ailleurs en pensée et en action vivant avec d'autres urgences, d'autres angoisses et révoltes qui, sans être à l'opposé de ce que je pensais il y a 40 ans, occupent désormais le devant de mes solidarités et de ma réflexion?</ref></ref>
                            <ref target="#women_writing">En ce sens, nul doute que le projet <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150120T193756-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Régénérations<?oxy_comment_end?></title> est essentiel, car en combinant les notions de fiction, de réel, de virtuel, de présence, d'absence, d'énergie et d'imagination, il devient circulation de valeurs et d'émotions, désir de connaissance et de partage. De plus, je dirais que le projet demeure particulièrement vivant dans la mesure où les générations s'y côtoient en combinant leur lucidité patiente et leur espoir dynamisant. </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p20"><ref target="#history">Il me semble important de parler ici de la mémoire individuelle et de la mémoire collective. La mémoire et le sens de l'histoire vont ensemble. Cependant, l'une et l'autre apparaissent de plus en plus comme des dinosaures, puisque la mémoire historique jadis semi-objectivée dans le contexte de l'écrit est aujourd'hui en constante transformation interactive. Disons qu'elle vacille, tout comme le statut idéologique et moral de la vérité qui, en principe, facilitait notre adhésion au monde et à sa compréhension.</ref> <ref target="#technology">Dans le contexte de l'informatique, des bio- et nanotechnologies, il est normal de parler du déclin de ce que nous appelions l'évidence du vrai, puisque la vérité-réalité est de plus en plus complexe et que nous sommes maintenant en mesure de l'observer sous plusieurs angles</ref>. Un peu comme, après <date when="1416" cert="definite">1416</date>, la découverte de la perspective en peinture allait changer le regard et une manière de comprendre le monde. Et même si la vérité-réalité n'était que le résultat de statistiques, il y en a qui voudraient la réduire à sa plus simple expression, de manière à ce qu'il soit de plus en plus difficile d'arguer contre des lois et des règlements érodant la démocratie.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p21">Auparavant, l'intellectuel était quelqu'un dont la tâche était justement de montrer les différents aspects de la vérité-réalité, en affirmant qu'il ne fallait surtout pas la qualifier d'unidimensionnelle. <ref target="#genre_novel">C'est d'une certaine manière ce que j'ai tenté de faire lorsque je parlais d'holographie dans mon roman <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/207946279" cert="definite" xml:lang="en-CA">Picture Theory</title> (<date when="1982">1982</date>) et de fiction théorique dans <title ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309477793" level="m" cert="definite">L'amèr ou le chapitre effrité</title> (<date when="1977">1977</date>)</ref>. <ref target="#representation_of_men">J'affirmais alors que nous ne pouvions pas nous fier à la vérité-réalité, puisqu'elle m'apparaissait de plus en plus comme le produit de la seule subjectivité masculine.</ref> Aujourd'hui, c'est pratique courante de concevoir la réalité sous plusieurs angles et d'être pris en flagrant délit de doute, de vertige et d'indécision. Alors qu'un couturier, un ingénieur, un architecte peuvent désormais évaluer leur prototype ou modèle sous tous les angles avant de faire un choix, on pourrait croire qu'il en est de même pour nous lorsque nous essayons d'analyser les ensembles politiques, moraux et pragmatiques qui nous gouvernent. <ref target="#violence">Le fait d'avoir en partie abandonné le raisonnement dualiste (le bien et le mal, la gauche et la droite) pour agir sur le monde — sans pour autant avoir assimilé les notions de fluidité, de variété et d'une nécessaire adaptation constante — nous rend, en tant que femmes et citoyennes responsables, la tâche militante beaucoup plus difficile, et elle n'efface pas le drame non encore résolu de la violence contre les femmes et de la cohabitation de l'amour et des <q> techniques douces </q> d'exploitation.</ref> <ref target="#politics">Or, pendant que nous essayons de comprendre le changement et d'évaluer les possibilités qu'il offre, les politiciens et les multinationales érodent, lentement mais sûrement, les fondements de la démocratie et de l'égalité théorique à coup de petits changements et de règlements.</ref></p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>|</head>
                        <p xml:id="p22"><ref target="#archive">Nous disions donc archiver et transmettre paroles, livres, événements dans un monde non seulement éphémère mais dont la culture est de produire de l'éphémère, du faux, de la copie, de l'illusion. Et n'ayons pas peur de le dire, de l'insignifiance propice à la consommation et à la complaisance narcissique. Jadis on dessinait (métaphoriquement s'entend) sur l'écran du temps, des images, des visages, des paysages. Or, si je devais poursuivre la métaphore, je dirais qu'aujourd'hui nous nous contentons d'effleurer ce même écran temporel comme si cela pouvait donner à notre présence au monde une plus-value. Nous multiplions à tout prix des traces de présence virtuelle, confondant de plus en plus l'intime, le privé et le public. Nous avons faim de présence dans un monde qui avale tout indistinctement. <ref target="#technology">Je pense ici aux courtes phrases que l'on trouve sur <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName> qui nous annonce la mort d'une mère, la naissance d'un enfant.</ref> Phrases graffiti dans la nuit des temps, résumés de douleurs et de joies dispersés dans la chaleur laminée du présent virtuel</ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p23"><ref target="#history">Nous sommes à une époque où il nous faut décider si et comment ce en quoi nous croyons est (encore) valable et signifiant, ou disons porteur de vitalité. Le monde change, et si nous avons l'excuse de ne pas tout comprendre, nous n'en avons aucune pour faire semblant qu'il ne change pas, n'a pas changé en vingt ans le concept de ce que nous avons appelé jusqu'à maintenant notre humanité, notre humanisme et ses points de repère qui font de nous des êtres d'espoir et d'enthousiasme, de violence et d'angoisse, mais surtout des êtres de mélancolie</ref>. <ref target="#representation_of_men">Oui, bien sûr, l'<emph> homme </emph> est encore le même : orgueilleux, avide, cruel, bête ou menteur rusé, mais les paradigmes de notre nature, la reproduction et la mort, le début et la fin de nos vies sont en train de se transformer</ref>. <ref target="#genre_fiction">Jamais auparavant, sauf en fiction religieuse, nous n'avions appuyé scientifiquement sur les boutons de la conception et de l'immortalité, jamais le symbolique n'avait autant cédé de place aux signes</ref>. <ref target="#representation_of_women">Or les femmes ont été de tout temps au cœur du symbolique, en raison de cette association contradictoire que l'on a fait entre <hi rend="italic">femme vie-nature</hi> et <hi rend="italic">femme mort</hi><note place="end">L'histoire de la peinture occidentale est en cela exemplaire.</note>. Angle symbolique contradictoire, qui nous a toujours placées dans la double contrainte quant à une image positive de nous-mêmes. Cela dit, je ne crois pas que nous ayons des excuses pour démissionner devant les changements bouleversants qui affectent notre réalité intérieure, intellectuelle et spirituelle ou la réalité socioéconomique et culturelle. <ref target="#historical_oppression">Jusqu'ici, nous pouvons dire que, si la condition humaine des femmes a changé depuis 50 ans pour une minorité de femmes, elle reste pour la majorité d'entre elles aussi ancienne que l'esclavage. Je dirais même que nous devons les changements qui nous concernent tout autant à la science et à des impératifs économiques qu'aux changements lents et partiels de nos luttes ainsi qu'à la volonté solidaire de quelques hommes à notre égard.</ref></ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p24">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Ceci à peine dit, permettez-moi de vous parler de deux images qui m'ont profondément troublée récemment. La première est apparue sur mon écran parmi le fil de nouvelles de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName>. À gauche, un homme semble nouer les lacets d'une de ses bottes, mais on peut aussi penser qu'il déplace ou replace de la terre avec ses mains. À droite, il y a la masse sombre de deux femmes vêtues de noir de la tête aux pieds. Au centre de l'image, un jeune homme est lui aussi penché vers le sol. <ref target="#violence">Il est sur le point de soulever ou de déverser une pelletée de terre. Plus bas, à ses pieds, une femme avec un voile blanc est enterrée jusqu'à la poitrine. On distingue bien son visage, et l'expression de terreur sur son visage. Quiconque regarde cette image sait que dans quelques instants on commencera à jeter des pierres sur cette femme, dont seuls les épaules et le visage émergent de laterre.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p25">Le mot pour décrire cette action est lapidation.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p26">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">La seconde image a saisi mon regard alors que je passais devant un étalage de magazines. <ref target="#violence">D'abord l'image floue d'un voile d'un beau mauve bleuté, une abondante chevelure couleur jais, puis ce vide, ce trou noir monstre au milieu du visage. Qu'est-ce que c'est? Une jeune femme afghane de 18 ans dont le nez et les oreilles ont été tranchés pour la punir d'avoir voulu échapper à la violence de son mari.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p27">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Fin des images qui m'ont bouleversée. La vie continue. Et je sais qu'elle est riche de beauté, de tendresse, d'intelligence. Fin des images qui m'ont blessée et meurtrie d'un réel immémorial qui aura trouvé son chemin dans un monde numérique.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">Le partage du savoir, des pensées, des émotions, des histoires</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p28">
                            <ref target="#history"><ref target="#archive">Nous disions donc archiver?</ref> Du passé, de l'instantané, des preuves vivantes, assister en direct au <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">morphing</hi> de nos vies, de nos pensées, savoir que d'autres femmes furent là avant nous et qu'à notre tour nous devons déployer le désir et le rêve de voir le statut et la condition des femmes changer.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p29">
                            <ref target="#methodology">
                                <ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">Avant d'aller plus loin, je voudrais insérer dans ce processus de réflexion sur les outils numériques et technologiques la notion d'<q> arbre de connaissances </q> développée par <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73892993">Pierre Lévy</persName> et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/198325627">Michel Authier</persName> en <date when="1992">1992</date>, car il me semble qu'il y a là matière à penser des questions de réseaux et de communication qui nous concernent.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">Les arbres de connaissances</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p30">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Les arbres de connaissances constituent une nouvelle approche du repérage des connaissances et des compétences dans une communauté de personnes. Ils posent la problématique du processus d'acquisition des compétences et celle de l'espace de leur mise en sens.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p31">
                            <ref target="#theory">Voici plus spécifiquement les principes des arbres de connaissances :</ref>
                        </p>
                        <list type="bulleted">
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#theory">un arbre de connaissances rend visible la multiplicité organisée des richesses, des savoirs et des compétences portée par une communauté sans pour autant que la moyenne écrase la singularité des personnes;</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#theory">un arbre de connaissances permet à un individu de se situer non par un classement à partir des performances mais par rapport à la richesse de la collectivité (positionnement relatif). Il peut pointer ce qui est commun (ce qui insère) et ce qui distingue (ce qui identifie);</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#theory">les arbres de connaissances induisent comme fait premier la<hi rend="italic"> reconnaissance</hi> comme dispositif de communication qui affiche les identités telles que les personnes veulent bien les faire percevoir. Chacun peut s'adresser aux autres ou peut être interpellé par les autres dans la mesure où ceux-ci deviennent <hi rend="italic">visibles par un acte volontaire et maîtrisé</hi>. La reconnaissance est à la base de la socialité et les arbres de connaissances privilégient la notion de <hi rend="italic">partage</hi> plutôt que celle d'échange;</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#theory">les arbres de connaissances forment une cartographie qui est l'expression des expériences des individus relativement à une communauté donnée.</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">Quelques atouts des arbres de connaissances</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p32">
                            <ref target="#theory">Avec l'arbre de connaissances, ce n'est plus la mise en concurrence qui est facteur d'efficacité mais le partage en transparence, grâce à la confiance établie au sein d'un groupe et à la solidarité autour d'objectifs communs. Cette efficacité rend nécessaire le lien au groupe : l'individu évolue grâce au groupe et inversement.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p33">
                            <ref target="#theory">Chaque acteur est à même de voir où il se situe dans le dispositif, d'apprécier la contribution qu'il apporte à la richesse collective et de découvrir les opportunités de travail collectif en synergie avec les autres. Il peut alors se demander <q> est-ce que je sais de quoi je suis capable? </q> et <q> quelles sont les capacités du collectif où je me trouve? </q>.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p34">
                            <ref target="#theory">L'arbre de connaissances fonctionne selon une <hi rend="italic">logique d'intérêt</hi> qu'il est nécessaire de rendre visible. Chacun agit dans son intérêt en gardant, de son point de vue, une vision globale sur l'ensemble (voir l'article de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/220417855" cert="definite">Wikipédia</orgName> sur le sujet).</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <head>|</head>
                        <p xml:id="p35">
                            <ref target="#methodology">La théorie des arbres de connaissances est fascinante et semble répondre à ce que nous recherchons. Il y a quelques mots qui reviennent et qui nous concernent tout particulièrement, qui personnellement en tout cas m'interpellent : reconnaissance, visibilité, partage, compétence et logique d'intérêt.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p36"><ref target="#representation_of_women">La<hi rend="italic"> reconnaissance</hi> a toujours été pour moi le filon premier porteur de solidarité et de projets. Qu'est-ce que je reconnais en toi qui fait partie de moi et constitue une partie de mon désir de vie, de mon système de valeurs, de mon expérience? Dans la reconnaissance, il y a aussi toute la question de l'image : quelle image ai-je des autres femmes, de moi en tant que femme? C'est d'ailleurs ce qui dans <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150404T184724-0600" comment="not in VIAF"?>La lettre aérienne<?oxy_comment_end?></title> (<date when="1985">1985</date>) a donné lieu au texte <title level="a"> Une image captivante </title></ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p37">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">La <hi rend="italic">visibilité</hi> fut là une question majeure dans l'analyse que nous avons faite de la langue française, mais aussi des autres langues qui rendent les femmes invisibles. C'est tout l'enjeu de la question des femmes et de leur place ou de leur absence dans les institutions et, de manière générale, sur la place publique. Se faire voir et entendre positivement va à l'encontre de la tradition patriarcale qui rend les femmes invisibles (symboliquement, linguistiquement ou réellement). Visibles, invisibles, muettes ou trop bavardes, nous voici au cœur de la double contrainte (<hi rend="italic" xml:lang="fr-CA">double bind</hi>). <ref target="#sexuality">J'aime bien l'idée que dans la théorie de l'arbre de connaissances on puisse se rendre visible par un acte volontaire maîtrisé. Et je dirais que c'est en partie l'acte de se rendre visible (dans le mouvement gai on dit <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">coming out</hi>) qui enrichit la diversité, déclenche des débats, transforme la réalité dans le pas à pas du devenir, de la tolérance et du partage.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p38">
                            <ref target="#economics">Cette notion de <hi rend="italic">partage</hi> que l'on préfère à celle d'échange me semble intéressante, quoique je reste ambivalente. L'échange, bien qu'il soit au cœur du système marchand, est également ce qui stimule la circulation, le mouvement, la curiosité, la permutation des biens, des idées et des philosophies. Le partage, lui, enrichit surtout moralement : il est caractéristique des gestes solidaires de compassion et d'entraide. Presque toutes les sociétés modernes et occidentales sont fondées sur l'échange, c'est-à-dire le commerce (juste ou injuste), et elles ne pratiquent qu'en marge le partage. Ici il faudrait réfléchir sur ces notions de partage et d'échange.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p39">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Le principe des arbres de connaissances est également fondé sur le fait que tout le monde sait quelque chose et que la société ou le groupe d'appartenance peut bénéficier de ce quelque chose, d'une <hi rend="italic">compétence</hi>. <ref target="#social_movement">Je ne peux m'empêcher ici de penser à la mise en commun de leur expérience que les femmes ont vécue au tout début du mouvement féministe. Au début, le public était restreint, composé de quelques femmes. C'est ce que l'on a appelé les<hi rend="italic"> groupes de prise de conscience</hi>. Très rapidement, ces femmes ont mis en commun leurs expériences et leur subjectivité, ce qui a permis de mesurer l'ampleur et de définir le fonctionnement d'un système appelé patriarcat, et d'élaborer des stratégies pour procéder (partiellement) à son démantèlement théorique et légal.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p40">
                            <ref target="#social_movement">J'aime enfin l'expression <hi rend="italic">logique d'intérêt</hi>. En effet, il m'a toujours semblé qu'il y avait une logique d'intérêt pour les femmes à être solidaires des autres femmes et des féministes. C'est ce qui fait que je n'ai jamais compris pourquoi la subjectivité de chacune (ses intérêts particuliers) entraînait souvent un refus du féminisme, c'est-à-dire d'une réflexion saine permettant d'identifier l'existence d'un système aliénant, dangereux et mortifère pour les femmes.</ref>
                            <ref target="#textual_strategies">Je crois que c'est ce questionnement qui a donné lieu à mon texte <title level="a"> <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150121T170141-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>De radicales à intégrales<?oxy_comment_end?> </title> dans <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150121T171045-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>La lettre aérienn<?oxy_comment_end?>e</title>. Avec trois expressions (une femme est un homme, une femme c'est moi et une femme est une femme), j'ai essayé de montrer comment la singularité et les intérêts de chacune avaient été jusqu'à maintenant une belle excuse pour éviter la solidarité.</ref>
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Aujourd'hui, je dirais que c'est l'acquiescement solidaire à la grande période féministe qui fait que désormais chacune peut réintégrer sa singularité et la déployer. Nous ne devons jamais oublier que la logique des intérêts de chacune de nous s'enrichit, mais elle ne peut le faire que s'il existe une complicité solidaire construite antérieurement à partir de ce que nous sommes, c'est-à-dire du genre féminin.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p41">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Avant de parler des générations, du visible et de l'invisible de nos vies et de conclure sur la question du sens, j'aimerais revenir brièvement sur la notion de vie privée, d'intimité et de ce qu'on appelle les émotions non privées, en anglais <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">public emotion</hi>.</ref>
                            <ref target="#technology">Depuis l'avènement d'Internet, de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName> et de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Twitter</orgName>, nous sommes appelées à remettre en question le lien entre la zone du virtuel et celle de l'intimité. En fait, il nous faut peut-être parler d'une nouvelle intimité qui se profile dans l'image que nous nous faisons de notre individualité.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p42">
                            <ref target="#textual_agency">Jusqu'à tout récemment, nous partagions nos pensées, nos émotions, nos sentiments, nos désirs avec des amies intimes, par la parole, l'échange épistolaire et bien évidemment par la littérature. J'ai toujours dit aussi que ce qu'il y avait de merveilleux dans la littérature, c'est qu'elle permettait un dialogue à travers les siècles et les continents, qu'elle rendait accessible un partage de pensées, d'idées, d'émotions de savoir avec des auteures pouvant devenir <hi rend="italic">comme</hi> des amies par le simple fait d'affinités rencontrées à travers leurs œuvres. Parce qu'elle permet la circulation des idées et des émotions, la littérature appelle le dialogue, qui est une forme de présence au monde alimentant non seulement la connaissance et l'expérience de ce monde mais aussi l'amitié et la solidarité.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p43">
                            <ref target="#technology">Que se passe-t-il aujourd'hui si nous pensons à la circulation, à la communication, au dialogue en matière d'Internet, de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName> et de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125720882" cert="definite">Twitter</orgName> par exemple? Ne faudrait-il pas ici parler d'<hi rend="italic">intimité non privée </hi>(ce qui en soi est un oxymoron) et d'émotions dites <hi rend="italic">non privées</hi> parce que ressenties en public, comme au cinéma, au théâtre, à un concert ou dans une foule rassemblée pour des raisons politiques? Une émotion non privée est-elle plus riche qu'une émotion intime? Devons-nous dire que les émotions que nous partageons en public sont des émotions culturelles? Peuvent-elles faire avancer la conscience? Peuvent-elles nous transformer sinon plus, à tout le moins tout autant que les émotions privées pour lesquelles nous n'avons aucun mode d'emploi si je puis dire, alors que l'émotion non privée, elle, est entourée d'un code de réceptivité très spécifique, que la performance interactive a d'ailleurs tenté de modifier?</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p44">
                            <ref target="#technology">Depuis que je fréquente <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName>, je me pose plusieurs questions sur l'intimité non privée. Tout comme j'évoquais plus haut l'image de la femme lapidée, il m'est aussi arrivé de vivre de belles émotions en circulant sur le fil des nouvelles de <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131581663" cert="definite">Facebook</orgName>. Par exemple, voir et entendre <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54148399">Glenn Gould</persName> pendant quatre minutes est un petit moment de joie perdu et retrouvé dans une immensité d'insignifiances. Voir et entendre <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10035031">Oum Kalsoum</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2466221">Simone de Beauvoir</persName>, écouter la voix de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia Woolf</persName>, de <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14775269">Sylvia Plath</persName> ou un extrait de<title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/184661790" cert="definite">À la recherche de temps perdu</title>sont de petits moments précieux. Et cela touche à mon intimité.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p45"><ref target="#technology">Maintenant, la question est de savoir si c'est ma sensibilité naturelle qui me porte vers ces fragments, de même qu'il serait intéressant de savoir si ces moments me semblent beaux parce qu'ils surgissent d'un monde passé remis à jour par une nouvelle technologie, dont l'usage peut ainsi tout aussi bien faire de nous des bavards qu'agir sur notre capacité d'émotion et de création</ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p46">
                            <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Qu'est-ce que l'intimité non privée? Comment peut-elle contribuer à notre plaisir, à notre connaissance des autres et de soi, comment peut-elle avoir des conséquences positives socialement et culturellement? Il y a là un concept qui n'est pas anodin dans nos vies et qui peut contribuer à la notion noble, si je puis dire, de <hi rend="italic">génération</hi>.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">Générations</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p47">
                            <ref target="#history">Chaque génération qui meurt emporte avec elle une partie du vocabulaire, chaque génération qui arrive enrichit ou appauvrit ce même vocabulaire selon les valeurs, la technologie, le chassé-croisé des enthousiasmes, des urgences et des tragédies collectives. Chaque génération fait passer dans la langue ses joies, sa fascination, ses peurs, ses angoisses. On imagine facilement qu'une génération qui doit constamment déjouer la censure d'une dictature ne parle pas de la même façon qu'une génération qui vit dans le libéralisme, l'abondance et le féminisme. Il y a des mots qui disparaissent, des métaphores qui apparaissent là où avant un seul mot suffisait, d'autres mots sont prononcés plus fréquemment comme des mantras culturels. Il y a des mots qui reviennent à la mode, un peu comme les prénoms anciens donnés à des enfants font revivre en mémoire une grand-mère ou un grand-père.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p48">
                            <ref target="#gender_issue">Et dire que pendant des siècles, et encore aujourd'hui, nous connaissons si peu ce que les femmes de chaque génération ont eu à dire et à transmettre. En ce sens, on pourrait penser qu'il y a des identités qui ont été entièrement absorbées par la douleur et l'ignorance et qui se sont volatilisées dans l'oubli, ou que la violence a radicalement effacées.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p49">Si on accepte qu'une partie de la littérature consiste à se souvenir, à retracer l'instant d'un mal-entendu devenu blessure, on peut alors penser qu'une partie des blessures d'enfance vient de ce que l'enfant n'arrive pas à comprendre : pourquoi faut-il absolument se comporter d'une manière qui interdit le plaisir, même les plus petits et innocents plaisirs? En ce sens, il y a des blessures qui naissent d'interdictions qui n'ont pour l'enfant aucun sens et qui apparaissent comme le comble de l'injustice et du mépris. Et, comme on le sait, toute injustice provoque de la colère, de la peine, des cris et des larmes qui font dans l'âme turbulence et contradiction des sentiments qui nous habitent. <ref target="#women_writing">Je pense ici à <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85335802">Assia Djebar</persName> qui, dans son dernier <choice><sic>romanan</sic><corr>roman</corr></choice><title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306948289">Nulle part dans la maison de mon père</title>, raconte comment son père musulman lui interdit de monter à bicyclette, sous prétexte qu'une fille ne doit pas montrer ses jambes et cela même à l'âge de sept ans. L'enfant ne comprend pas pourquoi ce père aimant devient soudainement injuste et si sévère.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p50">Ceci n'est qu'un petit exemple, mais il témoigne fortement de cette difficulté pour les filles de se construire une identité de splendeur au milieu d'un système d'interdictions qui nie non seulement leur plaisir, mais la moindre tentative d'exploration et de création. <ref target="#representation_of_women"><ref target="#historical_oppression">Et surtout, il faut constamment se demander quelle image du féminin et du sexe féminin le système patriarcal projette dans la tête des filles. Posture de repli, quand ce n'est pas la coutume elle-même qui dicte de se taire, de baisser les yeux, de se rendre serviable.</ref></ref> <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Je voudrais dire aussi quelques mots sur ce qu'il y a peut-être de plus vivant en nous, c'est-à-dire la partie invisible, que l'on ne doit pas confondre avec l'inconscient, car cette partie invisible est consciente et organise constamment nos actions. Notre intelligence du monde se cache dans la partie invisible de notre identité. Et cette partie invisible est une narration submergée.</ref></p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">La partie invisible</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p51">Une partie de la vie et de nos vies est invisible, secrète, douloureuse, heureuse, imaginée pour le plaisir ou inventée par nécessité compensatoire. C'est la partie désirante, rêveuse qui en chacun de nous alimente le potentiel de renouveau du contrat social. C'est là que l'imprévu, l'impossible, l'inattendu mijotent notre avenir singulier et collectif. C'est d'abord dans cette partie invisible que se préparent les projets qui deviendront art, science, architecture, révolution ou desseins terrifiants de petites et grandes dominations. Chaque individu a sa partie secrète, et il en est de même pour chaque collectivité. <ref target="#history"><ref target="#violence">Les sociétés ont aussi leurs blessures : <listEvent> <event> <label>la tuerie de Polytechnique</label> </event> </listEvent>, guerres et grands deuils collectifs. À chaque génération, la partie invisible de la vie collective se modifie, la plupart du temps légèrement, parfois radicalement comme ce fut le cas avec la révolution tranquille du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> des années <date when="1960">1960</date> et celle du féminisme des années <date when="1970">1970</date>.</ref> Chaque génération doit trouver sa version, réapprendre ce qu'est aimer, partager, se défendre, apprendre à apprendre.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p52">Et à travers celles qui circulent sous le nom de littérature, d'autres naissent qui sont des soupapes d'existence, de survie, ce qui de tout temps a constitué le terrain singulier du récit que chacun et chacune portent en soi.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p53"><ref target="#violence">Il est évident qu'une partie de la littérature consiste à faire émerger cette partie invisible et secrète qui, en ce qui concerne les femmes, a souvent été faite de culpabilité et de désespoir. En fait, la littérature nous révèle souvent la partie invisible qui cherche plus que tout à faire triompher la vie, malgré les blessures de la domination, de l'exil, du mépris, de la souffrance infligée, etc.</ref> La partie invisible, c'est ce que nous pourrions appeler <hi rend="italic">une histoire inventée</hi>, pour reprendre le titre d'un film du cinéaste <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84252865">Marc-André Forcier</persName>. Et c'est sans doute dans cette partie inventée, imaginée, que la question du sens et de la narration refait surface.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">La question du sens</hi>
                        </head>
                        <p xml:id="p54">
                            <ref target="#history">De tout temps, la question du sens de la vie et de nos relations avec autrui s'est posée. Il est certain aussi que ceux et celles dont l'identité n'est pas mise en doute, parce qu'ils sont majoritaires ou dominants par la loi ou l'argent, voient différemment la réalité et conséquemment aussi ce que nous appelons la fiction romanesque. Les majoritaires du sens, ceux qui détiennent encore le pouvoir d'orchestrer et de valider le sens de la vie, sont encore les mêmes qu'il y a deux siècles. Pourtant, il serait faux de prétendre que le sens de la vie en tant que tel n'est qu'entre leurs mains. Le sens bouge constamment, par exemple la notion de santé, de tabou, de reproduction, de temps et d'espace, de richesse et de pauvreté, de dignité et de grossièreté, de mensonge et de vérité, d'original et de copie. Nous ne pouvons plus faire semblant que rien n'a changé depuis vingt ans.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p55">Le sens serait-il comme l'eau? Parfois pure et rapide, parfois stagnante et souillée, parfois glacée, parfois évaporée par on ne sait quel tour de passe-passe. L'eau ne s'arrête pas. Elle nourrit, elle dévaste. Elle vit. Et bien sûr, comme <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/101906635" cert="definite">Héraclite</persName> nous l'a fait réaliser, <q> on ne se baigne jamais deux fois dans le même fleuve </q>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p56">Pendant longtemps, le sens de la vie était dans la vie elle-même: nourriture, abri, reproduction. Les mystères de la nature étaient alors source de mises en scène et de rituels permettant à l'esprit de vivre en paix malgré la peur, la mort et la violence. Qu'en est-il du sens de la vie quand les besoins primaires sont satisfaits? On peut penser qu'alors le loisir de culture occupe le temps jadis réservé au travail. Si pendant longtemps le loisir de culture a été associé à la pensée, à l'art, à la science, à des questions esthétiques et éthiques, qu'en est-il aujourd'hui de ce <hi rend="italic">temps libre</hi>qui n'est pas nécessairement un temps de loisir?</p>
                        <p xml:id="p57">
                            <ref target="#history"><ref target="#intellectual_history">Car maintenant que nous avons idéologiquement mené à terme la production de l'individu amorcée avec la philosophie grecque et renforcée par les grands textes du <listEvent> <event> <label>Siècle des Lumières</label> </event> </listEvent>, on peut parler paradoxalement d'un <q>individualisme de masse</q>.</ref> Nous avons complété la carte du génome humain et nous pouvons cloner des bêtes. Nous pouvons déjà rêver d'une très longue vie, sinon d'immortalité. Le coït n'est plus nécessaire à la reproduction. Les saisons sont méconnaissables et imprévisibles. L'espèce humaine est sous surveillance à temps plein. Nous voyons de moins en moins les étoiles. Nous avons oublié ce qu'est la nuit noire et impénétrable. Pourtant, tout comme au temps des Atrides, le sang coule à flot. Et les femmes ont souvent le cœur et l'image d'elles-mêmes brisés tout comme autrefois.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p58">Je ne crois pas que la question du sens de la vie soit dans l'information, mais je sais qu'il faudra un jour s'interroger à ce sujet. La question du sens a-t-elle un lien avec une idée du bonheur? Peut-être, mais on le sait, notre bonheur ne sera jamais aussi simple que nous l'aimerions, car la question du sens est aussi une question de nature et nous n'avons jamais su vraiment qu'elle est la nature de notre espèce, sinon qu'elle est changeante et fondée sur des récits effrayants, apaisants, intrigants, émouvants. Et qu'il nous faut compter sur notre mémoire comme un <hi rend="italic">chant</hi> de vision et d'extrême présence au <hi>monde.</hi></p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italics bold">Bibliographie</hi>
                        </head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Brossard, Nicole</persName>. <title level="m">La lettre aérienne</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134788894" cert="definite">Éditions du Remue-Ménage</orgName>, <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85335802">Djebar, Assia</persName></persName>. <title level="m">Nulle part dans la maison de mon père</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/151874319" cert="definite">Leméac</orgName>; Arles: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126246359" cert="probable">Actes Sud</orgName>, <date when="2010" cert="definite">2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73892993">Lévy, Pierre</persName>. <title level="m">Qu'est-ce que le virtuel?</title> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/312735800" cert="definite">Éditions La Découverte</orgName>, <date when="1995" cert="definite">1995</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73892993">Lévy, Pierre</persName>, et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/198325627">Michel Authier</persName>. <title level="m">Les arbres de connaissances</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/312735800" cert="definite">Éditions La Découverte</orgName>. <date when="1992" cert="definite">1992</date>.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                        <p xml:id="p59"/>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>
                        <title level="a">Women Who Invite Collaboration</title>
                    </head>
                    <byline>
                        <hi rend="italic">Caroline Bergvall, Erín Moure, et al.</hi>
                    </byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269" cert="definite">Susan Rudy</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <q type="block">what is meaning, after all, if it is not “our” meaning? <ab xml:id="p60"> <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">—<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" cert="definite">Erín Moure</persName>, <title type="a">Translation</title></hi> </ab></q>
                    <q type="block">How does one create textual works where the authorial hold over the text is somehow distanced, perhaps neutralized, yet where the structural impact of experience, of living, of loving, of knowing, of reading, are in fact recognized. <p xml:id="p61"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">—<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName>, <title level="a">The Conceptual Twist</title></hi> </p></q>
                    <p xml:id="p62">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">In her <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date> dissertation, which locates a genealogy of transnational feminist thought in <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Canadian women’s writing</ref>, <persName>Andrea Beverley</persName> speaks of the centrality of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">collaborative theory and practice</ref> (35).<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n1" place="end"><ref target="#women_writing">My thinking about collaboration has been based on several close working relationships with innovative women writers, including <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bergvall">Bergvall</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite" sameAs="Nicole Brossard">Brossard</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>.</ref> I first collaborated with Bergvall in <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date> when, after seeing her stunning sound poetry performance at the <listEvent> <event> <label>Assembling Alternatives Poetry Conference/Festival</label> </event> </listEvent> at the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/156870930" cert="definite">University of New Hampshire</orgName>, I invited her to spend a week at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/143270900">University of Calgary</orgName> as a visiting scholar. Most recently, our conversational text about Bergvall’s collaborative performance piece <title level="m">Say Parsley</title> appeared in the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/133405555">University of Pennsylvania</orgName>’s online journal <title level="j">Jacket2</title> in <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>. My collaborations with Moure also began in the <date cert="speculative" from="1990" to="1999">1990s</date> and have continued. She contributed her essay <title level="a">The Anti-Anaesthetic</title> to an issue of <title level="j">Open Letter</title> that I edited, and an interview that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44560494">Pauline Butling</persName> and I conducted with Moure appears in our collaborative book project <title level="m">Poets Talk</title>. Moure, Bergvall, and Butling all participated in the <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date> <listEvent> <event> <label>Women and Texts conference</label> </event> </listEvent> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135669116">University of Leeds</orgName>, an event that arose out of another collaboration, between myself, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693">Lynette Hunter</persName>, and <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73853019">Marta Dvorak</persName>.</note><ref target="#nationality_issue"> For innovative women writers from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, transnational and even transhistorical connections have been enabled by collaboration. <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Women’s fraught relationship with nationality,</q> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106348924" cert="reasonably certain">Lianne Moyes</persName> notes in an article on citizenship in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>’s work, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">has often led them to affiliate differently and transnationally</q> (123). It has also led them to imagine collaboration and collaborative writing otherwise. For multilingual, mobile, and intellectual poet-investigators like Moure and <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName>, the category of the national or even the hemispheric is not big enough. But neither is a single language, historical moment, or author-based notion of collaboration.</ref> For Moure, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Poetry…emerges from or in…collaboration.</q><note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n2" place="end">This line is taken from the biographical description of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName> on the Lemon Hound blog on <date cert="definite" when="2012-02-13">13 February 2012</date>. (See Moure <title level="a">Translation: Operations at the Heart (ache) of Meaning</title>). The full description appears as follows: <q>Erín Moure is a <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName> poet who writes in English, multilingually. In her recent <title level="m">O Resplandor</title> and—in collaboration with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867">Oana Avasilichioaei</persName>—<title level="m">Expeditions of a Chimoera</title>, poetry is hybrid, and emerges from or in translation and collaboration.</q></note> In Bergvall’s words, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">we need other platforms on which to do poetic work</q> (<persName sameAs="Susan Rudy" cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269">Rudy</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">A Conversation with Caroline Bergvall</title> n. pag.). This chapter outlines what some of those other platforms already look like and how poetry emerges there.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Imagining Collaboration Otherwise</head>
                        <p xml:id="p63">
                            <ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">
                                <ref target="#collaboration">In the neoliberal university of the second decade of the twenty-first century, the word <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">collaboration</q> has a legitimacy that it lacked in the <date cert="speculative" from="1990" to="1999">1990s</date> when the research on collaboration first appeared.<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n3" place="end"><ref target="#writing_climate">It has become imperative for academics to participate in at least some forms of collaborative work. In <title level="m">Structure and Agency in the Neoliberal University</title>, for example, <persName>Jonathan Church</persName> speaks of the <q>intensive collaboration</q> required of faculty members who, rather than being the <q>sole providers of knowledge</q> are expected to be part of teams creating <q>pedagogical products</q></ref> (35).</note> <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108564398">Lisa Ede</persName> and<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39473673" cert="reasonably certain"> Andrea Lunsford</persName>’s<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"> Singular Texts / Plural Authors</title> (1990) was the first to combine theoretical and historical explorations with actual research on collaborative and group writing. And yet, as recently as <date from="2001" cert="definite">2001</date>, Ede and Lunsford continued to argue that no matter how thoroughly <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the status of the author has been problematized, deconstructed, and challenged</q> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Collaboration</title> 354), we in English studies <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">are often more comfortable theorizing about subjectivity, agency, and authorship than we are attempting to enact alternatives</q> (356).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p64">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">In an effort to encourage collaborative efforts, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108564398" sameAs="Lisa Ede">Ede</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39473673" cert="reasonably certain" sameAs="Andrea Lunsford">Lunsford</persName>’s <date when="2001" cert="definite">2001</date> article points to several examples of humanities scholars’ success at collaborative research and writing, including the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155492116">University of Alberta</orgName>’s <orgName>Orlando Project</orgName>. As evidence of the crucial role collaboration played in the project, they highlight the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">number of scholars involved, the breadth of the goal, and the multiple perspectives necessary to illuminate the writing of women across such a broad span of time</q> (361). Clearly, the <orgName>Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA">Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada</hi></orgName> (<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi>) follows in this mode.</ref>
                            <note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n4" place="end">See <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104953085">Susan Brown</persName> and <persName>Mary-Jo Romaniuk</persName>’s Afterword in this volume for more on the <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC/CSÉC</hi>.</note>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p65">
                            <ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">
                                <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#theme_or_topic">But my focus is on alternative collaborative modes in innovative women’s writing communities.</ref></ref> A bridge from <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108564398" sameAs="Lisa Ede">Ede</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39473673" cert="reasonably certain" sameAs="Andrea Lunsford">Lunsford</persName>’s argument to my own may be found in their attention to the work of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94761998" cert="definite">Kathy Acker</persName>, whom they describe as a <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">self-styled autoplagiarist</q> (362). <ref target="#authorship">In <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94761998" cert="definite">Acker</persName>’s work they find a practical example of the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">theory that language cannot be owned—particularly not by a coherent, autonomous, individual author</q></ref> (363). Also useful is Ede and Lunsford’s discussion of an <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">invitational rhetoric</q> that <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">grows out of collaborative principles,</q> one that offers an alternative to the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">agonistic individualism characteristic of so much academic writing</q> (360). As much as I admire and have learned from their research, I find it a bit unsettling that despite their call for ways of thinking about writing that are genuinely collaborative, what they really want to see is work that is being written by <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">two</hi> coherent, autonomous individuals—two authors, rather than one. Their collaborative writing is still, to paraphrase the title of their book, a <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">singular text</q>, but it is now written by <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">plural authors</q>.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Breaking the Authorial Hold: Collaboration as Connivance</head>
                        <p xml:id="p66">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">In the work of innovative women’s writing in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, there is both a critique of the author and an enactment of an alternative: a collaborative space of friendship, networking, and conviviality that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName> calls <q>connivance.</q> In an article on Brossard’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Baroque at Dawn</title>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/370403" cert="definite">Jodi Lundgren</persName> gestures toward the meaning of <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">connivance</q> when she sets it alongside the word <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">complicity</q>: <q>The <q>respectful connivance</q> (230) and <q>nice complicity</q> ([<title level="m">Baroque at Dawn</title>] 118) that develop between her [<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName>] and her translator offer hope for an intimate, transnational exchange between women of words</q> (18). This notion of collaboration as an intimate, transnational exchange between women of words is strangely absent from recent scholarship on women’s collaborative writing. Despite the complex vision of collaboration analyzed in <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41873725">Lorraine York</persName>’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Rethinking Women’s Collaborative Writing</title> (2002), for example, when it comes right down to it collaboration means, simply, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">overt co-authorship or co-signature of a work of art</q> (4).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p67">
                            <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#intertextuality"><title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Rethinking Women’s Collaborative Writing</title> begins with an epigraph, one that takes us to that fantastic moment in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia Woolf</persName>’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">A Room of One’s Own</title> when, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">perhaps for the first time in literature</q> (78), a woman liked another woman.</ref> She <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">collaborated</q> with her in the sense that they <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">shared a laboratory.</q> Or did she? <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41873725" sameAs="Lorraine York">York</persName> cites <persName sameAs="Virginia Woolf" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf</persName>’s text as follows:</ref>
                        </p>
                        <q type="block">Chloe liked Olivia. They shared a laboratory together.</q>
                        <p xml:id="p68">The text actually looks like this:</p>
                        <q type="block">Chloe liked Olivia. They shared a laboratory together… (79)</q>
                        <p xml:id="p69">
                            <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#close_reading">In deleting the quotation marks and the ellipses, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41873725" sameAs="Lorraine York">York</persName> has eliminated both the fictional writer and imagined reader of these lines, both of whom were crucial for Woolf’s argument and for grasping <persName sameAs="Virginia Woolf" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf</persName>’s vision of collaboration otherwise.</ref> In order to write the sentence, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Chloe liked Olivia. They shared a laboratory together,</q> Woolf had to collaborate with herself by creating a heteronym—a novelist by the name of Mary Carmichael—who ostensibly writes these words in a novel that the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I</q> (also <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a convenient term for somebody who has no real being</q> [Woolf 6]) of Woolf’s text is reading. Woolf’s imagined women readers are also collaborators in the telling of this tale. We are addressed directly: <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Are there no men present?…We are all women you assure me?</q> (78).</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p70">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">According to the <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Oxford English Dictionary</title>, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">connivance</q>" involves sharing a covert understanding with a person, co-operating with that person. The Latin roots of the word <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">collaborate</q> are <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">col</q>—<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">together</q>—and <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">laborare</q>—<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">to work.</q> To collaborate means <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">to work in conjunction with another or others, to co-operate.</q> Authorship has nothing to do with it. For <persName sameAs="Virginia Woolf" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf</persName>, connivance required her to connive, to undertake a covert operation. For <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" sameAs="Nicole Brossard">Brossard</persName>, collaboration is overt and involves <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">a fine adventure of encounters, discussions, sharing, friendship and writing,</q> as she explains in a fragment of conversation with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/171982293" cert="definite">Louise Forsyth</persName> entitled <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Connivance</title>:</ref>
                        </p>
                        <q type="block">One part of my connivance with women showed up in activities linked in the first instance with literature or cultural life. It started with the film <hi rend="italic">Some American Feminists</hi> with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33960142" cert="definite">Luce Guilbeault</persName>; then there was the creation of the feminist newspaper <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Les Têtes de pioche</hi> [Battle-axes]</title> and the collective work around the play <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">La nef des sorcières</hi> [A Clash of Symbols]</title>. Next there was the organization of the theatrical show <title level="m">Célébrations</title> in collaboration with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/65104660" cert="definite">Jovette Marchessault</persName> and, of course,<title level="m"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">L’anthologie de la poésie des femmes au <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Québec</placeName></hi></title> with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94503924">Lisette Girouard</persName>, of which we have just launched the second edition bringing in twelve new poets. (<title level="a">Fragments</title> 27)</q>
                        <p xml:id="p71"><q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I work in places where there are affinities,</q> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" sameAs="Nicole Brossard">Brossard</persName> asserts; <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Work spaces among women linked by a project are stimulating and productive, and I have always associated pleasure, friendship and festivity with them</q> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Fragments</title> 27).</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>A Mapping Issue</head>
                        <p xml:id="p72">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">By way of offering a concrete image of this alternative notion of collaboration, let me turn to one of the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">stimulating and productive</q> <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">work spaces</q> shared by <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>. <ref target="#textual_strategies">Rather than list them in a traditional table of contents, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867" cert="definite">Oana Avasilichioaei</persName> and <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12465884">Kathleen Brown</persName>, the co-editors of the 2011 <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Mapping</title> issue of Calgary’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">d<hi rend="small-caps italic">AND</hi>elion</title> magazine decided to include the names of the contributors in an unconventional way (see Figure 2.1).</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p73">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">As this small section of the map indicates, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName> may be linked to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName> via a collaborative space that includes <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41526649" cert="definite">Donato Mancini</persName>, <persName>Elena Johnson</persName>, <persName>Kai Fierle-Hendrick</persName>, <persName>Traver Pam Dick</persName>, <persName>Indra Singh</persName>, and <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1431273">Rachel Zolf</persName>. Several additional chapters could be written tracking the generative collaborative links between this set of names alone. But let me look briefly at just one of them: Rachel Zolf. Previously based in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>, while studying at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/136835319">New School</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>, Zolf designed and mounted possibly the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">first collaborative <hi rend="small-caps">MFA</hi> in Creative Writing ever.</q> <ref target="#archive"><title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">The Tolerance Project</title> emerged out of an online archive of <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">poetic <hi rend="small-caps">DNA</hi></q> that <persName sameAs="Rachel Zolf" cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1431273">she</persName> elicited from eighty-six writers, artists, and thinkers from across <placeName>North America</placeName>, all of whom are listed as collaborators.</ref><note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n5" place="end">In <persName sameAs="Rachel Zolf" cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1431273">Zolf</persName>’s article <title level="a">The Tolerance Project: Projection of the Intimate into the Historical,</title> she lists all of the following as her collaborators: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51363630">Sandra Alland</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1630902" cert="definite">Gary Barwin</persName>, <persName>Emily Beall</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7171260">Joel Bettridge</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/107903812" cert="definite">Gregory Betts</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56843291">Christian Bök</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221922146" cert="reasonably certain">Jules Boykoff</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8566613">Di Brandt</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53431386" cert="reasonably certain">Laynie Browne</persName> and <persName cert="speculative" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/104621069">Jacob Davidson</persName>, <persName>Kathy Caldwell</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73310576" cert="probable">Angela Carr</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2602737">Abigail Child</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/60233262" cert="definite">George Elliott Clarke</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61873157">Stephen Collis</persName>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/244082808" cert="reasonably certain">Communications and External Affairs</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63755813">Jen Currin</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/45524404" cert="definite">Moyra Davey</persName>, Anonymous Donor, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4618905">Thom Donovan</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102892394" cert="reasonably certain">Sarah Dowling</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2176142">Marcella Durand</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33935212" cert="definite">Kate Eichhorn</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53876914">Laura Elrick</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58890529" cert="definite">Jennifer Firestone</persName>, <persName>Rob Fitterman</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/101442160">Jenna Freedman</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/249741740" cert="definite">Dina Georgis</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917">Barbara Godard</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/3705680" cert="definite">Nada Gordon</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58500527">Kate Greenstreet</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4657633" cert="definite">Rob Halpern</persName> and <orgName>Nonsite Collective</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44325651">Lyn Hejinian</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/75853220" cert="definite">Susan Holbrook</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39715245">Catherine Hunter</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11621976" cert="probable">Jeff T. Johnson</persName>, <persName>Reena Katz</persName>, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51447846">Bill Kennedy</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46907829" cert="definite">Kevin Killian</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4566592">Rachel Levitsky</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4477302" cert="definite">Dana Teen Lomax</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1386202">Dorothy Trujillo Lusk</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71174371" cert="definite">Jill Magi</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64343536">Nicole Markotic</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/28896771" cert="definite">Dawn Lundy Martin</persName> , <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/38243">Steve McCaffery</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/26450664" cert="probable">Erica Meiners</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/101518254">Heather Milne</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73533274" cert="definite">K. Silem Mohammad</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4674195">Anna Moschovakis</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" cert="definite">Erín Moure</persName>, <orgName>The Office of Institutional Research</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78619671">Akilah Oliver</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48392423" cert="probable">Jena Osman</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14798839">Bob Perelman</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78873046" cert="probable">Tim Peterson</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134231407">Vanessa Place</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/262118713" cert="definite">Kristin Prevallet</persName>, <persName>Arlo Quint</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106221368">Rob Read</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48956806" cert="probable">Evelyn Reilly</persName>, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/52001659">Lisa Robertson</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53028061" cert="definite">Kit Robinson</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29130343">Kim Rosenfield</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/113077607" cert="probable">Paul Russell</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56303860">Trish Salah</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/86295207" cert="definite">Jenny Sampirisi</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16764170">Heidi Schaefer</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/74008328" cert="reasonably certain">Susan Schultz</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106299599">Jordan Scott</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4275368" cert="definite">Evie Shockley</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/96673095">Jason Simon</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/28264650" cert="definite">Cheryl Sourkes</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42070935">Juliana Spahr</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293508025" cert="reasonably certain">Christine Stewart</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24740040">John Stout</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46001359" cert="definite">Catriona Strang</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24193703">Chris Stroffolino</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19472163" cert="definite">Michelle Taransky</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/118556138">Anne Tardos</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115694373" cert="definite">Sharon Thesen</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8771515">Lola Lemire Tostevin</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306388650" cert="probable">Aaron Tucker</persName>, <persName>Nicolas Veroli</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1330211">Fred Wah</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/45824469" cert="definite">Betsy Warland</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19971732">Darren Wershler</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120747508" cert="definite">Rita Wong</persName>. (n. pag.)</note> Moure’s name is listed on Zolf’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Tolerance Project</title> site, as is that of another of the writers on the <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">d<hi rend="small-caps italic">AND</hi>elion</title> special issue map above: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108020035">Kai Fierle-Hedrick</persName>. Moure donated poetic <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">DNA</hi>; Fierle-Hedrick produced a poem based on the archived donations. And Bergvall included Zolf in <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">I’ll Drown My Book</title> (<date when="2012" cert="definite">2012</date>), her co-edited anthology of conceptual writing by women. Bergvall and Moure et al. write in this always-expanding, rhizomatic field of what Brossard calls <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">connivance.</q> As a reader of their work, I feel invited to participate by noting the ways that their alternative collaborative writing practices connect texts across space and time in a way that also expands our understanding of collaboration.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <pb/>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName>: “I run a project”</head>
                        <q type="block">You’re a very different kind of animal when you compose for a gallery. At the moment, I run a project where I have a project manager and a technical team. <p xml:id="p74">—<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">&gt;Caroline Bergvall</persName> in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269" sameAs="Susan Rudy">Rudy</persName>, <title level="a">A Conversation</title></hi></p></q>
                        <p xml:id="p75">Born in <date cert="definite" when="1962">1962</date>, to a French mother and Norwegian father but based in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName> since <date when="1989" cert="definite">1989</date>, <ref target="#non-book_media"><ref target="#authorship"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> is a multilingual poet and artist who has published four books, several chapbooks, and a compact disc of performance texts entitled<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"> <hi rend="small-caps italic">VIA</hi>: Poems <date cert="definite" from="1994" to="2004">1994–2004</date></title>.</ref><orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152079101" cert="definite">The John Hansard Gallery</orgName> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/156137290">University of Southampton</orgName> has published a <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">DVD</hi> release of Bergvall’s solo work under the title <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Ghost Pieces: Four Language-based Installations</title>. Bergvall works with collaborators who are architects, composers, musicians, and installation artists. She has mounted sound-space-text installations in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167">Britain</placeName> and the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">United States</placeName>, including one at the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/158340263" cert="definite">Tate Modern</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName> and another at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/163771056">Museum of Modern Art</orgName> in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>. In <date when="2013" cert="definite">2013</date>, I invited her to produce an art piece based on the qualitative data in the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/162196748" cert="definite">Rhodes Project</orgName> archive, and she ended up collaborating with a graphic designer. The art piece they produced, entitled <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">THEREISNOTACLEARBRIGHTLINE</title>, is now part of the permanent collection at <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265662279" cert="definite">Rhodes House</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2640729">Oxford</placeName>. <ref target="#technology">Bergvall even runs her website (carolinebergvall.com) like a project.</ref> The front page, for example, features a series of photographs from three recent projects: <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Ghost Cargo,</title> a sky banner prepared for <listEvent> <event> <label>Refugee Week</label> </event> </listEvent>; photographs from <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a"><hi rend="small-caps">1DJ2MANY,</hi></title> an audiotext with vinyl lettering installed in the main lift of the <orgName>Theatre du Grötli</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2660646">Geneva</placeName> from <date cert="definite" from="2012-02-02" to="2012-02-05">February 2–5, 2012</date>, and a photograph of <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a"><hi rend="small-caps">VIA</hi> (48 Dante Translations),</title> part of a group show at <orgName>Fundació Antoni Tàpies</orgName> in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3128760" cert="definite">Barcelona</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="2011-10" to="2012-02">October 2011 to February 2012</date></ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p76"><ref target="#editions"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>’s texts are not singular either; they exist in always morphing iterations and the installation work appears in different contexts with different content and effect. <ref target="#response_formal">Only in particular moments of reading and performance, as <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19112709">Jacob Edmond</persName> argues, can a singularity be grasped: <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">These repetitions and variations stress the singularity of each embodied instantiation at the intersection of multiple vectors of iteration, what Bergvall (<date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>: 5) elsewhere calls <q>a series of intersecting lines or tissues of lines</q></q></ref></ref> (114). Bergvall’s comments in the published version of an interview I did with her about her installation piece <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Say Parsley</title> offer some insight into the way she thinks about the relation between different iterations of a text:</p>
                        <q type="block"> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269" sameAs="Susan Rudy">Rudy</persName>: And the piece “For Walls”— was that in the <date when="2001" cert="definite">2001</date> version of <title level="m">Say Parsley</title>?<lb/> Bergvall: No, that’s completely new.<lb/> Rudy: So the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2654675">Bristol</placeName> version is really a completely different piece then.<lb/> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>: No, it’s the same.<lb/> Rudy: Tell me about how it’s the same when it’s made up of such different pieces?<lb/> Bergvall: Well it’s about how the piece fits the space, for one thing. And of course the time that elapses between iterations. And the pursuit of the question. <p xml:id="p77"> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269" sameAs="Susan Rudy">Rudy</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">A Conversation</title> n. pag.)</p></q>
                        <p xml:id="p78">
                            <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#authorship"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>’s alternative collaborative writing practices take seriously the implications of <persName sameAs="Roland Barthes" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44295060">Barthes</persName>’ notion of the death of the author. If writing requires the death of the author, why not collaborate with dead people?</ref><note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n6" place="end">With thanks to my partner <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308755011" cert="reasonably certain">Frances Bowen</persName> who, when I was stuck, read a draft and then asked if I really intended to claim that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName> was collaborating with dead people and fictional versions of herself.The insight is hers.</note> They’ve both done so. <ref target="#intertextuality">In <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Sheep’s Vigil by a Fervent Person</title>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName> collaborates with <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160741925" sameAs="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</persName>. <ref target="#intertextuality">And in <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Alyson Singes</title>, Bergvall collaborates with <persName sameAs="Geoffrey Chaucer" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100185196" cert="definite">Chaucer</persName>, rewriting the Wife of Bath’s tale from the point of view of a contemporary woman named <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Al.</q></ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p79"><ref target="#intertextuality">The opening of <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Alyson Singes</title> describes the invitational rhetoric she experiences in reading Chaucer: <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Do we let ourselves go back to the ancients, or do they catch up with us? No matter. An outstretched hand suffices. Lightly they cross over to us, our strange guests who are like ourselves</q> (n. pag.).</ref> The English language itself is a strange guest in Bergvall’s mouth. Having grown up speaking French and Norwegian, she describes her move to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1989">1989</date> as precipitating what she calls her “language’s work” in English.</p>
                        <q type="block"><ref target="#sexuality">When you move to another country,…you have to change your language, change your being. [Hybridity] remains a very powerful trope for me, particularly as it relates to my sexuality, since this is what kind of propelled me into English. I know that as a young gay woman I was being defined, often negatively, by others, and this means that processing language with pleasure for me became very connected to a necessary physical act of verbal distancing from home languages, and eventually physical migration. Responses to my sexuality were the main reasons why I moved both myself and my language’s work into English.</ref> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66559269" sameAs="Susan Rudy">Rudy</persName>, <title level="a">A Conversation</title> n. pag.)</q>
                        <p xml:id="p80"><ref target="#textual_strategies"><ref target="#authority"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> collaborates with the English language—“meddles” with it, to use the adjective of her recent collection of texts <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Meddle English</title>—in order to, in her words, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">create textual works where the authorial hold over the text is somehow distanced, perhaps neutralized, yet where the structural impact of experience, of living, of loving, of knowing, of reading, are in fact recognized</q></ref></ref> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">The Conceptual Twist</title> 21).</p>
                        <p xml:id="p81">
                            <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#authority"><persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19112709" sameAs="Jacob Edmond">Edmond</persName> sees <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>’s practice as one that simultaneously asserts and erases both <q>voice and identity</q> (114). But I prefer to see it as entering into a collaboration with itself and others, with itself as other.</ref> Like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>, Bergvall describes her practice as not solely motivated by linguistic and verbal concerns but also by <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">concerns of context &amp; situation </q>(<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><hi rend="small-caps">VIA</hi>: Poems <date from="1994" to="2004" cert="definite">1994–2004</date></title>). <ref target="#non-book_media"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>’s practice inhabits what <persName>Joanna Drucker</persName> (among others) calls an expanded field of writing that includes recorded sound, the speaking body in performance, and text installations</ref>. One of the signifiers that shows up repeatedly in Bergvall’s texts in this expanded field is the graphic sign of collaboration: the ampersand. Bergvall sees the ampersand as, in her words, a sign of <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">interconnections and spaces of inscription.</q> It offers an alternative to the either/or space of the binary opposition that in literary contexts is figured as writer/reader and gestures toward the fundamental importance of collaboration for Bergvall’s practice.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>: <q>Poetry…emerges from or in…collaboration</q></head>
                        <p xml:id="p82"><ref target="#response_informal">In contrast to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>, who began publishing in the <date cert="speculative" from="1990" to="1999">1990s</date> and whose work with text was performative and innovative from the start, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName> was initially recognized within <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> as a sophisticated and capable but resolutely lyric poet.</ref> However, <ref target="#recognitions">by <date when="1988" cert="definite">1988</date> when her fifth book, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Furious</title>, won the <listEvent> <event> <label>Governor General’s Award</label> </event> </listEvent> for poetry,</ref> Moure was already <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">furious</q> about <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">the way people use language</q> (86) and bored by what she called the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Erin Mouré poem.</q> As I wrote in <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">With each book since <title level="m">Furious</title> won the Governor General’s award for poetry in <date cert="definite" when="1988">1988</date>, Erin Mouré has posed increasingly complicated challenges to herself as a writer and to her readers</q> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">‘what can atmosphere’</title> 205). <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#authorship">Like <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Virginia Woolf" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf</persName>, she has created a fictional collaborator, the heteronym <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/21886701" cert="definite">Elisa Sampedrín</persName>, who first appeared in <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Little Theatres</title> (2005). Sampedrín is listed as a co-author, along with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867" sameAs="Oana Avasilichioaei">Avasilichioaei</persName>, of <title level="m">Expeditions of a Chimoera</title> (2009).</ref> Consider the following overt invitation to the reader to collaborate on the first page of <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Expeditions of a Chimoera</title>:</ref></p>
                        <q type="block">You’re me<lb/> I’m you<lb/> She’s we<lb/> We’s it<lb/> Us they thee: huh?<lb/> What if the first one<lb/> To turn the page<lb/> (there’s still a page)<lb/> Plays author.<lb/> It’s safer that way.<lb/> OK. Ready?<lb/> Turn! (7)<lb/></q>
                        <p xml:id="p83">
                            <ref target="collaboration"><ref target="#authorship"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>’s practice of signing her texts with multiple names further challenges the notion of a single point of origin for a text.</ref> In their collaboratively written epistolary text <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a"><hi rend="small-caps">O YES</hi></title>,<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n7" place="end">In <title level="m">Antiphonies: Essays on Women’s Experimental Poetries in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title> (2008).</note> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> writes to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>:</ref>
                        </p>
                        <q type="block">Dear Erin, dear Erin Mouré, dear Erín Moure,<lb/> Dear Eirin Moure, dear EM,<lb/> I wasn’t sure by which name to address you, so just to make sure, I thought I’d greet you in all the ones I know for you. I should say, the ones I know for your work. The more your work as a poet and as a translator proliferates, the more your names do too. (167)</q>

                        <p xml:id="p84">
                            <ref target="#intertextuality"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> might well have addressed <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName> herself as <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Erin Mouré et al.</q> This proliferation of authorial identities began when Moure signed her name “Eirin Moure” on the cover of <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Sheep’s Vigil by a Fervent Person</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2001">2001</date>), what she calls her “trans<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">e</hi>lation” of the Portuguese poet <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160741925">Fernando Pessoa</persName>’s <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><hi xml:lang="pt-PT">O guardador de rebanhos</hi></title> (itself published by Pessoa under the heteronym Alberto Caeiro). By using the Portuguese spelling of her name—Eirin—she exemplifies the ways that, for her, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">A practice of reading is always embodied</q> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Hi, Fidelity!</title> n. pag.) and it always engages an <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">other.</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p85">
                            <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#intertextuality">In the words of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54148277" cert="definite">Édouard Glissant</persName>, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">rhizomatic thought is the principle behind what I call the Poetics of Relation, in which each and every identity is extended through a relationship with the Other</q> (11). Despite the fact that Pessoa died in 1935, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>’s experience of translating his work sounds a lot like she has collaborated with him. As she writes, in <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Notes in Recollection</title> at the beginning of <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Sheep’s Vigil by a Fervent Person</title>, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">I translated Pessoa by responding to him as a person. I, a person, and Pessoa, a person. For in Portuguese, <hi rend="italic"><hi xml:lang="pt-PT">pessoa</hi></hi> is person. I just read the Pessoan poem line, then wrote my line, or read a few lines, then wrote mine. It was abrupt, direct, total</q> (viii). The <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">elation</q> of translation arises, for Moure, in those moments when the lines between author, translator, and reader can no longer be clearly delineated.</ref> When we’re all collaborators, especially with ourselves. <ref target="#response_formal">As <persName>Ann Levanthal</persName> writes in a review of Moure’s collected essays, her <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">beloved wager</q> is on the opportunity the collaboratively written/read text gives for us all “to be changed by language and have the world created anew” (n. pag.).</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Co-labour: An Exquisite Risk</head>
                        <q type="block">Each subjectivity…is dented and moved by what is proximate to it…and by the unpredictability and exquisite risk of working alongside another person. <p xml:id="p86">—<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867">Oana Avasilichioaei</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>, <title level="a">Curiously <q>My</q> Writing</title></hi></p></q>
                        <p xml:id="p87">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">This chapter originated in a collaborative research project with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName> and was extended because of a collaborative project with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName>. My move to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName> has enabled me to continue to collaborate with Bergvall. As I have demonstrated, Bergvall shares with Moure a commitment to <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">poetry as an intellectual and investigative form of writing-knowledge</q>(Bergvall and Moure 170) that requires the presence of many engaged bodies. Their impulse to collaborate, to take the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">exquisite risk of working alongside another person,</q> has come about because they are multilingual and because they are translators as well as poets. <ref target="#sexuality">But they also share a marginalized sexuality (they are both lesbians), and further research could be done on this aspect of their collaborative work.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p88">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">In <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>’s long poem <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Cropper</title>, she speaks directly and autobiographically about her body’s relation to language and to the collaboration with language that she must maintain in order to <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">make sure that what [she calls] her body would remain in the transit from othr [<hi rend="italic">sic</hi>] languages</q> (146). In Norwegian, the word <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi xml:lang="nb-NO">kropper</hi></q> means <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">bodies,</q> and this long poem explores what <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187435665" cert="probable">Alison Weir</persName> might have called the <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">sacrificial logics</q> of identity formation, the ways that <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">any concept of self-identity necessarily represses the fragmentation or multiplicity of the self</q> (3)—the way the self must be <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">cropped</q> in order to exist. Bergvall writes,</ref>
                        </p>
                        <q type="block">How does one keep ones body as ones own, what does this mean<lb/> but the relative safety of boundaries, could I make sure that what I<lb/> called my body would remain in the transit from other languages,<lb/> that it would hold its progression into English, and because I didn<lb/> know and wasn sure, and since for a great number of people, for an<lb/> overwhelming number of persons, for an overwhelmingly large<lb/> number of persons, for an always growing number of persons, this<lb/> is far from self-evident, this is not self-evident, this does not<lb/> apply, this doesn even begin to figure, I never knew for sure— <p xml:id="p89">(<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Cropper</title> 147)</p></q>
                        <p xml:id="p90"><ref target="#authorship">For <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName>, as for <persName sameAs="Nicole Brossard" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Brossard</persName>, whom they have both translated,<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="n8" place="end"><ref target="#place_of_publication"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> has translated two pieces by <persName sameAs="Nicole Brossard" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Brossard</persName>—<title level="a">Typhon dru</title> and <title level="a">La matière harmonieuse manœuvre encore</title>; they appeared together under the title <title level="m">Typhon Dru</title> and were published by <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>’s Reality Street editions in <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date>.</ref> With the innovative poet and novelist <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/267422412">Robert Majzels</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Moure</persName> has published three translations of Brossard’s texts: <title level="m">Notebook of Roses and Civilization</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>), and, under the “Mouré” spelling of her name, <title level="m">Museum of Bone and Water</title> (1999), and <title level="m">Installations</title> (1998).</note> connivance offers the opportunity to celebrate the multiplicity of the self with others, to collaborate with language that, because it <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">takes place outside <q>me</q> as an individual</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867" sameAs="Oana Avasilichioaei">Avasilichioaei</persName> and Moure, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Curiously</title> 36), ceaselessly challenges the authorial hold on the text. Let it go, their texts say.</ref> Take the risk. Consider, instead,</p>
                        <q type="block"> Observing a form as one observes tranquility<lb/> Or a period of silence<lb/> Or an invitation.<lb/> To act so that today will matter in form.<lb/> (Bergvall, <hi rend="italic">Fig</hi> 116)</q>
                    </div>

                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867" sameAs="Oana Avasilichioaei">Avasilichioaei</persName>, Oana, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962" sameAs="Erin Moure">Erín Moure</persName> (with interferences by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/21886701">Elisa Sampedrín</persName>). <title level="m"> Expeditions of a Chimoera</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Book Thug, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Curiously ‘My’ Writing.</title> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> et al. 35–36. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58498867" sameAs="Oana Avasilichioaei">Avasilichioaei, Oana</persName>, and <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104203127">Kathleen Brown</persName>, eds. <title level="m">Mapping.d<hi rend="small-caps">AND</hi>elion</title> 37.1 (<date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>): 1–201. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName>, Caroline. <title level="m">Alyson Singes</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: Belladonna, <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">The Conceptual Twist</title>. Foreword to <title level="m">I’ll Drown My Book</title>. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall</persName> et al. 18–22. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Cropper</title>. <title level="m">Meddle English.</title> 137–51. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Éclat. Suffolk: Sound and Language</title>, <date when="1996" cert="definite">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Fig [Goan Atom 2]</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2653941">Cambridge, UK</placeName>: Salt, <date cert="definite" when="2005">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Ghost Pieces: Four Language-based Installations</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2637487">Southampton, UK</placeName>: John Hansard Gallery Publications, <date cert="definite" when="2012">2012</date>. <hi rend="small-caps">DVD</hi>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Goan Atom 1: Doll</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3621911">San Francisco</placeName>: Krupskaya, <date cert="definite" when="2001">2001</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">In the Place of Writing</title>. <title level="m">Assembling Alternatives: Reading Postmodern Poetries Transnationally</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9966422" cert="definite">Romana Huk</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.com/4838633">Middletown, CT</placeName>: Wesleyan UP, <date when="2003" cert="definite">2003</date>. 327–37. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Meddle English: New and Selected Texts</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5111097">Callicoon, NY</placeName>: Nightboat, <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Middling English</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2637487">Southampton, UK</placeName>: John Hansard Gallery, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">THEREISNOTACLEARBRIGHTLINE</title>. Screenprint, gold leaf and printed text. Permanent collection, Rhodes House, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2640729">Oxford</placeName>. <date when="2013" cert="definite">2013</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m"><hi rend="small-caps">VIA</hi>: Poems, <date cert="definite" from="1994" to="2004">1994–2004</date></title>. Contemporary Poetics Research Centre, Optic Nerve for Birbeck College, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. <hi rend="small-caps">CD</hi>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall, Caroline</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>. <title level="a"><hi rend="small-caps">O YES</hi></title>. <title level="m">Antiphonies: Essays on Women’s Experimental Poetries in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title>. Ed. Nate Dorwood. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/8558534">Willowdale, ON</placeName>: Gig Press, <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>. 167–76. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite" sameAs="Caroline Bervall">Bergvall, Caroline</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53431386" cert="definite">Laynie Browne</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41268335">Teresa Carmody</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134231407" cert="probable">Vanessa Place</persName>, eds. <title level="m">I’ll Drown My Book: Conceptual Writing by Women</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5368361">Los Angeles</placeName>: Les Figues, <date cert="definite" when="2012">2012</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Beverley, Andrea</persName>. <title level="a">Grounds for Telling It: Transnational Feminism and Canadian Women’s Writing.</title> Diss. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/121893957">Université de Montréal</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName sameAs="Nicole Brossard" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Brossard, Nicole</persName>. <title level="m">Baroque at Dawn</title>. Trans. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115707486">Patricia Claxton</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: McClelland and Stewart, <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Fragments of a Conversation</title>. Trans. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/171982293" cert="definite">Louise Forsyth</persName>. Forsyth 19–33. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Installations</title>. Trans. Erin Mouré and Robert Majzels. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Muses’ Company, 1998. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Museum of Bone and Water</title>. Trans. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erin Mouré</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/267422412">Robert Majzels</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Anansi, <date cert="definite" when="2003">2003</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Notebook of Roses and Civilization</title>. Trans. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/267422412">Robert Majzels</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Coach House Books, <date when="2007" cert="definite">2007</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Typhon Dru</title>. Trans. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: Reality Street, <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44560494">Butling, Pauline</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Susan Rudy</persName>. <title level="m">Poets Talk: Conversations with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120613489" cert="definite">Robert Kroetsch</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92127388">Daphne Marlatt</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erin Mouré</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61584279" cert="definite">Dionne Brand</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36969605">Marie Annharte Baker</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30591332" cert="definite">Jeff Derksen</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1330211">Fred Wah</persName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>: U of Alberta P, <date cert="definite" when="2005">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Writing in Our Time: Canada’s Radical Poetries in English (<date cert="definite" from="1957" to="2003">1957–2003</date>)</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2403094">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: Wilfrid Laurier UP, <date cert="definite" when="2005">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Church, Jonathan T.</persName> <title level="a">Managing Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Instructional Design and the Manufacturing of Higher Education.</title> <title level="m">Structure and Agency in the Neoliberal University</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53428033">Joyce E. Canaan</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37074318" cert="definite">Wesley Shumar</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: Routledge, <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>. 33–45. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Drucker, Johanna</persName>. <title level="a">Writing Events</title>. Writing in the Expanded Field, <hi rend="small-caps">UCLA</hi>. <date cert="definite" when="2008-10">October 2008</date>. Presentation. http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/drucker/WritingEvent_08.pdf. 24 <date cert="definite" when="2012-02">February 2012</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108564398">Ede, Lisa</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39473673">Andrea A. Lunsford</persName>. <title level="a">Collaboration and Concepts of Authorship</title>.<title level="j"><hi rend="small-caps">PMLA</hi></title> 116.2 (<date when="2001" cert="definite">2001</date>): 354–69. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/171982293">Forsyth, Louise</persName>, ed. <title level="m"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName>: Essays on Her Works</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Guernica, <date cert="definite" when="2005">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName>Levanthal, Ann</persName>. Rev. of <title level="m">My Beloved Wager</title> by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erin Mouré</persName>. <title level="j">Montreal Review of Books</title> 13.2 (<date cert="definite" when="2010">Spring 2010</date>): n. pag. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/3704031">Lundgren, Jodi</persName>. <title level="a">‘A Girl in Combat in the City of Men’: The Civic, Resistant, Ontological Woman in the Work of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName></title>. <title level="j">How2</title> 2.3 (2005): 1–24. Web. <date cert="definite" when="2012-03-12">13 March 2012</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Moure, Eirin</persName>. <title level="m">Sheep’s Vigil by a Fervent Person: A transelation of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160741925">Alberto Caeiro/Fernando Pessoa</persName>’s O guardador de rebanhos</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Anansi, <date when="2001" cert="definite">2001</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Mouré, Erin</persName>.<title level="m"> Furious</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Anansi, <date cert="definite" when="1988">1988</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Hi, Fidelity! Or Translating <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160741925">Fernando Pessoa</persName>: Felicity was Ever My Aim</title>. <title level="j">Poetics.ca</title> 4 (Fall <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>). Web. <date cert="definite" when="2008-05-05">5 May 2008</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Moure, Erín</persName>. Email to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Susan Rudy</persName>. <date when="2010-10-02">2 October 2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="m"> Little Theatres</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: Anansi, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106348924">Moyes, Lianne</persName>. <title level="a">Acts of Citizenship: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erín Moure</persName>’s<title level="m"> O Cidadán</title> and the Limits of Worldliness.</title> <title level="m">Trans.Can.Lit: Resituating the Study of Canadian Literature</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56633719" cert="definite">Smaro Kamboureli</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94949252">Roy Miki</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2403094">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: Wilfrid Laurier UP, <date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>. 111–28. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Rudy, Susan</persName>. <title level="a">A Conversation with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63155325" cert="definite">Caroline Bergvall</persName></title>. <title level="m">Jacket2</title>. <date cert="definite" when="2011-04-07">7 April 2011</date>. Web. <date when="2011-04-08" cert="definite">8 April 2011</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">‘what can atmosphere with / vocabularies delight?’: Excessively Reading <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22186962">Erin Mouré</persName>.</title> <persName>Butling</persName> and <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Susan Rudy" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Rudy</persName>, <title level="m">Writing in Our Time</title> 205–16. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/55855605" cert="definite">Weir, Allison</persName>. <title level="m">Sacrificial Logics: Feminist Theory and the Critique of Identity</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: Routledge, <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf, Virginia</persName>. <date when="1929" cert="definite">1929</date>. <title level="m">A Room of One’s Own</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: Granada, <date cert="definite" when="1985">1985</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41873725">York, Lorraine</persName>. <title level="m">Rethinking Women’s Collaborative Writing: Power, Difference, Property</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: U of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> P, <date cert="definite" when="2002">2002</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14312737">Zolf, Rachel</persName>. <title level="a">The Tolerance Project: Projection of the Intimate into the Historical. </title><title level="m">Jacket2. </title><date when="2011-07-21" cert="definite">21 July 2011</date>. Web. <date when="2012-02-28" cert="definite">28 February 2012</date>.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>
                        <title level="a">A Modernist Commons in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> / <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Une commune moderniste au Canada</hi></title>
                    </head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Dean Irvine</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <p xml:id="p91">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#technology">Since its establishment in <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>, the <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada">Editing Modernism in Canada/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA">Édition du modernisme au Canada</hi></orgName> (<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>) project has partnered with researchers who are committed to <ref target="#theme_or_topic">digitization projects</ref> and collaborated with developers involved in the design of digital tools and repositories for collaborative scholarly editorial work. <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> is a <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150876296">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council</orgName>-funded Strategic Knowledge Cluster that brings together participants and institutional partners from regions across <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2802361">Belgium</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2186224">New Zealand</placeName>, and the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001">United States</placeName>. <ref target="#literary_schools"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s mandate is to facilitate <ref target="#collaboration">collaboration</ref> among its transnational network of researchers and institutions to produce new print and digital editions of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Canadian anglophone and francophone modernist texts</ref> from the early to mid-twentieth century through collaborative research, networking, and <ref target="#education">training initiatives</ref></ref>.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p92">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#technology"> <ref target="#archival_location">In collaboration with <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122051864">Library and Archives Canada</orgName>, <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> has undertaken the digitization of selected fonds of modernist authors, including the literary papers of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59208470">P.K. Page</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469">Elizabeth Smart</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267">F.R. Scott</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2499852">Miriam Waddington</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69729715">John Glassco</persName>. With <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39401783">Paul Hjartarson</persName> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155492116">University of Alberta</orgName>, we are working toward a project that will see the digitization of the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35268398">Sheila Watson</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67854547">Wilfred Watson</persName> fonds located at archives in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>.At the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125486960">University of Guelph</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51716885">Alan Filewod</persName> and <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105602046" sameAs="Kathryn Harvey">Katherine Harvey</persName> have digitized part of the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/6286808">Toby Gordon Ryan</persName> Fonds. At the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153502342" cert="definite">Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library</orgName> at the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/130333233" cert="definite">University of Toronto</orgName>, <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> graduate fellow <persName sameAs="Melissa Dalgleish">Melissa Dalgliesh</persName> is working on a digital edition of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66513221" cert="definite">Anne Wilkinson</persName>'s poetry and letters.</ref> At <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123099912">Concordia University</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29706706">Sophie Marcotte</persName> is co-director (with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64016118" cert="definite">François Ricard</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24743571" cert="definite">Jane Everett</persName>, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126009934">McGill University</orgName>) of <orgName><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA">Le groupe de recherche sur <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32002395" cert="definite">Gabrielle Roy</persName></hi></orgName>, which includes <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName>Le projet HyperRoy</orgName></hi>.<note xml:id="n10" place="end">Information on Le projet HyperRoy is available at <ref target="http://www.hyperroy.nt2.uqam.ca/">http://www.hyperroy.nt2.uqam.ca/</ref>.</note> At <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123147515">St. Thomas University</orgName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/233167561" cert="probable">Tony Tremblay</persName> is editing a digital selection of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94503298">Fred Cogswell</persName>'s creative and critical works in collaboration with the <orgName>Electronic Text Centre</orgName> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152407961">University of New Brunswick</orgName>. At the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144191869" cert="definite">University of Victoria</orgName>,<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> graduate fellows <persName>Jana Millar-Usiskin</persName> and <persName>Leah Ellingwood</persName> are digitizing the poetry of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14380829">Audrey Alexandra Brown</persName> and archival materials related to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41843119">Wyndham Lewis</persName>'s novel <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309258784">Tarr</title>, respectively. <ref target="#archival_location">At <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/132544298" cert="definite">Université de Sherbrooke</orgName></hi>, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106619494">Marc Fortin</persName> is digitizing selected papers from the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5003901">Marius Barbeau</persName> Fonds at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134525449">Museum of Civilization</orgName>.</ref> At the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134507210" cert="definite">University of British Columbia</orgName>, <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> graduate fellow <persName>Reilly Yeo</persName> is working with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/190570264">Mary Chapman</persName> on the digitization of the fiction and non-fiction of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69162927" cert="definite" sameAs="Sui Sin Far">Edith Eaton</persName>, who published under the pseudonym <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69162927">Sui Sin Far</persName>. At <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127757839">Dalhousie University</orgName>, I have co-ordinated a group of graduate and undergraduate students to digitize the collected works of Scott, Smart, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>. <ref target="#genre_journalism">Also at Dalhousie, <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> postdoctoral fellow <persName>Matt Huculak</persName> has co-ordinated a second group to digitize the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName>-based avant-garde magazine <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA" level="j">Le Nigog</title>.</ref> <ref target="#editions">Each of these digitization projects is directed toward the production of digital editions and apparatuses to print editions affiliated with <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>.</ref><note xml:id="n11" place="end"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>’s digital initiatives are always in flux. These projects, their participants, and their institutional locations are subject to change.</note></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p93">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#archive"><ref target="#archival_location">From the archival and library collections of its institutional partners, <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> produces not digital versions of the same but a different kind of repository—a digital <ref target="#theme_or_topic">commons</ref>.</ref> Among the principal differences between an archives and a commons are the collective social production and distribution of resources included in a commons. Rather than an archives or fonds of material attributed to a single creator, a commons is collectively produced by and distributed among the many different workers who contribute their labour to its creation.</ref>
                            <ref target="#theory">
                                <ref>This notion of a digital commons as a <q>social product</q> and as a <q>source of innovation and creativity</q> is central to the conception of the commons as defined by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001">Michael Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827">Antonio Negri</persName> (112). For these authors of the <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/200816205">Empire</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2000">2000</date>), <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/200816438">Multitude</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2004">2004</date>), and <title level="m">Commonwealth</title> (<date when="2009" cert="definite">2009</date>) trilogy, the commons is recognized not just as natural resources available for expropriation and privatization but as social phenomena such as <q>ideas, affects, codes, knowledges, information, and images</q> (299). Predicated on the sociality of the commons and the production of social goods, the practices of scholarly collaboration undertaken in the creation of the <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> digital commons are the result of what Hardt and Negri call <q>immaterial labor</q> (132) that perpetually creates an excess that is available to the commons. </ref>
                                <ref target="#methodology">Theorized over the past decade in response to and elaboration on concepts introduced by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104722665">Michel Foucault</persName>, the commons as deployed by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827" sameAs="Antonio Negri">Negri</persName> is a productive theoretical device for the analysis of gender relations and the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">labour of women</ref> involved in the <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> project. </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p94">
                        <ref target="#theory">
                            <ref target="#gender_issue">
                                <ref target="#economics">Although feminist scholars have been critical of what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59149121">Mary Hawkesworth</persName> calls the <q>gendered ontology</q> (357) and what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109922810">Lee Quinby</persName> calls the <q>gender-blindness</q> (240) of the early instalments of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827" sameAs="Antonio Negri">Negri</persName>'s trilogy—especially the characterization of the multitude as an <q>ungendered aggregate</q> (Hawkesworth 357)—the <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date> <title level="m">Commonwealth</title> volume specifically addresses the gendering of work and of immaterial labour under the capitalist regime of globalization. The forms of cognitive and affective labour that produce immaterial goods or the immaterial aspects of material goods—such as <q>images, information, knowledge, affects, codes, and social relationships</q> (132)—are not the work of an ungendered multitude. Rather, they are indices of the feminization of work, a phenomenon that Hardt and Negri understand as a process of <q>labor <hi rend="italic">becoming biopolitical</hi>, which emphasizes the increasingly blurred boundaries between labour and life, and between production and reproduction.</q> <q>This is a process,</q> they claim, <q>in which putting to work human faculties, competencies, and knowledges—those acquired on the job but, more important, those accumulated outside work interacting with automated and computerized productive systems—is directly productive of value</q> (132–33). <ref target="#technology">In other words, the traditional economic division between productive and reproductive labour breaks down in an era of digitalization, as capitalism moves toward the production of not only digital media as material goods but also the valorization of immaterial forms of cognitive and affective labour necessary to produce those goods</ref>. The gendering of the multitude's immaterial labour is generative of the commons as biopolitical; it is a repository whose materiality is subordinated to its sociality, whose gendered production at once constitutes and is constituted by social goods. <ref target="#women_writing">For the <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> project, the digital commons is conceived as a social good, and its gendering takes place through its creation of value predominantly by women's labour and through its socialization of texts in the processes of marking up semantic and bibliographic codes.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p95">
                        <ref target="#technology">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#archive"><orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName>'s digital commons is not an archive, even though at times it reproduces the contents of archives. It is actually at two removes from archives—that is, from the institutional repositories that we generally call archives. <ref target="#editions">Between the archives and the commons is an intermediating space, a repository of raw materials for the production of print and digital editions, an excess from which editors may expropriate material for the creation of their editions.</ref> This space we call the co-op—or, more affectionately, the coop—since it is produced by co-operative labour and openly shared among project participants. Because of copyright law, the co-op is not open to the general public; it is—for legal reasons that permit the limited reproduction of copyrighted material for educational purposes—restricted to the community of registered <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> participants. Any researcher may request access to the co-op by application to the repository manager or project director. Digital objects deposited in the co-op cannot be restricted for exclusive access or reproduction by one individual or any group of scholars; they are available at any time for use by any and all of the project's participants. Terms of access may be familiar to those who torrent digital content: a user who accesses the co-op is expected to reciprocate by contributing to its productivity, whether by using the material for a digital edition installed in the commons or by adding new content (and thereby contributing labour) to the co-op. Materials from the co-op may be appropriated and transformed by the labour of project participants to become their intellectual property and, in turn, registered under the terms of a Creative Commons licence—or, in the case of print editions, assigned copyright under contract. Except for content already in the public domain, project participants are responsible for securing permissions to reproduce materials from the co-op for public dissemination in the commons. Whether print or digital, all objects remediated by the co-op and made public in the commons are irreducibly collective. The co-op's remediation of the archive foregrounds an editorial collectivity, rendering in reproduction not the archive itself but the labour that reproduces the archive; it is this labour, which may be in turn appropriated by a multitude of present and future editors, that generates the digital edition not as the exclusive content of an individual but as the collaborative product and production of a digital commons. </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p96">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#methodology"><ref target="#archive">By way of examples, I want to take a detour into modernism's archives, which is where I discovered print precursors to <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName>'s digital co-op and commons. First, I will elaborate with examples from <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s leftist archive of writing from the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date></ref>, her collaborations with editors on the construction of her retrospective collections of the <date cert="definite" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date>, and my own editorial collaborations as the director of <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>. Second, I will address the issue that the majority of <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s digital initiatives involve anglophone modernists and speak to the collaboration between <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267">F.R. Scott</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501">Anne Hébert</persName> in the <date cert="definite" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date> as a precursor to unrealized partnerships with francophone scholars and institutions that hold the potential for <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> to engage more fully with <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Quebec</placeName>'s interlingual modernisms. <ref target="#gender_issue">Mediated at once by the gendering of immaterial labour and by the gendering of the commons, these case studies serve as generalizable instances of ways in which the gender relations in authorial and editorial work in print are remediated in digital media.</ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p97">
                        <ref target="#genre_poetry">
                            <ref target="#archive">
                                <ref target="#collaboration">
                                    <ref target="#textual_strategies">
                                        <ref target="#intellectual_history"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s poetry of the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> issues from what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92263368">Cary Nelson</persName> calls the decade's progressive conception of culture as a <q>collective project</q> galvanized by a sense of <q>commonality and shared cultural mission</q> (6, 8).</ref>
                                        <note xml:id="n12" place="end">This reading of Livesay's leftist archive is adapted from an earlier study of her periodical publications in my <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date> book <title level="m">Editing Modernity</title> (48–49).</note>
                                        <ref target="#politics"> Her leftist archive manifests this collectivism. <ref target="#literary_schools">For instance, her poetry's adaptation of lyrics from <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/154632617">International Workers of the World</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">IWW</hi>) songs is a typical leftist cultural practice, one that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41316252">Hester Furey</persName> reads as a <q>modernist intervention in the imaginary</q> (52). <hi rend="small-caps">IWW</hi> songwriters <q>rewrote popular, religious, and patriotic songs</q> in a parodic manner that <q>resembles modernist art functionally, mixing high and low</q> (52). The <hi rend="small-caps">IWW</hi> songbook combined <q>the gestures and functions of missal, manifesto, performance art, poetry, and song</q> in a way that <q>takes issue with traditional representations of its subject matter, working to disrupt and transform the culture it represents</q> (52–3). In the context of the <hi rend="small-caps">IWW</hi> songbook, the notion of originality was irrelevant. <q>The song belonged to the group, not just to the person who wrote it</q> (55).</ref> <ref target="#intertextuality">As an extension of this leftist cultural practice, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s borrowings from the politically conscious modernism of the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2465832" sameAs="W. H. Auden">Auden</persName> generation are blatant and extensive, and at times her poetry's indenture to some of their best-known poems may seem little more than an apprentice's imitations; yet these are not merely exercises in poetic imitation but localized rearticulations of an international cultural practice on the left.</ref> <ref target="#voice_or_narration">If we attend to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s leftist archive as the collective voice of what Nelson calls a <q>poetry chorus</q> (141), rather than the discrete voices of individual poets or songwriters, we may begin to hear the poly­vocality and intertextuality of her poetry as that of communal, contrapuntal masses. Or, to put it another way, we may begin to read her leftist archive as a production of the commons.</ref></ref>
                                    </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p98">
                        <ref target="#archive">
                            <ref target="#literary_schools">These appropriations from mass and literary culture—alternately and simultaneously proletarian and modernist—mark one of the distinctive features of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s leftist archive. <ref target="#politics">At another time, I argued that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> was riven by antimodernist and modernist tendencies and that this divide coincided with the transition of her politics from the <date cert="speculative" from="1930" to="1933">Third Period of the early 1930s</date> to <date cert="probable" from="1934" to="1939">the Popular Front of the mid-to-late decade</date> (see <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Irvine</persName>, <title level="m">Editing Modernity</title> 29–76).</ref> I am not prepared to abandon that narrative of Livesay's <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> altogether, but I am persuaded by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827" sameAs="Antonio Negri">Negri</persName>'s suggestion that a third category produces an alternative space beyond the antimonies of modernism and antimodernism. Altermodernity, as they define it, is an instance of revolutionary modernism's abolition of modernism not by opposition but by rupture and transformation (112–18). As I return to Livesay's leftist archive, I rediscover the ways in which her break with high modernism is effected through her adaptation of material from proletarian and modernist commons that produces an altermodernism.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p99">
                        <ref target="#genre_poetry"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s engagement in leftist print culture of the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> provides another instance of her production of the commons. The publication of poetry in working-class newspapers—frequently on the features page, along with letters to the editor, notices of events, and recipes—marked the broader transformation of poetry's public and cultural function during the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date>. According to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92263368" sameAs="Cary Nelson">Nelson</persName>, <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">mass readership reinforced the shift in emphasis from the production to the consumption of poems, shifting ownership from author to audience.…Publishing poems in newspapers suggested not so much that poems were utterly expendable and transitory…but rather that their claims to transhistorical values mattered only if they were taken up in people's daily lives</q> (145). <ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#politics">For instance, poems published in the Canadian communist paper the <title level="j">Worker</title> between <date cert="definite" from="1935" to="1936">1935 and 1936</date> frequently appeared on the same page as cartoons, sports, recipes, and <ref target="#gender_issue">the column <title level="a">With Our Women,</title> which suggests not only the insertion of poetry into a public space directed specifically (though not exclusively) at women but also the gendering of poetry and mass culture in leftist newspapers.</ref></ref><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s poetry is included among the poems that appeared on the <title level="j">Worker</title>'s eclectic mass culture pages, alongside the women's column, which included advice and commentary on women's issues, labour and working conditions, domestic management, child rearing, and so on. These poems, like advice columns, could be read as part of the quotidian events of daily living, integrated into a common proletarian culture; they constituted a working-women's commons.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p100">
                        <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                            <ref target="#textual_strategies">
                                <ref target="#archive">
                                    <ref target="#manuscript_history"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> returned to her leftist archive for the multigeneric documentary memoir <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title> in 1977, she reconstituted the commons for a reconfigured audience. Livesay worked on the text in collaboration with editors <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115570529">David Arnason</persName> and <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105492844">Kim Todd</persName>, and this collaborative character of the text's production is key to its montage effects, multiple voices, and mixed media. <ref target="#politics"><ref target="#social_movement">Subtitled <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">A True Life of the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">Thirties</date>: <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507">Paris</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName>, the West and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>. Love, Politics, the <listEvent> <event> <label>Depression</label> </event> </listEvent> and Feminism</title>, it is a compendium of leftist culture during a decade that extends from the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/154632617">Comintern</orgName>'s <date cert="probable" from="1928" to="1934">Third Period</date> to the <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1934" to="1939">Popular Front</date>, the <listEvent> <event> <label>Spanish Civil War</label> </event> </listEvent>, and the beginning of the <listEvent> <event> <label>Second World War</label> </event> </listEvent>.</ref> It is a scrapbook of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s twenties in the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date>, one that intersperses her memoirs among reproductions of poetry, short stories, reportage, essays, mass chants, interviews, diary entries, newspaper clippings, political pamphlets, posters, magazine covers, radio scripts, photographs, film stills, paintings, drawings, linocut and woodcut prints, and even a menu from the <placeName>Bloor Street diner</placeName> that Livesay and her sister <persName sameAs="Sophie Livesay">Sophie</persName> ran in the <date cert="speculative" from="1928" to="1929">late 1920s</date>. <ref target="#authority"><ref target="#archival_location">Its reproduction of materials selected from <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s papers now dispersed among repositories across <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> offers the reader limited access to her leftist archives. Given that her recollection of the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> is mediated by the New Left's nostalgia for the Old Left, it is fair to say that <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title> provides only restricted access to her leftist archives.</ref> What appears to be a comprehensive documentary of the decade is inevitably a selective and constructed series of documents contextualized by the apparatus of the memoir narrative.</ref> For every item reproduced in <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title>, there are a dozen others—many in multiple versions—that might have taken its place. </ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p101">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#editions">
                                <ref target="#archive">
                                    <ref target="#manuscript_history">When I embarked at the beginning of the <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> project with the idea of producing a critical edition of <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title>, I was at once mindful of the editorial collaboration that led to the construction of the text and aware of the masses of material that remained in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s archives. A decade earlier, I spent <hi rend="italic">my</hi> twenties in the <date cert="definite" from="1990" to="1991">1990s</date> researching her poetry and tracking down fugitive pieces in newspapers, magazines, and archives. The result of that search was <title level="m">Archive for Our Times: Previously Uncollected and Unpublished Poems of Dorothy Livesay</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>), a selection of what I estimated to be roughly a quarter of the poems that Livesay left out of her book collections at the time of her death in <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. <ref target="#voice_or_narration">According to my rationale at that time, the edition extended <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s own practice of selective recovery from her unpublished and uncollected work for retrospective collections published in the <date cert="definite" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> and <date cert="definite" from="1980" to="1989">1980s</date>.</ref> Her published body of work still stands where I left it in <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. <ref target="#literary_schools">Not long after I started teaching at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127757839" sameAs="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</orgName> in <date cert="definite" when="2003">2003</date>, I met a fellow leftist who came to spend his twenties with me studying leftist-modernist Canadian literature for his master's and doctoral research.</ref> Since <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>, <persName>Bart Vautour</persName> and I have worked with a group of graduate and undergraduate students—<persName>Vanessa Lent</persName>, <persName>Kim Johnson</persName>, <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79348177">Katherine Adair</persName>, <persName>Jenner Brooker</persName>, <persName>Christine Handley</persName>, and <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/239096110">Leslie Gallagher</persName>—on the digitization of Livesay's writing from the <date cert="definite" from="1928" to="1944">late 1920s to the mid-1940s</date>. <ref target="#education">We arrived at the dates of this long decade by using her enrolment at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/130333233">University of Toronto</orgName> in <date cert="definite" when="1928">1928</date> as the start and the publication of her retrospective volume of <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> poetry <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Day and Night</title> in <date cert="definite" when="1944">1944</date> as the end.</ref> Organized around a projected critically edited print volume of <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title>, the next stage of digitization of material from <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s <date cert="definite" from="1928" to="1944">long 1930s</date> extends not only to documents located in her disparate fonds deposited at institutions across <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> but also to museums, libraries, and other archives with holdings of originals unavailable in any of her fonds or inaccessible to us at Dalhousie. All of these materials will be encoded with metadata and uploaded to the <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> co-op, where they will be accessible to all project participants, and from there edited and published in the commons as a digital companion to the print edition of <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title>, where they will be accessible to the public. </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p102">
                        <ref target="#technology">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">Subsequent stages of the project will move through the processes of image-based editing and the implementation of text-analysis visualization tools as integral components of reading <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>'s leftist archive in a digital environment. Rather than following past practices of transcribing texts and marking up transcriptions in the creation of electronic texts, <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> and its partners are pioneering image-based editing, semantic markup, analysis, and visualization of texts in a field of emergent practices in digital humanities scholarship. Instead of producing reading environments based on linear-discursive transcriptions of texts, <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> is producing, in collaboration with its partners, techniques and technologies for encoding and interpreting the complex relations among large collections of visual and audial objects in non-linear reading environments. What these interactive text-analysis and visualization tools offer is the means to transform readers into producers, not just consumers, of digital texts. Readers who use these digital tools become producers of aesthetic objects; they, too, become producers of the commons.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p103">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#technology">With a project such as <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName>, its sociality issues from collaborations among its participants in the production of the digital co-op and commons. Our partnerships with developers of the Image Markup Tool at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144191869">University of Victoria</orgName> and the Text-Image Linking Environment at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131681406">Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities</orgName> have provided us with prototypes for the tools that can be used for the creation of image-based digital editions. And our partnership with the <orgName>Islandora</orgName> project at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/138320802">University of Prince Edward Island</orgName> has allowed us to test an automated text-ingestion workflow that uses a <orgName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/255623890">Drupal</orgName> interface and stores digital objects and metadata in a <orgName>Fedora Commons</orgName> repository. Most important to the <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> project has not just been the partnerships on an institutional level but the collaborations among programmers and digital humanists; that is, our value as a project accrues according to the production of digital knowledges as social goods.<note xml:id="n13" place="end">For an overview of <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s digital initiatives, see <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Irvine</persName> and <persName sameAs="Meagan Timney">Timney</persName>.</note></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p104">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">That our project has now evolved from its own network of collaboration to a much larger-scale partnership with the <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada</orgName> (<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi>),<note xml:id="n14" place="end">For more information about the Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada, see <ref target="http://www.cwrc.ca">http://www.cwrc.ca</ref>.</note> directed by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104953085">Susan Brown</persName> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155492116">University of Alberta</orgName>, speaks to the extensibility of <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName>'s commons into the multilingual environments of Canadian literatures. This partnership offers the technological and infrastructural means to transform ways in which the predominantly anglophone <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> scholarly community could and should work to engage with francophone groups affiliated with <hi xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145371179">Le Centre de recherche interuniversitiare sur la littérature et la culture québécoises</orgName></hi> (<hi rend="small-caps">CRILCQ</hi>)—notably <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135992541">Le Centre Anne-Hébert at l'Université de Sherbrooke</orgName></hi>, <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153567419" cert="definite">Le Centre Hector-De Saint-Denys-Garneau</orgName> at l'<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/158301808">Université Laval</orgName></hi>, and <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName>Le Centre d'archives Gaston-Miron</orgName> at l'<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/121893957">Université de Montréal</orgName></hi>.<note xml:id="n15" place="end">Refer to these organizations' websites for further details: The Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada</hi>, <ref target="http://www.cwrc.ca">http://www.cwrc.ca</ref>; <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Centre de recherche interuniversitiare sur la littérature et la culture québécoises</hi>, <ref target="http://www.crilcq.org">http://www.crilcq.org</ref>; <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Centre Anne-Hébert at l'Université de Sherbrooke</hi>, <ref target="http://www.usherbrooke.ca/centreanne-hebert/">http://www.usherbrooke.ca/centreanne-hebert/</ref>; <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Centre Hector-De Saint-Denys-Garneau at l'Université Laval</hi>, <ref target="http://www.crilcq.org/centregarneau/">http://www.crilcq.org/centregarneau/</ref>; and <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Centre d'archives Gaston-Miron at l'Université de Montréal</hi>, <ref target="http://www.crlq.umontreal.ca/">http://www.crlq.umontreal.ca/</ref><hi rend="small-caps">CAGM</hi>/.</note> <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> needs to translate itself into a digital commons that opens itself up not just to speak in translation with francophone modernist scholars in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> but one that engages with a transnational community of digital modernists working in multilingual digital environments. To this end, I want to address the ways in which <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s partnership with the <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi> presents opportunities for new collaborative editorial initiatives that seek to translate across the multilingual terrain of international and transnational modernisms. In particular, I want to speak to <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s plan to contribute to the <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi> commons, which could serve as a repository for <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s and Quebec's anglophone and francophone <q>lost</q> modernists.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p105">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue"><orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> was never intended at its inception to be an exclusively anglophone initiative, and somehow our invitations to colleagues in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6325494">Quebec</placeName> to join our project got lost, fell into gaps of mistranslation. When I look at the network of projects and institutions affiliated with <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CRILCQ</hi>, it is not difficult to understand why <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s invitation might seem like an unnecessary intrusion into an already extensive community of researchers. In dialogue with <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> collaborator <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29706706">Sophie Marcotte</persName>, I have recognized my own inabilities to reach out from English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s network into Quebec. Co-organized by Marcotte and <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> graduate fellow <persName>Vanessa Lent</persName>, the bilingual <listEvent> <event> <label><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/128922832"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Association des littératures canadiennes et québécoise</hi>/Association for Canadian and Québec Literatures</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">ALCQ</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">ACQL</hi>) panels at Congress <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date> (<title xml:lang="fr-CA">La modernité dans les littératures canadiennes francophone et anglophone/French/Canadian Modernisms</title>)</label> </event> </listEvent> is one kind of invitation to bridge the gap between francophone and anglophone modernist studies in Canada and Quebec. Another invitation is <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s bilingual colloquium in <date cert="definite" when="2012-06">June 2012</date> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507/paris.html">Paris</placeName>, co-organized by myself, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73853019">Marta Dvorak</persName> at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123886017">Nouvelle Sorbonne</orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/101564703">Kit Dobson</persName> at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147666095">Mount Royal University</orgName>, and postdoctoral fellow <persName>Matt Huculak</persName> at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127757839" sameAs="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie</orgName>. <ref target="#literary_schools">Our colloquium title, <title><listEvent> <event> <label><title level="u">Exile's Return</title></label> </event> </listEvent>,</title> is taken from <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91308069">Malcolm Cowley</persName>'s famous study of the Lost Generation of American expatriates living in Paris in the <date cert="definite" from="1920" to="1929">1920s</date>. Cowley was but one of the many Anglo-American chroniclers of the tipsy <date cert="definite" from="1920" to="1929">twenties</date> who was not particularly attentive to Canada's modernists in Paris; they have become another kind of lost generation—except to those of us who are inclined to read <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115291182">Morley Callaghan</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308954163">That Summer in Paris</title> or <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69729715">John Glassco</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187214409">Memoirs of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6545263">Montparnasse</placeName></title> alongside their more celebrated contemporaries. In the translation from Paris to North America, Canada's modernists got lost in a breakdown of transatlantic communication. When I speak of Canada's lost generation, I do not speak exclusively of modernists who gravitated to Paris in the <date cert="probable" from="1900" to="1950">first half of the twentieth century</date>. These included writers such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5003901">Marius Barbeau</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103651939" cert="definite">Marcel Dugas</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92466956">Mavis Gallant</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39402318">Alain Grandbois</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501">Anne Hébert</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19720315">Jean-Aubert Loranger</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/111074700">Gaston Miron</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71404026">Thérèse Renaud</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97277621">Mordecai Richler</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35268398">Sheila Watson</persName> and artists such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64048778">Paul-Émile Borduas</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56618171">Emily Carr</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/47561937">A.Y. Jackson</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79126147">Fernand Leduc</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92360323">Alfred Pellan</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102316456">Jean-Paul Riopelle</persName>. And I certainly do not speak exclusively to those anglophone expatriates who moved in the same circles as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22149082">Gertrude Stein</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22149082">James Joyce</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97006051">Ernest Hemingway</persName>. <ref target="#archival_location">Rather, when I speak of Canada's lost generation, I refer to two generations of anglophone and francophone modernists whose novels and short stories and poems have fallen out of print, whose canvasses and sculptures are stored away in the back rooms of museums, whose unpublished papers reside in archives and in the basements of descendants, whose plays have gone unperformed for decades.</ref> At the same time, Canada's and Quebec's modernists have been lost to each other. As conspicuous as the absence of Canada's modernists from literary histories and memoirs of the Lost Generation is the relative absence of francophone modernists from anglophone narratives of modernism in Canada and, conversely, the absence of anglophone modernists from francophone narratives of modernism in Quebec. <ref target="#anthologization">While attempts to translate across this linguistic divide were made by anglophone modernists such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267" sameAs="F.R. Scott">Scott</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69729715" sameAs="John Glassco">Glassco</persName> in their anthologies of the <date cert="definite" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date> and <date cert="definite" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> and with the publication of francophone modernists in translation in the journal <title level="j">Ellipse</title> (1969–), these projects for the most part disappeared with the passing of the modernist authors and translators who initiated them.</ref> For each of Canada's official linguistic communities, the other stands as a lost generation of modernists; each is exiled from the other. </ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p106">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">In preparing for the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/128922832" sameAs="Association des littératures canadiennes et québécoise/Association for Canadian and Québec Literatures"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">ALCQ</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">ACQL</hi></orgName> panels and the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507">Paris</placeName> colloquium, we encountered what might seem like the most obvious of problems: how do we translate <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">c</hi></orgName>? After a few attempts, we arrived at L'Édition du modernisme au Canada, which compresses into the acronym <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">c</hi>, with its French <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">petit-a</hi> signaling its <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">différance</hi>. This collaborative act of translation was made via communication among <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>-affiliated scholars in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName> as well as <placeName cert="probable" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" sameAs="Canada">Eastern and Western Canada</placeName>, a communicative circuit that represents in miniature the international and transnational routes of an interlingual modernism. <ref target="#nationality_issue">Because Canada's modernism was at once cosmopolitan and multilingual, its relationship to the many languages of international and transnational modernisms needs to be articulated in an environment such as <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi></orgName> that facilitates interlingual communication and collaboration.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p107">
                        <ref target="#collaboration">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre_poetry">
                                    <ref target="#editions">One instance of modernist anglophone–francophone collaboration can be found in the <date cert="definite" when="1970">1970</date> collection <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Dialogue sur la traduction</title>, co-authored by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267">F.R. Scott</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501">Anne Hébert</persName>, which brings together a pair of texts previously published in <date cert="definite" when="1960">1960</date> and <date cert="definite" when="1962">1962</date> with an introduction by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705">Northrop Frye</persName>. A critical edition of the <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Dialogue</title> is currently in preparation by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24011176">Patricia Godbout</persName> at <hi xml:lang="fr-CA"><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135992541" sameAs="Le Centre Anne-Hébert at                         l'Université de Sherbrooke">Le Centre Anne-Hébert</orgName></hi>, as part of the poetry volume included in the projected multivolume <title level="m" xml:lang="fr-CA">Édition critique : l'œuvre d'Anne Hébert</title>, under the direction of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66687976" sameAs="Nathalie Watteyne">Nathalie Watteyene</persName>.<note xml:id="n16" place="end">See <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24011176" sameAs="Patricia Godbout">Godbout</persName> for a history and analysis of the Scott and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501" sameAs="Anne Hébert">Hébert</persName> collaboration.</note> As an editor (with <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/246477353">Robert G. May</persName>) of a two-volume critical edition of Scott's poems and translations (see <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Irvine</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Editing Canadian Modernism</title> 68–80), I have a particular interest in this edition of the <title level="m">Dialogue</title>, not least because it will be contextualized by scholarly editorial work on Hébert's poetry itself. While the <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Dialogue</title> is chiefly recognized for its insight into Scott's process of translation and notable for its inclusion of multiple translated versions of <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Le tombeau des rois</title> as well as correspondence between author and translator, its appearance in a critical edition alongside Hébert's poems will add yet another dialogic dimension by embedding it in an apparatus that documents her process of composition. That genetic process is one element that Scott could not account for in his translation of the final version of the poem; nor, as Scott's editor, is it a process that I could document in a critical edition of his poems and translations. The parallel but separate production of the Scott and Hébert critical editions is exemplary of both the untranslated gap between anglophone and francophone modernisms and the absence of bilingual infrastructure to facilitate communication between scholarly communities in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName>. As an anglophone editor preparing a critical edition that includes Scott's translations of Hébert, I have benefited from the scholarship published in <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Les cahiers Anne Hébert,</title> and no doubt my work will be illuminated by the critical edition of Hébert's poetry and her dialogue with Scott on translation. While in no way do I want to diminish the importance of publishing critical editions in print volumes, I am convinced that we have an extraordinary opportunity to extend the dialogue that Scott and Hébert initiated in the <date cert="definite" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date> into the twenty-first century and facilitate collaboration among scholarly editors, critics, and literary historians who are working on anglophone and francophone modernisms in Canada and Quebec. </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p108">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                            <ref target="#technology">If, for instance, we were to direct our projects toward the production of a digital commons that included both <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267" sameAs="F.R. Scott">Scott</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501" sameAs="Anne Hébert">Hébert</persName>, it would not only generate new possibilities for interpretation across <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s multilingual modernisms but also engage francophone and anglophone researchers in a common research environment. This would activate one of the principal functions of the digital commons as a socialized space, a collaborative and distributed network whose sociality is constituted by collective immaterial (cognitive and affective) labour and, therefore, by the production of value through the generation of social relationships between anglophone and francophone linguistic communities. <ref target="#women_writing">At workshops and conferences organized by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104953085">Susan Brown</persName> and others working on the <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi></orgName> project, I have listened to prominent francophone researchers such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120027154">Marie Carrière</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127">Lucie Hotte</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105437213">Chantal Savoie</persName> speak to some of the ways in which digital technologies are providing new tools and methodologies for scholarship on women writers in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> and French Canada. <ref target="#gender_issue">Given that the lead initiative for <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi> is the <orgName>Canadian Women's Writing Project</orgName>, <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName>'s partnership with this feminist project is predicated upon the collective labour of women's work as both literary scholars and digital humanists. <ref target="#literary_schools">Furthermore, this partnership corresponds to the gendering of predominantly women's labour in <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>, its production of a digital commons, and its federation with <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi>'s commons. <ref target="#men_writing"><ref target="#response_gendered">If this partnership can serve as a means of transforming modernist studies from a field that until recently had been considered predominantly masculinist in its neglect of women authors and by its domination by male scholars</ref></ref> (see <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8566613" sameAs="Di Brandt">Brandt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917" sameAs="Barbara Godard">Godard</persName>)</ref></ref></ref><ref>, and if it can manage the co-ordination of anglophone and francophone modernist scholarship, it is reasonable to suggest that the <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi>–<hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> partnership is well positioned to effect a radical transfiguration of modernist studies in Canada and Quebec. Indeed, this partnership has the means to produce the kind of transvaluation of Canadian and Quebecois modernism that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827" sameAs="Antonio Negir">Negri</persName> would call altermodernism; it has the necessary capacities, in other words, to generate Canada's and Quebec's altermodernist commons.</ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p109">
                        <ref target="#education">
                            <ref target="#gender_issue">
                                <ref target="#collaboration">Insofar as <orgName sameAs="Editing Modernism in Canada"><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi></orgName> and its digital initiatives stem in part from editorial projects that I started when I was a graduate student, it is my hope that by providing the tools and training for and collaborating with emerging scholars that my editorial work and scholarship on modernist Canadian women in particular will continue to unfold into the next generation and beyond. It has not gone unnoticed by me—or, I expect, anyone else involved—that the majority of students working on the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> digitization project have been women and that they are working on an editorial initiative that is directed by two male collaborators. True, we are all collaborating, but in the end only two of us (both male) are seeing the project through from start to finish and receiving recognition as co-editors. This gender dynamic is typical not just of other digitization projects currently supervised by other <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> faculty participants but of the project as a whole, at least insofar as I am directing a group of predominantly female emerging scholars who are receiving training in the digital humanities. If, for example, we take the enrolments at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144191869">University of Victoria</orgName>'s <listEvent> <event> <label>Digital Humanities Summer Institute</label> </event> </listEvent> (<hi rend="small-caps">DHSI</hi>) that <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> participants attended in <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>, and <date when="2011" cert="definite">2011</date>, women have accounted for an average of 82 per cent of our graduate student cohort and 63 per cent of our total number.<note xml:id="n17" place="end">In <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>, women accounted for 87 per cent of our graduate student cohort and 63 per cent of our total number; in <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>, they accounted for 88 per cent of our graduate student cohort and 72 per cent of our total; and in <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>, they accounted for 70 per cent of our graduate student cohort and 53 per cent of our total.</note> This must be a promising sign for the future of the digital humanities and modernist studies in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, and it may speak to a generational shift underway among graduate students who choose to work on modernist literatures in Canada. <ref target="#women_writing">One of the principal ways in which <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> has facilitated recognition of the labour of its female researchers and research assistants is through its community blog (<ref target="http://editingmodernism.ca/community">http://editingmodernism.ca/community</ref>), where students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty post stories about their work in progress. We launched the blog in the summer of <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>, and from the onset it has been consistently populated by a community of women proportionate to the project's gender demographics (in the first year, over 75 per cent of the posts were by women).</ref> In addition, <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>'s digital training was originated by <persName>Meagan Timney</persName>, our project's first postdoctoral fellow, who designed and taught a seminar at <hi rend="small-caps">DHSI</hi> <date when="2011" cert="definite">2011</date> on the production of digital editions. This seminar and other training initiatives launched by <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> have been designed to facilitate the work of emerging scholars on their own editorial projects. If the distribution of graduate student stipends and postdoctoral fellowships in support of their own editorial projects is some indication, women account for over 80 per cent of the recipients of funding from the project. As we move forward with the development of the <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi> co-op and commons, I will continue to track the ways in which gender inflects our networks of collaboration and the composition of our repositories. Rather than reserving the majority of our resources for distribution to faculty, <hi rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi rend="small-caps">C</hi> aims to instantiate a rupture and transformation of modernist studies in Canada through its training of a multitude whose collective labour shares in the production of the commons. <ref target="#representation_of_women">If, at least in the context of <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">EM</hi>i<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>/<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">E</hi>ma<hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">C</hi>, women are the multitude who is principally responsible for the production of the commons, it stands to reason that the future of our project and of modernist studies in Canada and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> will be radically transformed by their labour.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8566613" sameAs="Di Brandt">Brandt, Di</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917">Barbara Godard</persName>, eds. <title level="m">Wider Boundaries of Daring: The Modernist Impulse in Canadian Women's Poetry</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157391394" sameAs="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41316252" sameAs="Hester Lee Furey">Furey, Hester</persName>. <title level="a"><hi rend="small-caps"><orgName sameAs="International Workers of the World" cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/154632617">IWW</orgName></hi> Songs as Modernist Poetry.</title> <title level="j">Journal of the Midwest Modern Language Association</title> 34.2 (<date cert="probable" from="2001-03" to="2001-06">Spring 2001</date>): 51–72. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24011176">Godbout, Patricia</persName>. <title level="a">L'espace du <title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m">Dialogue sur la traduction</title> entre <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501">Anne Hébert</persName> et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267" sameAs="F.R. Scott">Frank Scott</persName>.</title> <title level="m">Cahiers Anne Hébert</title> 9 (<date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>). Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt, Michael</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827">Antonio Negri</persName>. <title level="m">Commonwealth</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4931972">Cambridge, MA</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139568154" sameAs="Harvard University Press">Harvard UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59149121" sameAs="Mary Hawkesworth">Hawkesworth, Mary</persName>. <title level="a">The Gendered Ontlology of <title level="m">Multitude</title>.</title> <title level="j">Political Theory</title> 34.3 (<date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date>): 357–64. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Irvine, Dean</persName>. <title level="a">Editing Canadian Modernism.</title> <title level="j">English Studies in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title> 33.1–2 (<date cert="definite" from="2007-03" to="2007-03">March/June 2007</date>): 53–85. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Editing Modernity: Women and Little-Magazine Cultures in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="1916" to="1956">1916–1956</date></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Irvine, Dean</persName>, and <persName>Meagan Timney</persName>. <title level="a">A New Build: Digital Tools for Archives, Commons, and Collaboration.</title> <title level="m">Archival Narratives for <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>: Re-Telling Stories in a Changing Landscape</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64263904">Kathleen Garay</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98280052">Christl Verduyn</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6324729/halifax.">Halifax, NS</placeName>: <orgName>Fernwood Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay, Dorothy</persName>. <title level="m">Archive for Our Times: Previously Uncollected and Unpublished Poems of Dorothy Livesay</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" sameAs="Dean Irvine">Dean J. Irvine</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155778530">Arsenal Pulp Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand: A True Life of the <date cert="probable" from="1930" to="1939">Thirties</date></title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115570529">David Arnason</persName> and <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105492844">Kim Todd</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5949247">Erin, ON</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311378991" sameAs="Press Porcépic">Porcépic</orgName>, <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92263368" sameAs="Cary Nelson">Nelson, Cary</persName>. <title level="m">Revolutionary Memory: Recovering Poetry of the American Left</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265435283">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2001">2001</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109922810" sameAs="Lee Quinby">Quinby, Lee</persName>. <title level="a">Taking the Millenialist Pulse of <title level="m">Empire</title>'s Multitude: A Genealogical Feminist Diagnosis.</title> <title level="m">Empire's New Clothes: Reading <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102587001" sameAs="Michael Hardt">Hardt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108238827" sameAs="Antonio Negri">Negri</persName></title>. Ed. Paul A. Passavant and Jodi Dean. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265435283">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2004">2004</date>. 231–52. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267" sameAs="F.R. Scott">Scott, F.R.</persName> <title level="m">Auto-anthology: Complete Poems and Translations, <date cert="definite" from="1918" to="1984">1918–1984</date></title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114">Dean Irvine</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160819882">Robert G. May</persName>. 2 vols. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135965961" sameAs="University of Ottawa Press">U of Ottawa P</orgName>, forthcoming <date cert="definite" when="2015">2015</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267" sameAs="F.R. Scott">Scott, F.R.</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501">Anne Hébert</persName>.<title xml:lang="fr-CA" level="m"> Dialogue sur la traduction: à propos du Tombeau des rois.</title> <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montréal</placeName>: <hi rend="small-caps"><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153526827" sameAs="Éditions Hurtubise">HMH</orgName></hi>, <date cert="definite" when="1970">1970</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <head>
                        <ref target="#women_writing">L’apport du concept d’ontologie informatique à l’étude de l’histoire littéraire des femmes au <date from="1801" to="1900">XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle</ref>
                    </head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105437213" cert="definite">chantal savoie</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104137574" cert="probable">julie roy</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p110">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#genre_journalism">Le projet : <title type="a">Histoire littéraire des femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> : stratégies de légitimation et principes de filiation</title> s’intéresse à l’émergence de l’écriture des femmes dans la presse périodique québécoise au cours de <date from="1851" to="1900">la seconde moitié du XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle.</ref>
                            </ref>
                            <ref target="#methodology">Il comporte deux volets, soit la collecte de textes écrits par des femmes dans la presse périodique francophone entre <date when="1837">1837</date> et <date when="1881">1881</date>, pour la plupart inédits, et l’analyse du corpus en fonction de paramètres liés aux stratégies de légitimation et aux principes de filiation qui s’y déploient. <ref target="#intertextuality">Ce que nous entendons par stratégies de légitimation et principes de filiation est repérable par des indices internes aux textes, notamment l’intertextualité et la posture, et par des indices externes, comme l’étude des habitus et des réseaux des auteures repérées.</ref> L’objectif de ce projet est donc double. <ref target="#genre_journalism">D’abord, constituer un corpus de travail encore méconnu, pour une période largement occultée de l’histoire littéraire, qui rende compte des pratiques d’écriture des femmes et de leur participation à la presse périodique amorcée un siècle plus tôt et qui se déploie de façon extensive à la fin du <date from="1801" to="1900">XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle. Ensuite, étudier ce corpus en fonction d’une grille d’analyse permettant de comprendre les pratiques d’écriture des femmes et comment celles-ci ont modulé leur participation à la vie littéraire et leur reconnaissance en tant qu’auteures.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p111">
                            <ref target="#methodology">
                                <ref target="#technology">
                                    <ref target="#collaboration">Ce projet nécessitait la mise en place d’un espace de stockage pour rassembler le corpus et d’un outil d’analyse. Il supposait également un travail collaboratif à distance. Pour ce faire, nous avons mis sur pied une base de données relationnelle MySQL en ligne permettant de faire la collecte des informations brutes et la gestion des connaissances liées au corpus et à son analyse.</ref>
                                </ref>
                                <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Notre étude vise à présenter le travail accompli en ce qui a trait à la mise en place d’une structure de recherche au moyen d’outils technologiques et du développement d’une ontologie permettant de gérer l’ensemble de manière satisfaisante, tant sur le plan opérationnel qu’intellectuel. Si l’ontologie est une notion philosophique qui renvoie à la <hi rend="italic">théorie de l’existence</hi>, c’est-à-dire qui tente d’expliquer les concepts qui existent dans le monde et comment ils s’imbriquent et s’organisent, les ontologies informatiques sont des outils qui permettent de représenter un <hi rend="italic">univers de connaissances</hi> sous une forme utilisable par un ordinateur<note xml:id="n18" place="end">Une ontologie, du point de vue informatique, est la <hi rend="italic">conceptualisation</hi> d’un domaine, c’est-à-dire un <hi rend="italic">choix</hi> quant à la manière de décrire un domaine ainsi que sa <hi rend="italic">description formelle</hi>. Elle doit être partagée et consensuelle, s’appliquer à un domaine particulier et tendre vers un objectif commun</note>.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p112">
                            <ref target="#methodology">
                                <ref target="#technology">Nous ne prétendons pas utiliser le concept d’ontologie informatique au sens strict du terme avec tout l’outillage technologique qu’il suppose. Ce concept constitue plutôt un outil qui a nourri notre réflexion. Il a fourni ses assises à la création de l’architecture de notre base de données et nous permet de poursuivre son développement en vue de la seconde étape de notre projet, soit l’analyse des données accumulées lors des dépouillements. Nous l’utilisons ici pour présenter la réflexion entourant notre projet et ses bases conceptuelles et montrer comment nous avons tenté de l’arrimer au monde informatique avec lequel nous travaillons. Car, dans l’univers des sciences humaines, c’est bien souvent cet arrimage entre la recherche intellectuelle et sa représentation informatique qui fait défaut. Le concept d’ontologie nous a forcées à nous demander de façon plus systématique quels étaient les objectifs du projet quant à la constitution du corpus puis de définir les éléments permettant d’identifier les filiations et les stratégies de légitimation de façon claire et cohérente pour un système informatique. Nous avons notamment utilisé le concept de classe ou de catégorie d’information, établi les propriétés de ces classes, les liens nécessaires entre les classes et les propriétés et utilisé un vocabulaire commun pertinent. Ce texte se divise en deux volets : d’abord, la présentation des fondements de notre base de données et de quelques-uns des ajustements envisagés en vue de l’analyse, puis, à l’aide d’exemples, l’exploration du concept de posture et des difficultés que suscite sa représentation formelle à l’aide des outils informatiques.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Identifier les auteurs et les pseudonymes</head>
                        <p xml:id="p113">
                            <ref target="#methodology">La première étape, celle de la constitution du corpus, nécessitait deux classes principales dans notre base de données. <ref target="#authority">Il s’agissait d’identifier les <hi rend="italic">textes</hi> écrits par des femmes (pierre angulaire du projet) et de leur associer des <hi rend="italic">auteures</hi>. Si cette première étape semble relativement simple, la complexité de la problématique de l’autorité littéraire, dans le contexte où nous nous situions et la perspective particulière que nous souhaitions adopter, présentaient déjà certaines difficultés.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p114">
                            <ref target="#authorship">
                                <ref target="#authority">La classe <hi rend="italic">auteur</hi> détermine les caractéristiques des personnes qui ont une autorité sur un texte. Il s’agit d’un individu socialisé possédant une existence propre. Les propriétés sont donc relativement simples et relèvent essentiellement de la biographie (sexe, date et lieu de naissance, etc.). Or cette définition de l’auteur posait problème étant donnée l’importance des textes signés sous des pseudonymes non élucidés et l’autonomie relative de l’univers de la presse au <date from="1801" to="1900">XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle qu’elle provoque vis-à-vis du monde réel. Dans le cadre d’une recherche sur les stratégies de légitimation et sur la filiation, l’imbrication de ces deux possibles de l’autorité littéraire (l’auteur et son pseudonyme) en une seule classe aurait rapidement porté à confusion. La création d’une classe <hi rend="italic">auteur</hi> nécessitait donc, en parallèle, la création d’une propriété <hi rend="italic">signature</hi> agissant comme une classe (c’est-à-dire possédant des propriétés et des liens avec l’ensemble des éléments de la base de données). Cela nous permet de distinguer les auteurs de chair et d’os de leurs instances pseudonymes. Cela permet également de faire interagir les pseudonymes de façon autonome, sans nécessairement qu’ils soient liés à un auteur, et de distinguer ainsi l’univers social réel de l’univers construit de la presse. Cette distinction permet également de donner voix au chapitre à ces êtres de papier qui s’assument comme des auteurs afin de départager les stratégies de légitimation concrètes des individus impliqués dans la presse de celles de leurs avatars qui évoluent dans l’univers de la presse. La propriété <hi rend="italic">signature</hi>, en agissant comme une classe, nous permet d’identifier le genre sexué attribué au pseudonyme ainsi que le type de signature (initiales, anagrammes, prénom seul, etc.). Le concept de posture, qui est au cœur de notre analyse, nécessitera ultérieurement l’ajout de propriétés pour établir les habitus, réels ou fictifs, ainsi que les réseaux.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Identifier les textes</head>
                        <p xml:id="p115">
                            <ref target="#methodology">En vis-à-vis, la classe <hi rend="italic">texte</hi> constitue en quelque sorte le cœur de la base de données. <ref target="#authorship">Les propriétés de base permettent de colliger les informations bibliographiques concernant chacun des textes recensés (titre, date et lieu de production, date et lieu de publication, etc.) et de leur lier un <hi rend="italic">auteur</hi> ou une <hi rend="italic">signature</hi>. À cela s’ajoute un lien vers le document transcrit ou numérisé et un champ en texte libre permettant de faire des commentaires, notamment sur le contexte de la rédaction ou de la publication, et d’ajouter divers détails sur le document qui ne sont pas pris en compte par les propriétés de base. Nous avons d’ailleurs déjà envisagé la création de propriétés additionnelles afin d’analyser ces textes de façon plus cohérente. En matière de filiation et de stratégie de légitimation, nous étudions la possibilité d’ajouter des éléments touchant les genres littéraires et les formes, les sujets abordés ainsi que les registres littéraires et les tonalités.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Les classes auxiliaires et la question des relations</head>
                        <p xml:id="p116">
                            <ref target="#methodology">À ces classes qui forment les grands piliers de la base de données s’ajoutent des classes auxiliaires qui permettent de donner une plus-value aux informations portant sur les textes, les auteurs et les signatures en les inscrivant dans un contexte plus général. <ref target="#writing_climate">On trouve la classe <hi rend="italic">périodique</hi> et la classe <hi rend="italic">institution</hi>, qui permettent notamment d’analyser les habitus, les réseaux et les espaces dans lesquels l’écriture féminine est autorisée et voir de quelle manière ces contextes influencent cette écriture.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p117">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Bien que la question des classes et des propriétés soit au cœur de notre réflexion, ce sont les relations qui les unissent qui permettent de rendre notre base de données opérationnelle, de donner à la théorie sa valeur de recherche et d’analyse et de l’appliquer à notre corpus. <ref target="#intertextuality">Les relations peuvent s’établir entre les classes principales (lien entre un texte et un périodique, lien entre une auteure et un texte, entre un texte et d’autres textes, une auteure et une institution, une auteure et une autre auteure).</ref> Elles peuvent également s’établir entre les classes et les propriétés, notamment <hi rend="italic">auteur</hi> et <hi rend="italic">signature</hi>. Si les propriétés permettent de classer les informations colligées, elles marquent surtout le début de l’analyse des stratégies de légitimation et la filiation. Elles permettent d’articuler la réflexion et de décupler la portée des informations recueillies.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>La question de la posture littéraire</head>
                        <p xml:id="p118">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Une fois le corpus établi et balisé, l’étape de l’analyse pose des défis considérables. D’abord, en ce qui a trait à la conversion de nos perspectives d’analyse en matière gérable par les moyens informatiques courants et accessibles à tous, et par conséquent sur la manière de lire les résultats obtenus. Notre capacité à <q>traduire</q> adéquatement nos préoccupations théoriques et littéraires en catégories à la fois maniables et significatives est en effet la clé de notre capacité à réellement renouveler les perspectives sur les pratiques d’écriture des femmes au <date from="1801" to="1900">XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle. Si nous n’arrivons pas à traiter cette abondante matière consignée dans la base de données, la dispersion et l’hétéroclite auront gain de cause sur le renouvellement de notre compréhension de ces pratiques d’écriture.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p119">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Le regain d’intérêt pour la sociopoétique qui s’est manifesté au cours des dernières années<ref target="#intellectual_history"> <note xml:id="n19" place="end">Mentionnons principalement, dans la foulée des propositions d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109597667" cert="reasonably certain">Alain Viala</persName>, le travail de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Jérôme Meizoz</persName> sur les postures littéraires ainsi que celui d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7440929" cert="definite">Alain Vaillant</persName> et de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71498992" cert="definite">Marie-Ève Thérenty</persName> sur la presse périodique.</note> </ref>s’est avéré commode, de notre point de vue, pour établir les éléments nécessaires à notre analyse, dans la mesure où cette perspective a permis la prise en compte de la société qui produit et reçoit le texte, dans les limites toutefois circonscrites d’une forme concrète qui apparaît à un moment et dans un lieu donné, à savoir ici notamment son incarnation dans la presse.</ref>
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">L’ambition de concilier des préoccupations plus sociologiques et des enjeux scripturaires et formels qui caractérise la sociopoétique seyait en effet à notre corpus, notamment parce que la sociologie des pratiques s’avère limitée dans le contexte de l’anonymat ou du pseudonymat non élucidé. La sociocritique est également pertinente dans la mesure où le statut de <hi rend="italic">dominées</hi> des femmes dans les champs social, littéraire et culturel tend à les obliger à expliciter leur position en regard des destinataires envisagés, qu’il s’agisse des interlocuteurs qui détiennent les positions les plus légitimes dans l’espace culturel ou du public général et de leur perception des femmes qui prennent la plume pour intervenir dans l’espace public.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p120">
                            <ref target="#methodology">C’est donc dans différents travaux qui relèvent de la sociopoétique que nous avons puisé la notion de <hi rend="italic">posture</hi> élaborée initialement par <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Jérôme Meizoz</persName>. Articulation de l’individuel et du collectif, la posture est <q>la manière (générale) d’être (d’un) écrivain</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61549705" cert="definite">Molinié</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109597667" cert="definite">Viala</persName> 217), lisible dans divers faits de position et d’habitus. La posture <q>permet de penser à la fois la <q>stratégie</q> [d’un auteur] dans le champ et ses options formelles, à savoir sa poétique propre</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Meizoz</persName> 16). La posture s’apparente ainsi à l’éthos des rhétoriciens et puise dans la notion, plus utilisée en anglais, de <hi rend="italic">persona</hi>, qui désigne tout à la fois <q>une voix et son contexte d’intelligibilité</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Meizoz</persName> 19). Pour les besoins spécifiques de nos analyses et étant donné que le concept d’ontologie nécessite de formaliser notre problématique et de définir le vocabulaire utilisé, ce sont surtout les trois scènes du discours posées par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Meizoz</persName> qui nous servent de repères. La<hi rend="italic">scène englobante</hi>(celle où s’ énoncent les grands types de discours, politique,religieux, etc.), <ref target="#genre">la <hi rend="italic">scène générique</hi> (qui décrit les genres du discours et les genres littéraires)</ref> et la<hi rend="italic">scène de la parole</hi> (construite par l’énonciation). Outre les postures elles-mêmes, ce sont également la façon dont elles s’insèrent dans le continuum de l’ensemble des discours de leur époque et la façon dont elles puisent dans des postures du passé qui nous intéressent. La base de données nous permet de consigner le détail des stratégies, de rassembler les éléments en vue d’une analyse plus fine des postures et des façons de les adopter. De deux postures semblables pourraient par exemple émerger des stratégies différentes sur le plan des procédés à l’œuvre selon l’auteure, l’époque où elle s ’inscrit ou le périodique où l’intervention est publiée, voire son insertion dans un espace précis de la page du journal.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>La scène générique</head>
                        <p xml:id="p121">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">La question de la <hi rend="italic">scène générique</hi> mérite quelques précisions dans la mesure où elle gagne à être élargie et mieux articulée en fonction de nos besoins et de l’univers informatique. D’une part, la notion de genre ne suffit pas à cartographier les diverses appartenances des textes au milieu littéraire ambiant. Au genre se greffent des régimes littéraires (dont la correspondance) et s’imposent des mouvements (dont le romantisme, pour ne pas prendre un exemple au hasard) que nous repérons aisément en balayant l’étendue de notre corpus.</ref>
                            <ref target="#intertextuality">En outre, toute citation, au-delà des enjeux liés à l’énonciation (faire dire par quelqu’un d’autre ce qu’on préfère ne pas dire soi-même, par exemple), agit sur le plan de la rhétorique en tissant des liens entre un texte et ses prédécesseurs, sur le plan des postures autant que de la légitimité. Toutes les ressources permettant de repérer et de classer les différentes allusions et références, directement et indirectement contenues dans un texte, peuvent être mises à profit par le relais d’analyses de divers registres d’intertextualité, puisqu’elles jouent un rôle à la fois dans les stratégies de légitimation déployées ainsi que dans la filiation assumée consciemment ou non par les auteurs.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>La scène de la parole</head>
                        <p xml:id="p122">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Quant à la scène de la parole, outre le fait qu’elle tend à dégager les éléments de l’agir postural dérivant des théories de l’énonciation<note xml:id="n20" place="end">Notamment les travaux de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29529106" cert="definite">Ruth Amossy</persName>, et plus précisément le collectif qu’elle dirige intitulé <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150122T222047-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Images de soi dans le discours. La construction d’un éthos<?oxy_comment_end?>.</title></note>, elle élargit la seule considération de mise en scène de l’énonciateur et, le cas échéant, du destinataire, en permettant de cerner l’ensemble de la <hi rend="italic">scène d’énonciation</hi> (voir <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4933095" cert="definite">Maingueneau</persName>). Il s’agit par exemple de prendre en compte les éléments de décor, comme les lieux d’où provient la parole (celui du couvent et de la chambre, par exemple, qui semblent se démarquer), certaines figures clés (la couventine, la religieuse, la mère, etc.) et les actions qui autorisent cette parole (célébrer, protester, prier, louer, etc.).</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Un exemple d’analyse des scènes de l’énonciation</head>
                        <p xml:id="p123">
                            <ref target="#close_reading">
                                <ref target="genre_journalism">Une brève analyse du texte intitulé <title rend="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150122T223238-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Mgr. L’Archevêque de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3832694" cert="probable">Villa Maria</placeName><?oxy_comment_end?></title>, paru dans le <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150122T223604-0700" comment="not on the VIAF list "?>Courrier du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName><?oxy_comment_end?></title> en <date when="1871" cert="definite">1871</date>, permet de sonder l’intérêt de la perspective que nous avons adoptée. Elle donne également une bonne idée des limites de l’approche et, surtout, des défis à surmonter, tant sur le plan quantitatif, étant donné la quantité importante de textes devant être soumis à l’analyse, qu’en ce qui concerne le codage informatique de ces éléments. Il s’agit d’une lettre destinée au rédacteur du <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150405T222704-0600" comment="No in VIAF"?>Courrier du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName><?oxy_comment_end?></title> demandant la publication de la lettre d’une jeune couventine, lettre présentée à la suite de la précédente.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p124">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">
                                <ref target="#authorship">
                                    <ref target="genre_lifeWriting">
                                        <ref target="#genre_journalism">Ce qui frappe en premier lieu est le jeu des relais de narration et l’enchâssement des récits : sous un titre qui pourrait figurer en tête d’un article ou d’un compte rendu figure une lettre, non signée, qui présente un document second, lettre elle aussi, signée par une autre personne et reproduite à sa suite. L’accent est mis sur les stratégies de véridiction, d’abord en incluant des allusions au lieu de parution : le texte s’adresse à <q>M. le Rédacteur</q> du <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150126T173548-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Courrier du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada<?oxy_comment_end?></placeName></title> et il suggère la publication dans son périodique d’une lettre originale présentée comme authentique. Si cette entrée en matière n’est pas signée, plusieurs indices laissent toutefois entendre que la mère de la jeune auteure de la lettre seconde est une signataire possible. Elle parle au féminin, mais surtout elle confesse le <q>vol</q> de la lettre intime qui suivra par un astucieux recours à une rhétorique de l’autocritique. La signataire de la première lettre doit choisir entre voler la lettre et trahir ainsi l’intimité, ou faire preuve d’égoïsme en gardant pour elle le <q>précieux butin</q>. Dès l’entrée en matière, donc, s’opposent le monde médiatique, et donc public, auquel s’adresse la première missive, et la sphère privée de la relation entre une mère et sa fille, les deux se superposant, en quelque sorte, par l’entremise de la correspondance.</ref>
                                    </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p125">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#close_reading">Le récit second, celui qu’adresse <q>Ta petite fille</q> à sa <q>chère Maman</q> s’ouvre sur une nouvelle mise en scène de la parole, pratiquement au pied de la lettre. Un <hi rend="italic">je</hi> amorce une lettre à sa mère en esquissant, par l’autoreprésentation, le contexte dans lequel elle écrit : de son pupitre, au moment d’une récréation, pendant un jour de congé au couvent. Le récit, au présent et dans un premier temps quasi en temps réel, est d’abord celui de l’écriture de la lettre et des différentes activités de la journée de congé offerte à l’occasion de la visite de Monseigneur. S’emboîte ensuite, au passé cette fois, le récit de la visite de l’archevêque de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>. Ce récit, prétexte à l’écriture de la lettre de la couventine à sa mère, présente lui aussi une scène d’énonciation, celle qui encadre l’adresse à Monseigneur par les couventines, sa réponse, puis la bénédiction qu’il prodigue.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p126">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre_journalism">Quant aux enjeux posturaux, sur la scène englobante, l’éloquence religieuse de l’archevêque et le discours médiatique du <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150405T222800-0600" comment="Not in VIAF"?>Courrier du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName><?oxy_comment_end?></title> personnifié par le rédacteur auquel s’adresse le texte balisent et jouxtent ceux de la mère et de la fille. L’éloquence religieuse s’inscrit dans une tradition bien établie, alors que le monde de la presse incarne un type de discours qui, sans être complètement nouveau, adapte l’ancien à la scène médiatique, l’avale en quelque sorte.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p127">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre_journalism">
                                    <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Sur la scène générique, ce texte présente l’imbrication de plusieurs genres de discours et de genres littéraires. D’une part, on trouve l’éloquence du discours religieux et moraliste, attribué à l’archevêque, lequel s’imbrique dans le discours de l’opinion publique, généré par le journal. D’autre part, la lettre familière de la mère, déviée de sa destination privée par sa publication dans le journal, devient une <q>lettre au journal</q> avec ses enjeux discursifs et énonciatifs propres. Il en est de même de la lettre familière et intimiste de la fille, dont le discours est fortement influencé par les devoirs de la couventine envers sa famille et les textes d’éducation qui circulent à l’époque. En s’inscrivant dans la presse, par le relais de la lettre de la mère, celle-ci devient une <q>lettre dans le journal</q> et transforme l’horizon de réception.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p128">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">
                                <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Sur la scène de la parole (construite par l’énonciation) s’imbrique donc un échange mère-fille, au présent, discours marqué par le rappel constant de la proximité et de l’affection, un récit-prétexte constitué de la visite de l’archevêque au couvent de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3832694" cert="definite">Villa Maria</placeName> et de ses effets, mais également un discours public, celui d’une mère s’adressant à l’opinion publique par le relais du discours de sa fille, transformant ainsi les enjeux d’un discours intimiste en tentative d’influencer cette opinion publique.</ref> <ref target="#education">On peut voir dans ce texte à plusieurs niveaux un véritable éloge de l’éducation des filles, et en particulier du pensionnat du couvent de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3832694" cert="definite">Villa Maria</placeName>.</ref> D’abord dans le discours louangeur de l’archevêque, ensuite dans celui de la couventine à propos des qualités de son couvent et de la description de ses consœurs ainsi que dans son écriture qui reçoit l’aval des rédacteurs par sa publication dans un journal et finalement dans l’exergue de la lettre : <q type="block">Envoie donc ma petite sœur, Maman, je t’assure que sa santé se rétablira et puis, elle sera infiniment mieux que dans les externats, si tu voyais la différence! Tu peux avoir confiance en moi, j’en aurai bien soin, et, il me sera si agréable de parler de toi, de rencontrer un cœur qui t’aime autant que le mien.</q></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p129">
                            <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#women_writing">Cette analyse, très préliminaire, donne néanmoins accès à tout un pan du corpus que nous avons consigné dans notre base de données et révèle, très littéralement, comment le discours féminin s’insinue progressivement dans l’espace public.</ref> Ce que nous désignons, de manière préliminaire, comme une rhétorique de l’enchâssement, semble jouer un rôle important, et ce, de différentes manières. <ref target="#voice_or_narration"><ref target="#religion"><ref target="#class_issue"><ref target="#education">Bien sûr, le texte surreprésente les marqueurs de l’énonciation et les traces permettant de situer qui parle, à qui, dans quel contexte. Bien sûr, il situe hiérarchiquement les différents discours qui circulent dans l’espace social, reconduisant pour l’essentiel l’autorité de l’Église, l’importance de l’éducation et le maintien des privilèges de classe de la bourgeoisie.</ref></ref></ref></ref> <ref target="#genre_issue"><ref target="#genre_journalism">Au-delà de ces évidences, c’est véritablement à une petite scénographie du rapport des femmes aux lettres à laquelle nous semblons assister. La mère pave en quelque sorte la voie de la publication à sa fille en se faisant la passeuse d’une correspondance privée dans l’espace public, par le relais de la presse, le tout cautionné par le prétexte de la visite de l’archevêque, prétexte qui s’apparente à ce qui constitue une nouvelle, soit une forme autorisée dans le journal.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Une poétique de l’enchâssement</head>
                        <p xml:id="p130">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">Qu’en est-il de cette posture de l’enchâssement qui serait signifiante au-delà d’un texte particulier? Si nous avons sciemment sélectionné un texte en apparence peu <q>littéraire</q>, au sens restreint du terme, pour ce premier exemple, c’est justement pour les liens qui l’unissent, à l’autre pôle, à l’un des exemples les plus littéraires du corpus, celui des poèmes adressés par <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150126T175455-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Élise Larivière<?oxy_comment_end?></persName> à différents journaux, ce qui nous laisse croire qu’il s’agit d’une stratégie d’écriture répandue. D’entrée de jeu, le genre poétique nous plonge dans un monde littéraire bien différent, sur le plan tant du statut symbolique que de l’acquisition de compétences particulières pour signer ce type d’écrit. Demeure toutefois la question de l’encadrement du texte poétique par une lettre qui met en scène les destinataires et, parfois, le contexte de rédaction, de même que le prétexte du passage à l’écriture poétique, toujours relié à des sujets et des personnages importants, qu’il s’agisse de Dieu personnifié par ses plus nobles serviteurs, de la noblesse ou de dirigeants politiques, d’écrivains ou d’artistes renommés. Pour reprendre la terminologie de <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Meizoz</persName> à propos des postures littéraires, la <hi rend="italic">scène englobante</hi> est toujours fortement présente et montrée explicitement de manière à conforter l’ordre établi.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p131">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#genre_issue">Quant à la <hi rend="italic">scène générique</hi> des textes d’<persName>Élise Larivière</persName>, elle inclut de nouvelles formes (nouvelles en regard de leur appropriation par les femmes sur la scène publique, s’entend) mais ne néglige pas pour autant les anciennes et notamment la correspondance, que ce soit directement ou indirectement. Les épigraphes, par exemple, servent d’exorde en regard du destinataire premier, en même temps qu’ils annoncent le prétexte de l’écriture aux destinataires réels, ceux qui lisent le périodique. <ref target="genre_poetry">C’est ainsi, pour ne donner qu’un exemple, que le poème intitulé <title rend="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="ilovan" timestamp="20150405T220343-0600" comment="Not in VIAF"?>Eugénie et le pied de la croix. À sa Majesté <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39510739">l’Impératrice Eugénie</persName>. Hommage profondément humble de l’auteur<?oxy_comment_end?></title> est publié. Le titre contient d’ailleurs lui-même l’essentiel de la scène d’énonciation. Ce poème est encadré d’une introduction (qui s’apparente à un exorde) qui rappelle son contexte d’écriture et assure du même coup son passage de la sphère privée (le texte aurait été envoyé à l’impératrice elle-même) à la sphère médiatique. Il est suivi de la transcription de la réponse du <persName>duc de <choice><sic>Bassno</sic><corr>Bassano</corr></choice></persName> qui accuse réception du poème au nom de l’impératrice. Sur le plan de l’énonciation, ces remerciements bouclent la boucle de belle façon. <ref target="#writing_climate">Cette mise en abîme agit en effet comme une forme de clin d’œil : pour publier un poème, une humble jeune fille qui n’a ni le statut ni l’autorité suffisante doit trouver un prétexte et mettre en scène son travail d’écriture et son acceptation par une autorité compétente pour accéder à la publication. Le choix de l’impératrice s’avère astucieux et le résultat dépasse même l’ambition de la jeune poète puisqu’au final, l’impératrice s’avère <q>trop</q> importante pour répondre elle-même et désigne un duc comme secrétaire. L’impératrice s’avère ainsi, par la hiérarchie tant sociale que scripturaire, le miroir inversé de la jeune poète (l’une trop humble pour écrire, l’autre trop importante pour répondre).</ref></ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>L’analyse maintenant</head>
                        <p xml:id="p132">
                            <ref target="#close_reading">Reste maintenant à mettre au point le protocole de saisie des éléments posturaux dans la base de données. Si les trois scènes sont des catégories évidentes, reste à y organiser les marqueurs, qui sont de nature hétéroclite. Les deux premiers types de scène (la scène englobante et la scène générique) gagneraient certainement à exploiter des listes de catégories appuyées sur les genres et formes littéraires, les registres et tonalités, puisque les possibles sont relativement limités. Chaque catégorie pourrait donc être repérée et il s’agirait de consigner les éléments textuels qui permettent de justifier la présence de chaque catégorie. Pour la dernière scène, celle de la parole, c’est peut-être en filant la métaphore théâtrale de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4933095" cert="definite">Dominique Maingueneau</persName> que nous avons la solution la plus opératoire. La <hi rend="italic">scène de la parole</hi>, en interne, est incarnée par une énonciation, émanant d’un <hi rend="italic">personnage</hi>, qui lui-même évolue dans un <hi rend="italic">décor</hi>, le tout centré sur une <hi rend="italic">action</hi>. <ref target="#representation_of_women">Enfin, les différentes scènes sont organisées les unes par rapport aux autres, révélant ainsi une hiérarchie des discours qui proposent des enjeux, feints ou réels, pour la prise de parole des femmes sur la scène médiatique.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Conclusion</head>
                        <p xml:id="p133">
                            <ref target="#methodology">L’utilisation du concept d’ontologie nous a permis de mieux définir notre objet d’analyse et de le formaliser de manière claire et cohérente à l’intérieur de notre base de données. Le travail de recherche sur le vocabulaire précis à employer, sur les réseaux de relations entre les classes et sur la façon de décliner leurs propriétés a été déterminant pour poursuivre notre réflexion. Ce concept nous guide à chaque étape, dans la mesure où, sans prétendre épuiser la matière textuelle stockée dans notre base de données, nous tentons de faire en sorte que chacun des éléments exploités dans le contexte de nos travaux (légitimation et filiation) le soit de manière systématique, gérable, significative, ouverte et cohérente avec l’ensemble de notre projet.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p134">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">Il reste certes beaucoup à faire pour rendre la réflexion intellectuelle opératoire à l’intérieur de notre base de données. <ref target="#genre_issue">Cependant, l’état actuel de notre réflexion nous permet déjà de formuler l’hypothèse selon laquelle c’est précisément la façon dont les femmes mettent en scène leur parole au sein de l’espace public imprimé que constitue la page du journal, c’est-à-dire la façon dont elles se mettent elles-mêmes en scène en train d’écrire, et la façon dont elles situent cette pratique au sein de l’ensemble des textes et discours de l’époque, qui nous met sur la piste d’une réelle relecture de l’écriture au féminin au <date from="1801" to="1900">XIX</date><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle.</ref> La formalisation de cet univers mérite à coup sûr qu’on y réfléchisse.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Bibliographie</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29529106" cert="definite">Amossy, Ruth</persName>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150123T143916-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Images de soi dans le discours : La construction d’un éthos<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2659994" cert="definite">Lausanne</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/130222920" cert="definite">Delachaux et Niestlé</orgName>, <date when="1999">1999</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4933095" cert="definite">Maingueneau, Dominique</persName> <title level="m">. <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150122T230154-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Le discours littéraire : Paratopie et scène d’énonciation<?oxy_comment_end?>.</title><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124954978" cert="definite">Armand Colin,</orgName> <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/19834812" cert="definite">Meizoz, Jérôme</persName>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150123T144158-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Postures littéraires : Mises en scène modernes de l’auteur<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2660645" cert="definite">Genève</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129041704" cert="definite">Slatkine</orgName>,<date when="2007" cert="definite">2007</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61549705" cert="definite">Molinié, Georges</persName>, et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109597667" cert="definite">Alain Viala</persName>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150123T144900-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Approches de la réception : Sémiostylistique et sociopoétique de Le Clézio.<?oxy_comment_end?> </title> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/124952254" cert="definite">Presses universitaires de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382" cert="definite">France</placeName></orgName>, <date when="1993" cert="definite">1993</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7440929" cert="definite">Vaillant, Alain</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71498992" cert="definite">Marie-Ève Thérenty</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150123T150359-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Histoire littéraire et histoire culturelle<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150123T150553-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’Histoire culturelle du contemporain: Actes du colloque de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3027869" cert="definite">Cerisy</placeName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/25754040" cert="definite">Laurent Martin</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42021264" cert="definite">Sylvain Venayre</persName><?oxy_comment_end?></title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7440929" cert="definite">Alain Vaillant</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71498992" cert="definite">Marie-Ève Thérenty</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2968815/paris.html" cert="definite">Paris:</placeName> <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148124030" cert="definite">Nouveau Monde Éditions</orgName>, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. 271–90.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div type="part">
                <head xml:lang="en-CA">Back to the Future...</head>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>
                        <hi rend="italic">Reclaiming the Past, Nurturing the Future</hi>
                    </head>

                    <docAuthor>
                        <hi rend="small-caps">
                            <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7436967" cert="definite">Rosemary Sullivan</persName>
                        </hi>
                    </docAuthor>

                    <p xml:id="p135">
                        <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">I have spent a decade of my life <q>reclaiming the past</q> by writing <ref target="#theme_or_topic">biographies</ref> of extraordinary <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Canadian women writers</ref>. I have also spent the last dozen years as the director of a creative writing program at the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/130333233">University of Toronto</placeName> dedicated to <q>nurturing the future.</q> These two activities are intimately connected in my mind. In writing biographies, I have discovered that a central theme of a writer’s life is <ref target="#theme_or_topic">how to claim the confidence to believe in oneself as a writer</ref>. I have written about the lives of three women.<ref target="#writing_climate"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName> struggled against self-doubt and fell into silence; <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> struggled against secrecy and died tragically. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" cert="definite">Margaret Atwood</persName>’s career coincided with a new surge in Canadian literature, and in women’s writing in particular, that gave her the confidence to be, fully, the writer she was meant to be.</ref> <ref target="#collaboration">Their stories informed my sense of what the creative writing workshop can achieve—dialogue, collaboration, and a sense of historical context, such that you can feel the generational pressure of writers behind you, sustaining you as you dedicate yourself to the exacting and lifelong claims of the writer’s art.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p136">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">In <date cert="definite" when="1987">1987</date>, I was commissioned by <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311377881">Penguin Books Canada</orgName> to write a biography of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName>. I had written an article about Smart for <title level="j">This Magazine</title> called <title level="a">Muse in a Female Ghetto,</title> and it had come to the attention of an editor at Penguin, <persName>Catherine Yolles</persName>. I had never tried my hand at biography before but the challenge seemed exciting. And so I said yes. <ref target="#response_informal">Smart’s novel <title level="m">By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept</title> was already being called one of the half dozen masterpieces of <ref target="#genre">poetic prose</ref> in the English language.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p137">Like a kind of female <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95150359" cert="definite">D.H. Lawrence</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> was as famous for the story of her life as for her book. She always claimed to have lived a great love affair. The primary story, which she delighted in recounting in interviews, was that in <date cert="definite" when="1937">1937</date> at the age of twenty-four, she walked into a bookstore on Charing Cross Road in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>, picked up a book of poetry, and began to read. She was immediately overwhelmed. She checked the biographical blurb. The poet’s name was <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109310084">George Barker</persName> and he was the same age as she was. She instantly knew he was the <q><hi rend="small-caps">HE</hi>,</q> the catalytic experience she needed to get her life as a writer started. (Her first candidate had been <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68928525" cert="reasonably certain">Lawrence Durrell</persName>.) Without seeing a photograph of Barker, she let it be known that she wanted to meet and marry him. She wanted to have his children. She set out on her hunt. In the course of my research, I actually met people who recalled Smart tearing around London asking how to meet George Barker. The masterpiece she came to write was based on her love affair with Barker, whom she finally met in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5332921">California</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1940">1940</date>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p138"><ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">The question for me as a biographer was why did she find this autobiographical anecdote so compelling that she continued to tell it to most interviewers even forty years after the fact? This is where an act of historical imagination is required of the biographer.</ref> <ref target="#sexuality">This was <date when="1937" cert="definite">1937</date>, a time when women were still heavily constrained by conventional expectations, particularly regarding relationships between the sexes.</ref> In <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName>’s anecdote, she was the initiator and the romantic. I would say that, to her, this flinging of herself into romantic extremis, what she might have called <q>leaping into the arm of the infinite,</q> was an act of courage. <q>To really live</q>, Smart always said, <q>you had to have a large appetite.</q> <ref target="#men_writing">And she had male models to follow. Falling in love with the muse and writing <ref target="#genre_poetry">love poetry</ref> had always been the male writer’s first assignment.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p139">I knew <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> as a friend. While living in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1979">1979</date> I had searched her down. <ref target="#recognitions">Her name had appeared in the <title level="j">Guardian</title>, under the heading <title level="a">Come Back of the Year Award.</title></ref> After thirty-four years of silence, she had finally published her second novel, <title level="m">The Assumption of the Rogues and Rascals</title>. I wrote to her as a fellow Canadian, and she invited me to visit her at her remote cottage <hi rend="italic">The Dell</hi> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2636561">Suffolk</placeName>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p140">It was winter, and I can still remember how desolate her cottage seemed, adjacent to an empty gravel pit whose landscape was strewn with frozen pools of water and interrupted by huge cranes rising like pterodactyls. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> stood at her gate waiting for my taxi. She was disheveled in mackinaw and gumboots. She would have been sixty-five then. My first impression was that she was incredibly lonely, but I would soon discover that her home was open to everyone, like <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5119016" cert="definite">Grand Central Station</placeName> itself—the taxi driver was invited in with the passenger.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p141">We talked about writing, about Canadian literature, and about the imagination required to love a man. But I particularly remember asking her one question. <ref target="#representation_of_men">I asked <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">her</persName> why the man in her novel with whom the narrator had fallen in love hardly seemed to have an identity. He seemed to me faceless. <q>Of course he has no face,</q> she replied. <q>He is a love object.</q></ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p142">I was too young then to realize that <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> was telling me she understood the nature of her romantic obsession. She had come to recognize her collusion in what she called <q>all that pricy pain.</q> She had stranded herself in obsession. Romantic obsession is autoerotic, a projection onto the other of all that is most valuable in the self and that one longs to claim. Such passion serves as a catalyst to get one’s life started or to kick start it again when it stalls. When the romantic projection is ripped away or dissolves, the other standing there is almost always a stranger. The great Australian novelist, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7412796">Christina Stead</persName>, used to say that every love story is a ghost story. Still, the story of romantic obsession now feels like it comes from another age. It is hard today to think of romantic love without irony. No man can easily live the persona of the romantic artist. No woman writer could ever be so alone. There are new narratives.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p143">But the story of Smart’s life as a writer interested me deeply. It was a story of <hi rend="italic">silence</hi>. <ref target="#writing_climate"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> had experienced a painful writer’s block of almost thirty years between books. How had she lost her sense of herself as a writer—that obsessive compulsion the artist feels to write? Once she had hoped to be as good as <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97097302" cert="definite">Emily Brontë</persName>. What had happened to the writer’s necessary ego, which she had had in large enough measure to write a masterpiece like <title level="m">Grand Central Station</title>?</ref> Puzzled by her own paralysis, she asked in a poem: is there a difference between the <q>muse, his and hers?</q> <q>Is ego a prick to the muse?</q> (<title level="a">The Muse: His and Hers,</title> <title level="m">A Bonus</title>).</p>
                        <p xml:id="p144">
                            <ref target="#attitudes_to_women_writing">In one of our conversations she told me that when she was young she had felt the <q>maestro of the masculine sitting on my shoulder, telling me I would never be good enough.</q> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> left <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1943">1943</date> and did not return for forty years. <q>At the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName> literary table,</q> she said, <q>the male writers allowed me a seat at the table, but they would never talk to me one on one.</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p145"><ref target="#women_writing">The central issue for the pioneer female writer in the <date from="1930" to="1939" cert="speculative">1930s</date> and <date from="1940" to="1949" cert="speculative">1940s</date> was one of confidence.</ref> Where was it to be found? <ref target="#place_of_publication">When <title level="m">Grand Central Station</title> was published in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1945">1945</date>, it was issued on war-rationed paper and was printed in such small type that it was only forty-five pages long.</ref> <ref target="#response_formal">It got good reviews, including one by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22140262">Cyril Connolly</persName>. Then it sank like a stone.</ref> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName> had no one telling her just how good a writer she really was.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p146"><ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">I fell in love with the genre of biography and so decided to write a second biography. This time I wanted to counter the narrative of silence and write about a woman writer who had achieved a successful career.</ref> I chose the Canadian poet <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName>, born a generation later in <date cert="definite" when="1941">1941</date>, because she had been so productive, writing over twenty books in thirty years. But I soon discovered she had confronted another problem. I discovered MacEwen had lived her life under the weight of secrets. She had separated her friends into different pockets of her life. No one knew the full story.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p147"><ref target="#violence"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> was a great poet who died at the age of forty-six in mysterious circumstances. Some people suspected suicide.</ref> How was I to write about her?</p>
                        <p xml:id="p148">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#textual_strategies">We believe the roots of a lifetime are hidden and entwined in childhood. A biography begins its archaeology there. In my first chapter <title level="a">Thirty-eight Keele Street,</title> the address of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">MacEwen</persName>’s childhood home, I offered a meditation on the very notion of a house.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p149"><q type="block">The houses we are born into are always more than domestic architecture. They are mental spaces that define the power dynamic of the world we enter unwittingly; those houses will surface repeatedly in our dreams and we will reconstruct them throughout a lifetime. Thirty-eight Keele was the first universe fate offered <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn</persName>. It was complex and full of secrets.</q> (<title level="m">Shadow Maker</title> 3)</p>
                        <p xml:id="p150">
                            <ref target="#health_issue">The essential secret at the core of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">MacEwen</persName>’s childhood was that her mother suffered periodic bouts of mental illness. Neither her father nor her aunt and uncle, with whom the MacEwens lived, would speak of this shameful secret. Gwendolyn and her sister Carol only knew that from time to time their mother disappeared from home. When they asked why, they were told, <q>You are too young to understand.</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p151">In writing <title type="m">Shadow Maker</title>, I was deeply aware that I was entering the lives of <hi rend="italic">real</hi> people. The first person with whom I spoke was <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">MacEwen</persName>’s sister <persName>Carol Wilson</persName>. On our first encounter, I sat across from her in her small-town <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943">Ontario</placeName> kitchen and examined her face. Eight years older than her sister, she looked exactly like MacEwen would have looked at that age. <ref target="#violence">Carol described how, in <date cert="definite" when="1950">1950</date>, when her family moved to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235">Winnipeg</placeName>, she and her sister witnessed their mother’s attempt to commit suicide by slashing her throat with a razor. Carol recounted the story to me in a halting voice full of pain. <q>This is not easy for me,</q> she said. She still wondered whether Gwendolyn, who had been nine-years-old at the time, had seen what had happened in the bathroom that night.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p152">On one of my visits, Carol handed me a sealed envelope, on the back of which <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn</persName> had scrawled her name in large childish letters. Carol told me it contained a pencil. Gwendolyn had saved it because it was the pencil with which she had written her first poem when she was ten. She also told me that Gwendolyn changed her name. The family had always called her Wendy, but at age twelve, she insisted that her name henceforth would be Gwendolyn. She said she thought one day she might be important and Wendy was not the name of somebody important.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p153">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">The astonishing thing is that, out of the pain of this childhood, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> was able to construct such a powerful life for herself. For her, it seems that art was a way to make sense of life. It required training, discipline, love. And she had a remarkable mind, perpetually in gear.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p154">
                            <ref target="#methodology">I went to libraries and searched through city directories to locate the many places <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">MacEwen</persName> had lived. <ref target="#archive">I found her letters in writers’ archives across the country, echoes of her lost voice.</ref> I consulted the Mormons in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5780993" cert="definite">Salt Lake City</placeName> to trace her genealogy. I phoned <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2650225">Edinburgh</placeName> searching for details about her father’s life. I wrote hospitals for files. And I tracked down many of the witnesses who shared, however peripherally, in her life.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p155">The story grew. <ref target="#education">After quitting high school just one month shy of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">her</persName> graduation, she wandered the streets of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/7870882" cert="reasonably certain">High Park</placeName> until she found a small chaider, or Hebrew school, and walked in asking them to teach her Hebrew. She was a brilliant autodidact. If she was to know the Bible, the Zoar, the Gnostics, she must read them in the original language.</ref> Unsupervised by parents whose lives were disintegrating, she roamed the back streets of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> late at night. Once, when she was at the Wah Mai Café on Queen Street, the police raided. As they hauled in the prostitutes, they inquired about the kid in the brown corduroy jumper. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn</persName> told them she was there because she was training to be a writer: <q>I’m just a page now but one day I’ll be a book</q> (<title level="a">The Wah Mai Café,</title> <title level="m">Afterworlds</title> 34). <q>Poets,</q> she said, <q>are magicians without quick wrists</q> (<title level="m">Julian the Magician</title> 12).</p>
                        <p xml:id="p156">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">In dialogue with the multiple voices swirling through my biography, I created my version of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName>. It is the portrait of a woman of astonishing creative depth whose very mystery leaves one breathless.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p157"><ref target="#response_informal">After I published <title level="m">Shadow Maker: The Life of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName></title>, much to my surprise, I received an extraordinary number of letters. Many people identified with the tragic life of Gwendolyn MacEwen. I was moved that they would take the time to write, and that so many told me they had gone out and bought her poetry and were reading her entire work. But there was something disturbing me. Some people began to ask why I identified with dark, self-destructive, romantic female extremists.</ref> But that was not how I saw either Gwendolyn MacEwen or <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName>. <ref target="#writing_climate">They were writers of remarkable courage who had succeeded against the odds, as all writers must, and the difficulties of their lives had come from where most difficulties do: in large measure from the patterns scripted in childhood.</ref> Theirs were individual stories and it was risky to use their lives to generalize about the Ur-pattern of the artistic life.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p158">I remembered <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" cert="definite">Margaret Atwood</persName> once commenting that there is no common pattern to artists’ lives. The only thing that writers have in common is that they write. <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">I found myself thinking of writing a book about Atwood. Would that be possible? And why would I presume to write a biography of a living writer in mid-career? I had two motives. First, this would be another kind of story, a narrative about a woman who had managed to take control of her artistry <hi rend="italic">and</hi> her life. And, secondly, she would be there to talk back. This intrigued me. I was sceptical about the way many biographers claim to know the motives of their subjects after they are dead.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p159">
                            <ref target="#methodology">I decided to write a portrait of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>’s early career. My book would be about confidence, about how you find the courage to believe in yourself as an artist. It would be a cultural history. It would also be about the creative process itself.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p160"><ref target="#genre_issue">In my head I thought of this book as a not-biography.</ref> There would be no intimate journals or letters as sources. <ref target="#archival_location">These were still in private hands, though <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> allowed me to read her restricted files in the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123687466" cert="definite">Thomas Fisher Library</orgName> that houses her papers</ref>, and we had a lively email correspondence. I also knew that people would be guarded and protective of her. Why, then, write the book? I wanted the third version of the female artist’s life. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName> had been trapped in silence—after her masterpiece she had lost her nerve as a writer. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> had been deeply damaged by the secrets behind which she hid. Margaret Atwood had produced a brilliant and extensive body of work and was content in her life.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p161">I knew this would be as much a biography of an era as it would be the record of an individual writer’s life.<ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#writing_climate"><ref target="#social_movement"> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> came of age as a writer at a time when the currents of feminism and Canadian nationalism met.</ref> She was central to that period in the <date cert="speculative" from="1965" to="1969">late 1960s</date> and <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1974">early 1970s</date> when Canadian writers established themselves in the national imagination.</ref> Compelled by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705">Northrop Frye</persName>’s suggestion that the Canadian writer was not so much engaged in the pursuit of personal identity (<q>Who am I?</q>) but rather cultural identity (<q>Where is here?</q>), they were engaged in articulating the myths and landscapes that have shaped our culture.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p162">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">In the course of writing my previous biographies, I had experienced the nostalgic, elegiac feeling of following after. The subjects were gone and had left only their words behind. Writing about <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> was, of course, completely different. I was driven by curiosity and intrigue, and found myself saying, <q>Ah, so that’s what it was like.</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p163"><ref target="#education">On one of my many journeys, I trekked down to <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124802605" cert="definite">Harvard</orgName>, where <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> had gone to graduate school, and visited <ref target="#gender_issue">the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/137349279" cert="definite">Lamont Library</orgName>, where, as a female student, she was not allowed to work. Apparently it was felt that the presence of females would distract the young male students. <ref target="#sexuality">And I saw where Founder’s House, her graduate residence at Radcliffe, had once stood. I thought of her description of the sexual perverts who, like aphids, had scaled its walls.</ref></ref></ref> <ref target="#violence">In <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4930956">Boston</placeName>, she would later say, she learned about urban violence.</ref> And I thought of the costume party she and her friend <persName>Jim Polk</persName> had organized at Founder’s House.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p164">According to <persName>Polk</persName>, they announced it as a Roman orgy: she went as Cleopatra’s breast, wearing a birdcage covered in a flesh-coloured towel, and he went as the asp. Later, however, she would stage a more significant rebellion. <ref target="#education">As I walked through <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124802605" cert="definite">Harvard</orgName>, I saw what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> would come to make of that intimidating institution. It would provide the locus for the fundamentalist dictatorship in her novel <title level="m">The Handmaid’s Tale</title>.</ref></p>
                        <p xml:id="p165">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">While I was writing these three biographies I dreamed of my subjects: Of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Elizabeth</persName> standing at the end of my bed like a vengeful presence saying, <q>You’d better get it right.</q> Of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">Gwendolyn</persName> entering my kitchen by a hidden door and offering me a gift. Of carrying a desiccated fragile child through a war-torn European city, knowing it was <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>’s child, and that I had to save it. The child was my book. I made it to the train station and the child was still alive. In my own personal mythology, each of these dreams gave me permission to write my books. They meant that the books would come from a deep place. My conscious and my unconscious mind, the place where the inspiration comes from, were in sync.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p166">
                            <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Looking back, I now consider these biographies to be a trilogy: they are essentially about the creative process and about how you find the confidence to believe in yourself as a writer.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p167">
                            <ref target="#education">I have been asked to discuss creative writing programs. In the old days, there were very few creative writing programs. Many of the writers directing programs now have not themselves been students in creative writing workshops. That was largely because they weren’t available when they started out as writers and they weren’t necessary.</ref>
                            <ref target="#writing_climate">(I will speak of English-Canadian writers, though a similar narrative could be told about <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6325494">Quebec</placeName> writers.) <ref target="#collaboration">The writing community was small and mutually supportive. To counter their individual isolation, the writers set up small publishing companies—<orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263876503" cert="reasonably certain">Contact Press</orgName>, <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/131660786">Talonbooks</orgName>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/268199074" cert="definite">House of Anansi</orgName>. These were not just publishing houses but ateliers, workshops where they discussed, vetted, and nurtured each other’s work. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150749702">Dennis Lee</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> exchanged and read each other’s manuscripts. They offered criticism and support.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p168">
                            <ref target="#writing_climate"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName> had no such community. At least a part of her silence was caused by this vacuum. She once remarked to me that when she began reading <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68944521" cert="definite">Alice Munro</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName>, she heard something of her own voice in their style and concerns and mused about what might have happened with her writing had she stayed in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>. <ref target="#attitudes_to_women_writing"><placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName> in the <date cert="speculative" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> was not a nurturing environment for women writers. In an interview, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/52421080">Elspeth Barker</persName>, Elizabeth’s friend and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109310084" cert="definite">George Barker</persName>’s fifth wife, told me, rather shamed-faced and with some lingering shock, that as a young woman with artistic aspirations in England in the <date cert="speculative" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date>, you wouldn’t be caught dead reading a woman writer. Great writing was done by men. By contrast in Canada, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> remarked that the writing community was so small and beleaguered that even women writers were welcomed.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p169">
                            <ref target="#economics">So, there was artistic support,but what about social and financial support? <ref target="#writing_climate">Both <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> benefited from the mutual exchange of manuscripts and the support of friendship, but Margaret Atwood confided to me that, had she remained a poet and not turned to writing fiction, she would have either been as poor as Gwendolyn or have become a university professor to support herself. Having no money was a huge factor in the isolation and loneliness of MacEwen’s life.</ref> I remember one of her lovers, <?oxy_comment_start author="rknechtel" timestamp="20150521T130543-0400" comment="Do we have a full name we can use to tag Ruben?"?>Ruben<?oxy_comment_end?>, telling me an anecdote about MacEwen in the <date cert="speculative" from="1984" to="1986">mid-1980s</date> when she was financially struggling and was denied a loan by her bank. She went home, collected her books, marched back into the bank and banged the books on the counter saying, <q>Here. I’ve written these. I just want my money.</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p170">
                            <ref target="#economics">In our culture, books are dealt with, like everything else, as consumer products. The reward for writing a book and its success are measured entirely in monetary terms. But books, except perhaps formula books, are not produced as products, and there is no relationship, except perhaps that of luck, between the energy and thought put into a book, and the return the writer receives. Every writer hopes they might win the literary lottery and produce a book that sells, but that is not the motive driving a book’s creation.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p171">
                            <ref target="#economics">We need to acknowledge that writers live in a different cultural paradigm: we live in a gift-giving, as opposed to a commodity, culture. This is a term I came across years ago, thanks to a fascinating book by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110271207">Lewis Hyde</persName> called <title level="m">The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property</title>. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> had directed me to its existence.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p172">
                            <ref target="#economics">We are so deeply inside consumer culture that we cannot imagine a cultural paradigm other than that of private property. How could we live if we did not own things and collect things which serve as barricades against the way life can assault our equanimity without warning? And so we accumulate and accumulate until the lust for accumulation becomes an end in itself.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p173">
                            <ref target="#economics">But in a culture based on the gift—giving without assurance of return—and there are numerous ancient, particularly Aboriginal societies who have followed this paradigm—giving, in itself, creates a cycle of return. In a gift-giving culture, when you give, you create a moral debt that will be paid back when the circle of giving completes itself.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p174">In viewing culture as a gift, a special relationship to the world is established. And this, in fact, we are beginning to understand. We are beginning to understand that if we do not acknowledge nature as a gift rather than a commodity to be owned and exploited, we destroy our sacred relation to nature and thereby destroy ourselves. Creations of the imagination are also gifts that must be thought of as part of the gift-giving paradigm.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p175">
                            <ref target="#economics">We writers were seduced for a while into believing we could speak of culture as a product. We could speak of cultural industries, adopting the commodity model, and asserting that we contributed to the general monetary economy and should be rewarded. <ref target="#health_issue">But books are not products that earn a market reward. They are works of art that are essential to our collective human experience, and society, for its mental and spiritual health, should sustain their creation in the sheer principle of self-interest.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p176">
                            <ref target="#economics">
                                <ref target="#writing_climate">Our society believes it is free of any responsibility for the writers in their midst. Writers, like anyone else, have to work on the market model. But the network of support, the circle of sustenance the writer lives within, has to be based on a different paradigm. Writing is much more than a solitary writer in a room. It is a living, breathing network of creators whose work and input is so much larger than the product produced that it sustains what <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110271207" cert="definite" sameAs="Lewis Hyde">Hyde</persName> calls the erotic life of property: property not as a product to be consumed but to be passed on as a gift that enlarges the life of each recipient in the circle that receives from and sustains the gift-giver.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p177">Forgive me if this seems abstract, but unless we change the paradigms by which we live—whether this is our responsibility toward others or toward the environment that sustains us—we are lost. And without the emotional and spiritual pleasure that art, and particularly books, give us, we are also lost.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p178">The products of modern culture are just that: products. They are increasingly irresistible and feed our lust for addictive adventure. <ref target="#non-book_media">This can equally apply to reality shows, whether on television or in books, or violent action films and the books on which they are based.</ref> What, you ask, has this to do with creative writing programs? It is quite simply an explanation of why they have become an essential defence, or at least one of the defences, against the collective philistinism that surrounds us.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p179">
                            <ref target="#writing_climate">
                                <ref target="#nationality_issue">Cultural change is driven by ideas. There was a time in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> when it was believed there was almost no English-Canadian literature. In the <date cert="speculative" from="1960" to="1964">early 1960s</date>, you could count on one hand the number of books published in Canada. If you were a Canadian writer, you believed you had to go elsewhere, to another country, to write. You had to substitute a foreign landscape for your own landscape because you were told that no one could set a novel in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> or <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5913490" cert="definite">Calgary</placeName> and find any readers. How things have changed!</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p180">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#canon_formation">Writers in the <date cert="speculative" from="1966" to="1969">late 1960s</date> and <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1974">early 1970s</date> like <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> had a collective project: to create a vibrant Canadian literature. They set up their own small presses and they began to establish Canadian literature programs in the universities. It took only two decades for everything to alter profoundly. Look at the strength and diversity of Canadian writing now.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p181">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#education">Now, we have a new project: to reconnect writing with the culture at large. One way is to sustain and grow the creative writing programs that have begun to be established in the last decade in universities and colleges and communities that can network with the public to bring writing to public attention.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p182">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#education">The same mentality that berates writing programs, dismissing them with the statement like, <hi rend="italic">You can’t teach writing</hi>, profoundly misunderstands what writing is and what a creative writing program is. Creative writing programs are responses to the increasing isolation in contemporary culture. They are networks of support. They are part of the gift-giving paradigm.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p183">
                            <ref target="#writing_climate">It is not easy to set up a publishing house now. It cannot be done from an attic on Spadina or a back alley in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>. <ref target="#education"> But I see creative writing workshops as a new incarnation of the old atelier model, a way of establishing communities that provide the essential support each new writer needs. It is hard to believe in yourself as a writer; it is hard to sustain the confidence to continue. This, the workshop provides.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p184">
                            <ref target="#education">The workshop is an atelier, and the director assumes the role of editor rather than that of teacher. No relationship is quite so intimate and intense. Enormous sympathy, tact, diplomacy, and shrewdness are required. And a sense of humour.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p185">
                            <ref target="#technology">
                                <ref target="#non-book_media">People who come out of creative writing programs become not only writers but readers and publishers of small presses, zines and e-magazines, as well as initiators of creative experiments in new media that can give imaginative content to the new vehicles like Facebook and LinkedIn that are out there begging for content that moves and inspires people.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p186">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">In writing biographies of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite" sameAs="Elizabeth Smart">Smart</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite" sameAs="Gwendolyn MacEwen">MacEwen</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> I learned that writing is certainly about talent, the love of language and story, but it is also about stamina. There needs to be a community that says that writing is essential and that provides collective support. Because there will be a moment when, as a young writer, you will ask yourself if you have the will to continue. When you are in the throes of a writing project, you will find yourself asking: Why do I do this to myself? The answer must be: Because I love it. It’s my conversation with the world.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705">Frye, Northrop</persName>. <title level="a">Conclusion to a Literary History of Canada</title>. <title level="m">The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/268199074">Anansi</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110271207" cert="definite">Hyde, Lewis</persName>. <title level="m">The Gift: Imagination and the Erotic Life of Property</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153153594">Random House</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1979">1979</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">MacEwen, Gwendolyn</persName>. <title level="m">Afterworlds</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140384426" cert="definite"> McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1987">1987</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Julian the Magician</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/132609580">Macmillan</orgName>, <date when="1963" cert="definite">1963</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>Smart. Elizabeth. <title level="m">A Bonus</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName>Polytantric Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1977">1977</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7436967" cert="definite">Sullivan, Rosemary</persName>. <title level="m">By Heart: <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469" cert="definite">Elizabeth Smart</persName> / A Life</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/295681810">Viking</orgName>, <date when="1991" cert="definite">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Shadow Maker: The Life of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827" cert="definite">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129138489" cert="definite">HarperCollins</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="m">The Red Shoes: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> Starting Out</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129138489" cert="definite">HarperCollins</orgName>, <date when="1998" cert="definite">1998</date>. Print</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <head>Du métaféminisme et des histoires au féminin</head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120027154" cert="definite">Marie Carrière</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <q type="block"> <hi xml:lang="en-CA">To be inside and outside a position at the same time—to occupy a territory while loitering sceptically on the boundary—is often where the most intensely creative ideas stem from. It is a resourceful place to be, if not always a painless one</hi>.</q>
                    <ab xml:id="p187">— <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA"><persName ref="ttp://viaf.org/viaf/73874087" cert="definite">Terry Eagleton</persName>, <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308049374" cert="definite">After Theory</title></hi></ab>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p188"><ref target="#canon_formation"><ref target="#literary_schools">L’on pourrait bien se demander ce que peut une écriture au féminin à notre époque lorsque la qualification de la littérature fait souvent appel au <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">post</hi>, si on pense à la postmodernité, au postcolonialisme, au postnationalisme ou au postféminisme. Ce dernier terme de postféminisme, néologisme proposé par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64055912" cert="definite">Toril Moi</persName> en <date when="1985">1985</date> dans <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309278103" cert="definite"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Sexual/Textual Politics</hi></title>, serait <q>piégé, démobilisateur, à proscrire</q>, remarque <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9966293" cert="definite">Lori Saint-Martin</persName> (163). Toujours selon Saint-Martin, <q>la liberté d’expression [semble] prime[r] l’engagement</q> au nom d’une <q>féminité tranquille et assumée</q> (164) dans une littérature québécoise d’après l’éclosion du féminisme radical des années <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date></ref></ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p189">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#canon_formation">L’on pourrait bien être portée à se demander si cette liberté serait donc venue éradiquer la présence même d’une pensée et d’une éthique féministe dans l’écriture des femmes. Comme s’interroge <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="definite">Lucie Joubert</persName>, le discours féministe aurait-il abouti à une simple <q>référence historique</q> dans <q>les œuvres des plus jeunes auteurs</q> (77) du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>? Ou serait-ce <q>sous le mode ludique, essentiellement, que se détecte l’influence du féminisme</q> dans la littérature québécoise d’aujourd’hui — et cela, tant chez les hommes (tels un <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70124222" cert="definite">Guillaume Vigneault</persName>, un <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/28685297" cert="definite">Christian Mistral</persName> ou un <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/87061403" cert="definite">Dany Laferrière</persName>) que chez les femmes (77)? Les nouvelles formes d’expression au féminin, y compris celles se voulant intimistes, transculturelles ou ludiques et se produisant au Québec comme dans le reste du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français, n’auraient-elles pas plutôt forcé l’engagement (et les notions qu’on y associe, comme le collectif, l’identitaire et l’agentivité) non à battre en retraite, mais à se manifester autrement? Comme l’indique <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName> dans un texte d’une grande sensibilité au début du présent recueil : <q type="block">Est-ce que je continue de penser et d’agir en fonction du même fond de pensées et de croyances que celles qui m’ont animée il y a 40 ans? Suis-je ailleurs en pensée et en action vivant avec d’autres urgences, d’autres angoisses et révoltes qui, sans être à l’opposé de ce que je pensais il y a 40 ans, occupent désormais le devant de mes solidarités et de ma réflexion?</q></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p190"><ref target="#critique_of_canon"><ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#canon_formation">Posée par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105216612" cert="definite">Francine Bordeleau</persName> en <date when="1998">1998</date> dans un dossier de <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T191352-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Lettres québécoises<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, la question <q>L’écriture au féminin existe-t-elle</q> invitait à explorer si le féminisme était à bout de souffle, si on avait encore besoin de ce travail d’inscription d’une subjectivité féminine dans la textualité. Difficile, semblait-il d’emblée, de reconnaître l’empreinte du féminisme sur les écritures actuelles au féminin. Bref, peut-on toujours dire que la pensée féministe, avouée ou non, réfléchie ou non dans les œuvres, continue à influencer la majorité des écrivaines, particulièrement en Amérique du Nord, et ce, depuis la parution du <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/185451435" cert="definite">Deuxième sexe</title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2466221" cert="definite">Simone de Beauvoir</persName> en <date>1949</date>, comme l’affirme <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78818356" cert="definite">Isabelle Boisclair</persName></ref></ref></ref>?</p>
                        <p xml:id="p191">
                            <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Selon <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9966293" cert="definite">Saint-Martin</persName>, les textes de femmes d’après la grande époque féministe au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> renvoient à une conception plutôt métaféministe de la littérature — le méta désignant ce qui suit, mais aussi <q>ce qui dépasse <hi rend="italic">ou englobe</hi> l’objet dont il est question</q> (165). Le métaféminisme ferait preuve d’un <q><hi rend="italic">double mouvement</hi></q>, celui de <q>remettre en cause les stratégies et les orientations des aînées féministes tout en intégrant des préoccupations similaires</q> (164). Une quinzaine d’années plus tard, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/57746094" cert="definite">Jennifer Henderson</persName> avance dans la même veine la notion de <q><hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">cryptofeminism</hi></q> pour décrire <q><hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">a kind of work that is feminist in a subterranean way</hi></q>, qu’elle relie également au postféminisme. <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="reasonably certain">Joubert</persName> fait remarquer de son côté que <q>le discours des femmes a bien été entendu dans la littérature actuelle : on le rapporte, on le colporte, on l’assimile, tant dans les textes féminins que masculins</q> (90). <ref target="#gender_issue">Se manifeste ainsi un retrait vis-à-vis des désignations binaires comme victime/coupable ou de <q>la dénonciation généralisée des phallocrates et de l’idéalisation du féminin</q> (Saint-Martin, citée par Joubert 84). <ref target="#genre_issue">À leur place, les genres et les rôles sexuels vacillent et se brouillent (Joubert 84) : <q>la collision des discours du genre</q> et du <q>transgenre</q> (83) — au sens des termes anglais de <hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">gender</hi> et de <hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">transgender</hi> traités de prime abord par la philosophe féministe <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98486723" cert="definite">Judith Butler</persName> — s’insère davantage dans l’écriture, comme celle de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85357064" cert="definite">Monique Proulx</persName> dans <title level="m">
                                <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150127T175943-0700" comment="not on the VIAF list "?>Le sexe des étoiles<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, paru en <date when="1987">1987</date>.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p192">
                            <ref target="#intellectual_history">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">Comme le constatait <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2714957" cert="definite">Louise Dupré</persName> en <date when="1994">1994</date>, <q>la dimension politique n’est plus la thématique première dans la textualité</q> comme elle l’a été pour une dite première génération d’auteures comptant, entre autres, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27094343" cert="definite">Louky Bersianik</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79057261" cert="definite">France Théoret</persName>. Cependant, l’engagement féministe est toujours <q>là, en toile de fond et donne plus de place à l’expression de l’amour bien qu’en revanche, on remarque un renouveau du collectif et d’une quête sujétaire féminine</q> (<title level="a">Poésie</title> 153) — une recherche inscrite <q>ailleurs</q>, propose <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="reasonably certain">Joubert</persName> plus récemment, <q>que dans les textes de revendication</q> (78). S’ajoutent bien sûr ces voix migrantes qui mettent en œuvre de nouvelles subjectivités féminines. <ref target="#genre">Des ouvrages de fiction, d’autofiction, de théâtre et de poésie, comme ceux de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102867130" cert="reasonably certain">Kim Thúy</persName>, d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119517307" cert="definite">Abla Farhoud</persName> ou de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94150233" cert="definite">Nadine Ltaif</persName> viennent repenser ce que peut bien vouloir dire <q>écrire au féminin</q> dans un contexte linguistique et culturel d’accueil.</ref> <ref target="#genre"><ref target="#archive">Par ailleurs, les pratiques du <hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">spoken word</hi> et de la poésie rap, <hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">dub</hi> et slam comptent parmi elles nombre de contributions féminines, notamment diffusées et archivées par <orgName>Les filles électriques</orgName>, organisme fondé en <date when="2001">2001</date> et dirigé par l’artiste interdisciplinaire <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92085899" cert="probable">D. Kimm</persName></ref>.</ref> Alors que la Montréalaise depuis 25 ans affirme, en entretien avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9251845" cert="definite">Josée Blanchette</persName> pour <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T163728-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Le Devoir<?oxy_comment_end?></title> (<date when="2008">2008</date>), que ce récent envol poétique sur la place publique <q>donne une place toute particulière aux voix des femmes dans la rue</q> elle fait remarquer dans le même temps : <q type="block">Je ne me définis pas comme féministe mais je le suis. Je te dirais qu’être féministe, ce n’est pas assez. Comme l’amour n’est pas assez. Moi, je veux être l’héroïne de mon film. Les filles s’empêchent de faire tant de choses, ont encore besoin de l’approbation des gars. Je ne milite pas pour les droits des femmes, je milite pour qu’on soit solidaires.</q> Constat on ne peut plus métaféministe! <ref target="#canon_formation">Les auteures actuelles sembleraient effectivement retenir du féminisme des décennies précédentes l’adage que le personnel primant dans leurs textes est aussi politique, dans des textes de création qui n’évacueraient pas le féminisme, mais l’absorberaient, tout en l’interrogeant et le faisant ainsi <q>évoluer</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9966293" cert="definite">Saint-Martin</persName> 169). Il s’agirait ainsi, pour citer le thème de ce recueil collectif, de régénérations, en contact dans le corps même des textes d’aujourd’hui.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p193">
                            <ref target="#intellectual_history">
                                <ref target="#canon_formation">Il y aurait à tenir compte d’une histoire littéraire au féminin multiple et retentissante, d’y percevoir les dernières lueurs du féminisme <q>radical</q> des années <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date> ou de deuxième vague et ses avatars dans le courant des décennies suivantes. Histoire d’une textualité féminine contemporaine traversée par des épistémologies féministes désormais plus discrètes, prises pour acquis, et des postures effectivement plus intimes, souvent ludiques, ou encore aux confins des esthétiques migrantes et des pensées transculturelles. Serait-il alors plus productif de parler aujourd’hui de métaféminisme en littérature québécoise et franco-canadienne, c’est-à-dire d’un horizon de tangences et de tendances infléchies par les orientations et questionnements féministes d’une vague précédente?</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p194">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#intellectual_history"><ref target="#genre_poetry"><ref target="#genre_fiction">Par rapport aux écritures actuelles des femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> et au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français, je proposerais non seulement la présence de cette <q>toile de fond</q> de pensée féministe qu’associe <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2714957" cert="definite">Dupré</persName> aux écrivaines surtout d’après <date when="1990" cert="definite">1990</date>, mais j’y ajouterais aussi l’incrustation historique des épistémologies féministes ayant traversé l’écriture des femmes depuis les quarante dernières années — que ces savoirs soient intimistes et tacites comme dans la poésie d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Hélène Dorion</persName>, transculturels et contestataires comme dans les récits de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Flora Balzano</persName> ou parodiques et ironiques comme dans la fiction de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Nadine Bismuth</persName>.</ref></ref> À propos du Canada français, dont je ne traiterai qu’au passage dans ce travail, il convient de signaler que les œuvres féminines d’expression française produites en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5995294" cert="definite">Acadie</placeName>, en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> et dans l’Ouest canadien, actuellement, mais aussi depuis <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date> et notamment en poésie, font écho davantage aux orientations esthétiques et ontologiques — donc féministes et métaféministes — des écrivaines du Québec qu’aux référents identitaires et collectifs déployés par leurs contemporains masculins. La contribution de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127" cert="definite">Lucie Hotte</persName> dans ce volume fait justement état de <q>la faible présence féminine dans le monde littéraire</q> en milieu minoritaire, et notamment parmi les auteurs consacrés de l’Ontario français, étant donné certaines attentes idéologiques auxquelles est tenue la production littéraire par la réception critique chargée de sa légitimation. D’emblée, faire la mise au point d’une traversée féministe dans la littérature actuelle des femmes nous impose de remettre en question la supposition que l’intimité supprime l’engagement, que la transculture préconise l’éloge consensuel de l’altérité, ou que le ludisme soit forcément critique.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p195">
                            <ref target="#methodology">Je me propose ici de sonder certains textes, en particulier de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Balzano</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Bismuth</persName>, en vue d’amorcer plus tard une étude de plus large envergure du métaféminisme dans les littératures québécoise et franco-canadienne. <ref target="#technology"><ref target="#collaboration">C’est aussi dans le contexte du <orgName>Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi>), dont traitent <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104953085" cert="definite">Susan Brown</persName> et <persName>Mary-Jo Romaniuk</persName> à la fin de ce volume, que j’envisage l’inscription de cette histoire littéraire au féminin dans ses manifestations contemporaines. L’évolution et la mouvance continues de cette histoire se verraient notamment divulguées grâce à de nouveaux outils numériques et méthodologiques interactifs appartenant à la motilité des bases de données biocritiques et des archives vivantes comme celles du <orgName sameAs="Collaboratoire                                 scientifique des écrits du Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi></orgName>. L’environnement électronique du <orgName sameAs="Collaboratoire                                 scientifique des écrits du Canada"><hi rend="small-caps">CSÉC</hi></orgName> me paraît plein de promesses quant au repérage et à la mise en valeur d’une histoire récente de l’écriture des femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> et au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français cherchant à éplucher l’infiltration, la contestation et la réverbération des pensées féministes.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>|</head>
                        <p xml:id="p196"><ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#genre_poetry">Dans <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T172207-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Les corridors du temps<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Hélène Dorion</persName> ne trouve <q>pas de vie ailleurs / qu’en soi-même</q> (185) et signale ainsi l’intimité lyrique de son énonciation poétique. Le lyrisme ici n’est pas à comprendre au sens romantique et élevé du terme; il s’agit plutôt d’une <q>position précaire, voire critique, du sujet qui constitue le lyrisme moderne et contemporain</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66687976" cert="definite">Watteyne</persName> 15). Ou encore, <q>d’une façon générale et plus radicalement critique</q>, l’on pourrait voir le <q><q>sujet lyrique</q> [comme n’étant] pas le centre-source d’une parole qui l’exprime, mais plutôt le point de tangence, l’horizon désiré d’énoncés subjectifs ou non qu’il s’attache à relier</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66512789" cert="definite">Rabaté</persName> 67). Ainsi, chez la poète franco-ontarienne <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle</persName>, le <hi rend="italic">je</hi>  <q>bégaie des fragments d’inexistence</q> (65); chez la franco-manitobaine <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/81437696" cert="definite">Lise Gaboury-Diallo</persName>, la locutrice <q>[s]’étonne / devant les fentes et fissures / de [sa] mémoire</q> (45). Le soi chez <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion</persName> est traversé par <q>ces cavités grises, ces ombres</q>; le soi cherche l’amour de l’autre <q>pour que s’arrête l’effacement</q> (<title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T180737-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Un visage<?oxy_comment_end?></title>252)</ref></ref>.</p>
                        <p xml:id="p197">
                            <ref target="#close_reading">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">S’il fallait résumer les particularités d’un sujet lyrique au féminin comme l’a fait encore <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2714957" cert="definite">Louise Dupré</persName> (<title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T181253-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Sujet<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 187), il y aurait d’abord le constat que c’est comme fille d’une mère que la locutrice apprend à vivre avec la perte, à mettre à l’œuvre cette <q>négativité</q> dans son rapport au corps maternel cernée par Dupré — un deuil dans lequel la fille puise d’abord sa subjectivité et sa parole. <ref target="#genre_poetry"><q>Le premier geste</q> — poétique sans doute, car la poésie s’aborde toujours d’abord et avant tout chez <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion</persName> — <q>fut celui de passer à travers la mère</q> (<title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T181839-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Les corridors<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 182), ce <q>corridor</q> du ventre maternel.</ref> Toujours est-il que <q>l’état de séparation est à l’origine de l’écriture</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39528339" cert="definite">Paquin</persName> 10), de ce <hi rend="italic">je</hi> qui s’inscrit au féminin dans la grammaire du texte et par les accords de ses qualificatifs. </ref>
                                <ref target="#sexuality">
                                    <ref target="#intertextuality">Le sujet écrivant signale tranquillement un genre sexuel — <q>sinueuse dans le couloir / des eaux fragmentées / je m’infiltre / à l’amer le sang tissé / j’étais nue possédée</q> (<title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T184757-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’intervalle<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 15) — et tout aussi doucement son rapport intertextuel avec une autre œuvre <hi rend="italic">amère,</hi> nettement féministe celle-là<note xml:id="n21" place="end">Il s’agit bien sûr de <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309477793" cert="definite">L’amèr, ou le chapitre effrité</title>(<date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>) de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName></note>.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p198">
                            <ref target="#close_reading">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">
                                    <ref target="#intertextuality"><ref target="#genre_poetry">Comme chez ses contemporaines susmentionnées (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94150233" cert="definite">Ltaif</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Lacelle</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/81437696" cert="definite">Gaboury-Diallo</persName>) ou encore comme chez <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119534257" cert="reasonably certain">Denise Desautels</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46882398" cert="definite">Louise Warren</persName> ou <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59971351" cert="definite">Dyane Léger</persName> entre autres, c’est au féminin que s’inscrit le sujet clivé de la poésie dorionienne : dans son interrogation poétique de <q>la ruine</q> et d’<q>un monde à la limite du monde […] la femme que je suis</q> (<title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T190516-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Les corridors<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 224).</ref> Le sujet féminin n’étant plus placé face à son image symbolique, <q>la Femme</q>, comme il l’aurait été à l’apothéose du féminisme où <q>écrire je suis une femme [était] plein de conséquences</q> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Brossard</persName> 43), il se trouve effectivement <q>seul devant le vide du monde</q> (Dupré, <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T192009-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Un visage<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 25). Or les séquelles d’un impératif féministe retentissent néanmoins dans les postures du <hi rend="italic">je</hi> écrivant. Chez <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion</persName>, l’impératif est de nature éthique, celui d’écrire un <hi rend="italic">soi</hi> capable à la fois de concevoir sa propre brisure tout en restant à l’écoute de l’autre. Car l’autre est celle ou celui, ou simplement ce qui rappelle la locutrice, le soi, à sa propre altérité. Cette ontologie, pensée dans l’altérité plutôt que l’unité, mais beaucoup moins appelée à fouiller ses propres composantes théoriques que ne l’aurait fait Brossard par exemple, s’ouvre sur un rapport éthique au monde et un agir sur lui. <ref target="#genre_poetry"><title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T192148-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Les Portraits de mers<?oxy_comment_end?></title> résument la quête poétique et ontologique de l’ensemble de l’œuvre d’Hélène Dorion : <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Ainsi vas-tu, des années durant</l> <l>sans relâche chercher cette grotte</l> <l>au cœur de l’être, l’union de ton souffle</l> <l>à celui du monde.</l> </lg>(685) </q></ref> Enfin, cette double inscription d’affirmation et d’interruption du <q>vide</q> en soi, isotopie aussi fondamentale d’une poésie intimiste qu’en sont la solitude, l’amour et le deuil, passe par la parole poétique ainsi que par l’autre — notamment le visage, les lettres et la parole de l’amant. Une telle inscription du sujet intime vient démentir une neutralité ou une universalité recherchée, qu’il serait faux d’associer au sujet lyrique. L’engagement du sujet-femme de Dorion avec un monde habitable est aussi, et d’abord, celui de sa parole poétique. Celle-ci se réserve une place, aussi lacunaire soit-elle, à la première personne au féminin, inscrivant son intime rapport au monde et à l’écriture.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p199">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre_fiction">La fiction d’après <date notBefore="1990">1990</date> se démarque quant à elle à son tour des tendances expérimentales des <q>fictions-théoriques</q> des années <date when="1970">1970</date>, ce mélange de fiction, de théorie, d’essai et de poésie prônant une esthétique et une idéologie ostensiblement féministes. Mais en est-on si éloigné que ça?</ref>
                                <ref target="#response_formal">
                                    <ref target="#recognitions"><title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T192910-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Soigne ta chute<?oxy_comment_end?></title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Flora Balzano</persName> reçoit beaucoup d’attention médiatique lors de sa parution en <date when="1991">1991</date>, et <listEvent> <event> <label>l’œuvre est finaliste du Prix littéraire du Gouverneur général la même année</label> </event> </listEvent>.</ref>
                                </ref>
                                <ref target="#formal_response">Le texte n’aura cependant reçu que très peu de véritable considération critique. La raison de ce manque serait-elle que le texte de Balzano vient contester avec une ferveur possiblement gênante les discours transculturels et migrants du moment, eux-mêmes contestataires des grands récits culturels québécois <q>de souche</q>? On pourrait en dire autant à propos du féminisme de <title level="m">Soigne ta chute</title>, soumis à la dérision et à l’ironie de l’auteure ou plutôt de la narratrice <q><hi rend="italic">féministement</hi> incorrecte</q> (<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="reasonably certain">Joubert</persName> 79) du récit.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p200">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">Plus ou moins comme sa narratrice autofictive, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Flora Balzano</persName> est <q>née d’un père moitié italien moitié espagnol et d’une mère moitié polonaise moitié corse, en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2589581" cert="definite">Algérie</placeName>, pendant la guerre</q> (35). Elle déménage en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382" cert="definite">France</placeName> avec ses parents et à l’âge de 15 ans ils immigrent au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>. <ref target="#genre_issue">Selon sa page couverture, <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150128T193255-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Soigne ta chute<?oxy_comment_end?></title> se voudrait un roman, mais les récits à multiples voix narratrices, comme les faits biographiques mêlés à la fiction, échappent aux contraintes du genre.</ref> <ref target="#voice_or_narration">L’on reste parfois perplexe quant à l’identité des multiples narratrices, alors que trois femmes (parmi d’autres) de trois générations semblent occuper la diégèse. D’abord, c’est l’adolescente révoltée du Prologue qui ouvre le texte : <q>Alors moi, s’il y a une chose qui m’écœure dans la vie, c’est ma mère. Elle est nulle. Elle a toujours été nulle. Elle sera toujours nulle</q> (13). Ensuite sa mère, toxicomane (nommée Pascale, semble-t-il), soigne sa propre chute, pour ainsi dire, souffrant d’un mal ou d’une <q>peine</q> d’appartenance tout au long du texte, dont l’épilogue révèle sa mère abusive à elle, source la plus profonde de l’exil, du silence et du déséquilibre de Pascale.</ref> Si l’importance de la relation mère-fille rappelle cette <q>dot féminine</q> qu’a pertinemment signalée <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51797458" cert="definite">Lucie Lequin</persName> dans les écritures migrantes des femmes pour la situer par rapport à une certaine généalogie d’écriture au féminin du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>, la dot ici est foncièrement empoisonnée. Porteuse de traumatisme et de perte, elle est loin d’esquisser ces nouvelles réalités fécondes, dynamiques ou consensuelles un peu trop souvent associées aux écrits transculturels et à leur portée prétendument réconciliatrice.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p201">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#close_reading">Comme les référents du texte qui nous glissent entre les doigts, à l’image du <hi rend="italic">je</hi> désordonné et de la personnalité désorganisée de l’énonciation du texte de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Balzano</persName>, les métarécits de la modernité québécoise subissent un véritable détraquement : <q type="block"> <p xml:id="p202">J’ai de la peine parce que je ne serai jamais québécoise. Voilà. On ne devient pas québécoise. On ne devient rien. Jamais. Que de plus en plus vieux, de plus en plus mou. Ô, mon Dieu, mon Dieu, donnez-nous aujourd’hui notre collagène quotidien. Et puisque Vous en êtes à Vous occuper de nous, pardonnez-nous nos enfances comme Vous pardonnez à ceux qui nous ont enfantés n’importe où. Le masculin étant employé ici sans préjudice mais seulement pour faciliter la compréhension d’un texte déjà assez confus sans en rajouter. Je précise parce qu’il faut faire gaffe. On est surveillé, épié, décortiqué, c’est l’électronique, c’est le progrès, tout se sait, sauf ce dont on risque d’être accusé un jour. Faut faire gaffe. On est analysé, interprété, jugé. Je ne veux pas de problèmes avec certaines féministes.</p> <p xml:id="p203">J’avais une copine convaincue et militante, je l’ai perdue à cause d’une petite phrase de rien du tout, rien qu’une. J’avais dit, moi, c’est drôle, enfin, c’est pas drôle, c’est naturel, mais j’ai surtout envie de faire l’amour quand j’ovule.</p> <p xml:id="p204">— Mange donc <hi rend="italic">du</hi> marde, elle avait répondu.</p> <p xml:id="p205">Quand je la revois, par hasard, il y a plein d’animosité entre nous. D’un côté, je m’en fous mais, de l’autre, ça me fait de la peine. Et de la peine, j’en ai déjà assez comme ça, quand je me rends compte que je ne serai jamais québécoise. (33–34)</p> </q> Soulignée par le motif de la souffrance, la dérision dérègle l’identitaire, l’âgisme, le christianisme, la rectitude politique, la solidarité féminine. Quant à ce <q>faux hommage</q> (<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="reasonably certain">Joubert</persName> 81) à la devise beauvoirienne dans <q>On ne devient jamais québécoise</q>, il aboutit à la négation totale de toute identité ou appartenance.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p206">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#close_reading">En revanche, l’on peut se demander si la négation se veut réellement définitive. Après tout, la narratrice <q>a de la peine</q>, et cela partout dans l’œuvre. Le récit explicite la conflictualité au cœur de ces zones de contact que traverse la narratrice toujours traumatisée par son enfance algérienne, <q>jalouse de ne pas être une vieille souche</q> (40), et méprisante du cliché de l’appellation transnationale de <q>citoyenne du monde</q> qu’on lui donne : <q type="block"> C’est moche. Y en a qui disent, chanceuse, t’es citoyenne du monde. Mais le monde, c’est trop grand le monde, c’est angoissant. Mais nous sommes là, qu’ils ont essayé de me rassurer alors, les gentils intervenants, pour l’accueillir, ton angoisse, et t’aider dans ton cheminement. Dans cheminement, il y a le mot <q>mine</q>. Ça prouve que ça peut sauter n’importe quand. Boum. (41)</q> Bref, alors qu’elle se distancie de l’objet de sa raillerie — <q>les féministes</q> et la nation québécoise, par exemple — elle l’englobe tout à la fois. Si le texte de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Balzano</persName> révèle une hybridité à la fois conflictuelle et complaisante, ce n’est pas sans que s’inscrivent un lot de deuils et le besoin lancinant d’appartenance quelconque (féminine ou nationale) : <q>parce que la vérité, ma terre, c’est que je me languis de toi</q> (108).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p207">
                            <ref target="#genre_novel">
                                <ref target="#close_reading">Enfin, l’univers ludique refait surface, mais avec légèreté, dans <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Scrapbook</hi></title>, roman à succès de la jeune auteure <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Nadine Bismuth</persName>.</ref>
                                <ref target="#sexuality">Le récit met en scène les péripéties d’Annie Brière, jeune écrivaine également, propulsée dans un monde littéraire contemporain qu’elle essaie de percer en s’emparant de certaines <q>techniques de séduction féminines</q> (<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/54329196" cert="reasonably certain">Joubert</persName> 85). Le pastiche des clichés sexuels est au rendez-vous. D’abord, la description des cours de création littéraire que suit Annie à l’université sombre dans l’hyperbole parodique. Les mondes et littéraire et universitaire sont loin de reluire et affichent leurs <q>frontières sexuées</q> (Joubert 85) : les filles des cours de création littéraire, <q>quand elles ne rappelaient pas Anne Hébert avec leurs personnages dépossédés du monde</q> (<title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Scrapbook</hi></title>13), dissertent sur l’efficacité sexuelle des garçons, qui eux s’aventurent dans la science-fiction vampirique ou les cuites de peines d’amour.</ref>
                                <ref target="#intertextuality">La société dans <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Scrapbook</hi></title> ne se veut que prétentions et consommation. <ref target="#genre_novel"><ref target="#intertextuality">En rappelant le roman <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/189374012" cert="definite">Maryse</title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116512717" cert="definite">Francine Noël</persName> (<date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>), Bismuth s’abandonne au plaisir de la citation avec ses renvois au <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T145349-0700" comment="Not ont the VIAF list "?>Tylenol Rhume<?oxy_comment_end?>, aux produits <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150129T145335-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Lise Watier<?oxy_comment_end?>, au <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135987251" cert="probable">McDonald</orgName>, aux meubles <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147266348" cert="definite">Ikea</orgName>, au magazine <title level="j"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Sports Ilustrated</hi></title>, au <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141018612" cert="definite">Starbucks</orgName>, au <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/203023896" cert="definite">Cirque du Soleil</orgName>, au <orgName>Raisin Bran</orgName>, au <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139512064" cert="reasonably certain">Food Network</orgName>, au <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/144196719" cert="reasonably certain">Paxil</orgName></ref></ref>. Ce plaisir d’abondance citationnelle souvent moqueur comprend aussi la reproduction de fiches d’auteures et doctorales, des invitations aux grands cocktails littéraires de l’année, des descriptions de pratiques Feng Shui, des publicités ainsi que de nombreux intertextes littéraires. Les yachts des amis d’Annie portent les noms de <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/76323989" cert="definite"><hi rend="italic">Jules Vernes</hi></persName> et de <title ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/185951107" cert="definite"><hi rend="italic">Moby Dick</hi></title> et, dans ce monde postmoderne qui affiche son manque d’originalité, le titre du roman d’Annie, <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">The Garden Party</hi></title>, se justifie par le simple fait que personne depuis <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/41843502" cert="definite">Katherine Mansfield</persName> ne l’aurait utilisé.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p208">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#intertextuality">Quant aux aveux féministes reproduits dans <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Scrapbook</hi></title>, ils n’en sont pas moins victimes de dérision. D’emblée, les aînées (justement comme Anne Hébert) n’échappent pas à la moquerie. Par ailleurs, la directrice des études littéraires du département auquel est inscrite Annie Brière n’est qu’une <q>férue de théories féministes et déconstructionnistes</q> (20). Postféministe plutôt que métaféministe, peut-être, l’étourderie d’Annie réduit la fameuse devise de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478" cert="definite">Virginia Woolf</persName> au sujet de l’écriture des femmes à une banalité quotidienne : <q type="block">Malgré le conseil de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478" cert="definite">Virginia Woolf</persName> selon lequel il faut, pour écrire, avoir une chambre à soi munie d’une serrure, j’ai confié à Léonie [la sœur d’Annie] un double des clefs de mon trois et demie lorsque j’y ai emménagé. En effet, qu’arrive-t-il si l’on égare la clef de sa précieuse chambre à soi? Comme <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478" cert="definite">Virginia Woolf</persName> ne s’est pas arrêtée à cette possibilité, j’ai dû y voir moi-même et trancher la question. (27)</q> L’écriture au féminin, quant à elle, est ridiculisée.</ref> Dans un clin d’œil aux incarnations radicales de cette esthétique, les pages du <q><hi xml:lang="en-CA">scrapbook</hi></q> éponyme d’Annie Brière, qui a été amorcé par sa mère, demeureront blanches. De fait, la portée de la littérature, qu’elle soit sociale ou intime, est dégonflée : le mensonge et l’infidélité imprègnent les relations hommes femmes, et la solidarité féminine, si elle n’est pas méprisée ou inatteignable, demeure au mieux superficielle.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p209">
                            <ref target="#intellectual_history">
                                <ref target="#close_reading">Enfin, si Annie l’écrivaine se réclame une certaine généalogie féministe avec ses renvois récurrents à <q><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2466221" cert="definite">Simone</persName></q> et <q><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478" cert="definite">Virginia</persName></q>, la gaffeuse se retrouve constamment victime de ses propres stratagèmes féminins, risquant de faire se retourner dans leur tombe ses mères littéraires :  <q>Mais je ne peux pas vivre ici sans payer ma part</q> , dit-elle à sa nouvelle douce moitié, <q>c’est déjà quelque chose que je n’aie plus ma chambre à moi! Je ne peux pas te laisser être le seul pourvoyeur du toit au-dessus de ma tête. Lorsque c’était mon père, ça allait encore, mais mon amoureux, c’est différent! Simone et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478" cert="definite">Virginia</persName> vont se retourner dans leur tombe! Je dois contribuer</q> (367). Mais, comme de raison, elle continuera de profiter de la générosité de son  <q>papou</q>  et ne contribuera pas financièrement à sa nouvelle vie avec son copain.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p210">
                            <ref target="#characterization">La réprobation du comportement de tous les personnages, y compris d’Annie elle-même, est évidente dans l’œuvre. Annie surmonte-t-elle le simple pastiche, le ludisme, les instances dominantes pourtant condamnées? Ou alors se réadapte-t-elle plutôt aux traditions, clichés et stéréotypes qui sont pourtant objets de ridicule, ou du moins de distance critique, dans ce roman? Ces questions s’imposent et — c’est le lot de la parodie et du pastiche — elles restent difficiles à résoudre.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>|</head>
                        <p xml:id="p211">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#intellectual_history">Les pistes pour une étude plus large pourraient donc aller dans trois directions, suggérées par l’analyse de ces textes récents de femmes : l’intimité et ses rapports à l’extériorité, la transculture et ses rapports aux savoirs féministes et postcoloniaux et enfin le rire romanesque et son rapport incertain à la subversion sociale. Ce qui rassemble ces trois volets, ce qui les renvoie au féminisme littéraire les ayant précédés, est la question persistante du sujet féminin, que celui-ci soit lyrique, postcolonial ou ludique, et de ses savoir-vivre dans le monde déployé dans les œuvres littéraires. On peut ainsi penser, à la lecture de textes comme ceux de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion</persName>, de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Balzano</persName> et de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Bismuth</persName>, que les féminismes (méta ou non) de la littérature québécoise et canadienne-française nous invitent à en faire toute une histoire.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Bibliographie</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59363153" cert="definite">Balzano, Flora</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314118945/" cert="definite">Soigne ta chute</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/264610728" cert="definite">XYZ</orgName>, <date when="1991" cert="definite">1991</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37158276" cert="definite">Bismuth, Nadine</persName>. <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Scrapbook</hi></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite"> Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/167942647" cert="definite">Boréal</orgName>, <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9251845" cert="definite">Blanchette, Josée</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150130T165411-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Une fille allumée et les mots pour le dire<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="j" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/183879194" cert="definite">Le Devoir</title>, <date when="2008-03-07" cert="definite">7 mars 2008</date>. Web. <date when="2010-09-04" cert="definite">4 septembre 2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78818356" cert="definite">Boisclair, Isabelle</persName>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T105452-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Ouvrir la voie/x : Le processus constitutif d’un sous-champ littéraire féministe au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> (<date from="1960" to="1990" cert="definite">1960–1990</date>)</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec<?oxy_comment_end?></placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134818743" cert="definite">Nota Bene</orgName>, <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105216612" cert="definite">Bordeleau, Francine</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T105956-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’écriture au féminin existe-t-elle?<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T110847-0700" comment="Not ont the VIAF list "?>Lettres québécoises<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 92 (<date when="1998">hiver 1998</date>): 14–18.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Brossard, Nicole</persName>. <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/309477793" cert="definite">L’amèr, ou le chapitre effrité</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T113534-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Quinze<?oxy_comment_end?>, <date when="1977">1977</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51711659" cert="definite">Dorion, Hélène</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314208561/" cert="definite">Les corridors du temps. <date when="1988">1988</date>.<?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T113940-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?> Mondes fragiles choses frêles. Poèmes <date from="1983" to="2000">1983–2000</date><?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal </placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/144167652" cert="definite">L’Hexagone</orgName>, <date when="2006">2006</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T114320-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’intervalle prolongé<?oxy_comment_end?>. <date when="1983">1983</date>.</title> <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T114503-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Mondes fragiles choses frêles. Poèmes <date from="1983" to="2000">1983–2000<?oxy_comment_end?></date></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal </placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/144167652" cert="definite">L’Hexagone</orgName>, <date when="2006">2006</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/307085179" cert="definite">Portraits de mers.</title><date when="2000"> 2000</date>.<title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T114503-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Mondes fragiles choses frêles. Poèmes <date from="1983" to="2000">1983–2000<?oxy_comment_end?></date></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal </placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/144167652" cert="definite">L’Hexagone</orgName>, <date when="2006">2006</date></bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T121150-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Un visage appuyé contre le monde.<?oxy_comment_end?> <date when="1990" cert="definite">1990</date></title>. <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T114503-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Mondes fragiles choses frêles. Poèmes <date from="1983" to="2000">1983–2000<?oxy_comment_end?></date></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal </placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/144167652" cert="definite">L’Hexagone</orgName>, <date when="2006">2006</date></bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2714957" cert="definite">Dupré, Louise</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T121448-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Poésie, rébellion, subversion<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="s"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T121603-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’autre lecture : La critique au féminin et les textes québécois<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. Tome II. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/264610728" cert="definite">XYZ</orgName>, <date when="1994">1994</date>. 149–59.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51797458" cert="definite">Lequin, Lucie</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T164453-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Écrivaines migrantes et éthique<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T164628-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>D’autres rêves : Les écritures migrantes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec<?oxy_comment_end?></placeName></title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68939417" cert="definite">Anne de Vaucher Gravili</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3164603" cert="probable">Venise</placeName>: <orgName>Supernova</orgName>, <date when="2000">2000</date>. 113–41.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85357064" cert="definite">Proulx, Monique</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187011927/">Le sexe des étoiles</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312728829" cert="definite">Québec Amérique</orgName>, <date when="1987">1987</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66512789" cert="definite">Rabaté, Dominique</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T181434-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Énonciation poétique, énonciation lyrique<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T181449-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Figures du sujet lyrique<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66512789" cert="definite">Dominique Rabaté</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124952254" cert="definite">Presses universitaires de France</orgName>, <date when="1996">1996</date>. 65–79.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9966293" cert="definite">Saint-Martin, Lori</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T182905-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Le métaféminisme et la nouvelle prose féminine au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec<?oxy_comment_end?></placeName></title>. <title level="s"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T183104-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>L’autre lecture : La critique au féminin et les textes québécoi<?oxy_comment_end?>s</title>. Tome II. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/264610728" cert="definite">XYZ</orgName>, <date when="1994" cert="definite">1994</date>. 161–70.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66687976" cert="definite">Watteyne, Nathalie</persName>. <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T185236-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?><title level="a">Présentation</title><?oxy_comment_end?>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150212T185529-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Lyrisme et énonciation lyrique<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66687976" cert="definite">Nathalie Watteyne</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134818743" cert="definite">Nota Bene</orgName>; <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3031582" cert="definite">Bordeaux </placeName>: Presses universitaires de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3031582" cert="definite">Bordeaux</placeName>, <date when="2006">2006</date>. 11–25.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head> Gothic Romance in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName></head>
                    <byline>Engaging English and French in Nineteenth-Century English-Canadian Fiction by Women</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36720142">Lindsey McMaster</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <p xml:id="p212">
                        <ref target="#genre_fiction">
                            <ref target="#history"><ref target="#nationality_issue">Readers of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">nineteenth-century English-Canadian fiction</ref> have noted that French <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> often figures largely in these works, especially in <ref target="#genre">historical fiction</ref>, which looked to the <q>fall</q> of New France and its aftermath to depict Canada in its formative moments and to assert narratives that metaphorically presaged its future development.</ref> If we look back to the eighteenth century, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747">Frances Brooke</persName> may be said to have originated the genre in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314">The History of Emily Montague</title> (1769), set contemporaneously for Brooke, in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> shortly after the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">British Conquest</ref>. But it is in the nineteenth century that the interest of English-Canadian writers came to be focused intently and insistently upon this point in Canadian history, a time which, in these writers' works, provided the country with its own romantic and Gothic past.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p213">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                            <ref target="#response_gendered">
                                <ref target="#genre_novel"><ref target="#history">Although the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">historical <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName></ref> setting seems to have appealed equally to male and female writers, both of whom drew upon Gothic modes, there is an observable difference: the novels by men that rose to prominence—like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79252548">William Kirby</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310937533">The Golden Dog</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1877">1877</date>), <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30652438">Gilbert Parker</persName>'s <title level="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1896">1896</date>), and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70558556">John Lespérance</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309450560">The Bastonnais</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1876">1876</date>)—invested heavily in documented events and historical figures, providing a fictional behind-the-scenes look at the personal intrigue and military engagements in the fall of New France. These authors were praised by reviewers for the pedagogical value of their works, and Parker's became a standard high school text (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102769745" sameAs="Sunnie Rothenburger">Rothenburger</persName> 91). <ref target="#women_writing">Women writers also recreated pre- and post-Conquest Quebec, but their narratives tended to place more emphasis on courtship and <ref target="#theme_or_topic">family drama</ref> than on battlefield incident.</ref> Although <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210">Rosanna Leprohon</persName>'s novel <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457338">The Manor House of de Villerai</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1860">1860</date>), set in final years of New France, traces both the romantic choices of the heroine and the battlefield efforts of her suitor, the emphasis falls on the former, and Leprohon followed this novel with her better-known work, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> (<date when="1864" cert="definite">1864</date>), set immediately post-Conquest, in which the battlefield has moved decidedly into the drawing room.</ref> <ref target="#politics">These works of <ref target="#genre">domestic romance</ref> nonetheless represent, with equal emphasis to the works by male authors, the politics of English–French conflict that lie at the heart of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s national self-formation</ref>. Without the glorified textbook incident so prominent in the fiction of their male counterparts, however, the works by women have not garnered equivalent recognition. But a renewed scholarly interest in these works, especially in the light of Gothic analysis, reveals their importance in articulating some of literary Canada's most pressing concerns of the nineteenth century: the country's relationship with its European mother countries, the vexed relationship between English and French Canada, and the importance of the country's shared understanding of (and imaginative involvement in) how its history informs its present. Manifest in these works is a Gothic exploration of the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">divided self</ref>, which unfolds, in uniquely Canadian fashion, amidst the complexities of the country's French and English <ref target="#theme_or_topic">colonial legacies</ref>.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p214">
                        <ref target="#women_writing"><ref target="#genre_issue">While the fall of New France afforded a setting primed for the dramatic intrigue typical of <ref target="#genre">Gothic romance</ref>, the <q>othering</q> one would expect from English writers depicting French society is consistently muted or doubled—at least in women's writing—with a strong sense of sympathy and identification that belies any simple project of romantic exoticism.</ref> One discovers in this fiction that English-Canadian women writers felt a deep sense of identification with French Canada, despite the apparent contradiction of this English–French positioning.</ref>
                        <ref target="#historical_oppression">Indeed, by placing their fictions in the context of New France under British attack, these writers could explore subjectivities vulnerable to complex forms of political as well as personal victimization. And in narratives that cast English Canada and its British forbears as the oppressive force, there is a discernible strain of criticism whereby these works implicitly question and critique the historical foundations and perhaps by extension the present-day establishment of the dominant English culture.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p215">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">This analysis centres on four texts: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747">Frances Brooke</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314">The History of Emily Montague</title> (1769), commonly referred to as <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s first novel; <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Julia Catherine Beckwith</persName>'s <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent, Or the Nun of Canada. Containing Scenes From Real Life</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1824">1824</date>), considered to be the first novel by a Canadian-born writer; <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210">Rosanna Leprohon</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1864">1864</date>), written just prior to <listEvent> <event> <label>Confederation</label> </event> </listEvent>; and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33401634">May Agnes Fleming</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310211607">Kate Danton or Captain Danton's Daughters</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1876">1876</date>), a lesser known popular romance set on the banks of the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6156984">St. Lawrence</placeName>. <ref target="#canon_formation">Together, these writers represent some of the early and important efforts in creating a Canadian literature that would explore specifically Canadian themes.</ref> <ref target="#economics">They were also writers who were aware of a literary marketplace in which they sought material success, and from the late eighteenth century on, Gothic romance had proven itself in this area, particularly for women writers.</ref> Apart from being marketable, though, Gothic modes lend themselves to the expression of otherwise suppressed feelings of alienation, ambivalence, and trauma. These writers adapted the Gothic to the complexities of their literary nationalism, and it is this version of Canadian Gothic that I wish to explore. </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p216">
                        <ref target="#genre_issue">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#response_gendered">Explanations of English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s interest in Quebec as a literary setting underscore the nineteenth-century desire to foster an English-language literature that would contribute to Canada's cultural self-definition. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115783157">Konrad Gross</persName> explains that <q>English-Canadians, searching for an all-Canadian identity, <ref target="#history">eagerly turned to Old Quebec whose history they now viewed not only with the curiosity of outsiders, but also probed for materials with which they could identify</ref></q> (73). <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/217513681">Carole Gerson</persName> also highlights English Canada's desire to manage its own identity in close relation to French Canada: <q>Over the course of the nineteenth century, fascination with the otherness of French Canada muted into a sense of identification with Quebecois and Acadian culture, folklore, and history which helped enrich English Canada's own relatively barren national image</q> (110). Grounded in the context of pre-<listEvent> <event> <label>Confederation</label> </event> </listEvent> anxieties about Canada's dubious cultural distinctiveness, these explanations make sense of English Canada's desire to celebrate, even to construct, a rich cultural heritage that could provide the foundation for a unique national literature. Nonetheless, by classifying these romances of Old <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> as symptoms of national self-doubt, these explanations perhaps overlook some of the creative possibilities in the writing and reading of this body of literature. <ref target="#response_informal"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44478665">Misao Dean</persName> confirms that critical opinion has not favoured these works, noting that <q>although romances like <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169" sameAs="Antoinette De Mirecourt">Antoinette [De Mirecourt]</title> and <title level="m" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310937533">The Golden Dog</title> dominated the literary scene in Canada in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, they are generally dismissed by contemporary Canadian critics as examples of an inferior literary form not worthy of sustained critical attention</q> (44). </ref>She further explains that this is especially evident in the case of <title level="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title>. <ref target="#response_formal">Speaking of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName>'s series of Quebec novels, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93288616">John Stockdale</persName> in the <title level="m">Dictionary of Canadian Biography</title> says of <title level="m">Antoinette</title>, <q>This is a romantic, stilted novel, the worst of the later group,</q> and of Leprohon's body of work, he writes, it is <q>obviously the outpouring of a romantic fancy fed on the novels of her time</q> (n. pag.)</ref> Stockdale's assessment reflects the dismissive attitude toward <ref target="#genre">romance</ref> that has worked to the detriment of Canada's nineteenth-century fiction of national romance in general, and women's offerings within that tradition in particular. </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p217">
                        <ref target="#women_writing">
                            <ref target="#genre_issue">The place of women's writing in the development of <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s Gothic literature</ref> is also a matter of some debate. Studies of nineteenth-century Canadian Gothic have tended to agree with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93675286">Coral Ann Howells</persName> that <q>the first Canadian Gothic was wilderness Gothic</q> (106) and that <q>the English-Canadian Gothic tradition begins in the mid-nineteenth century with Canadian-born <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39386255">John Richardson</persName>'s nightmarish historical romance, <title level="m">Wacousta; or, The Prophesy: A Tale of the Canadas</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1832">1832</date>) and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/20989">Susanna Moodie</persName>'s non-fictional immigrant memoir <title level="m">Roughing It in the Bush; or Life in Canada</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1852">1852</date>)</q> (105). <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116861733">Justin D. Edwards</persName> also posits <title level="m">Wacousta</title> as <q>arguably Canada's first Gothic novel</q> (2), and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/117980066">Margot Northey</persName>'s treatment of the novel in her book <title level="m">The Haunted Wilderness</title> underscores the centrality of wilderness in these explanations of Canadian Gothic. <title level="m">Wacousta</title>, then, perhaps more than any other text, has influenced the emergence and articulation of a Canadian Gothic tradition, as well as the direction and definition of this debated body of literature. But has the emphasis on <title level="m">Wacousta</title> and wilderness Gothic obscured other dimensions of Canadian Gothic? Works that share the wilderness Gothic theme, such as <title level="m">Roughing It in the Bush</title>, are easily incorporated into the tradition presided over by <title level="m">Wacousta</title>, but other texts to receive sustained critical attention are relatively few. Northey treats <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79252548" sameAs="William Kirby">Kirby</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310937533">The Golden Dog</title> at length as <q>decorative Gothic,</q> and Kirby's work is often paired with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30652438" sameAs="Gilbert Parker">Parker</persName>'s <title level="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title>. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203">Gerry Turcotte</persName> joins Edwards in devoting in-depth attention to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/62350932">James De Mille</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310214485">A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder</title>. Apart from Moodie, though, few women writers have received extended critical attention in the context of nineteenth-century Canadian Gothic. And <ref target="#genre_issue">this is perhaps explained in part by the differences between the <ref target="#genre">wilderness Gothic</ref> of <title level="m">Wacousta</title> that has defined the genre and the conventions of domestic romance that shape the Gothicism of English Canada's women writers. </ref>Turning their attention not to the wilderness but instead to a French Canada both civilized and sophisticated in its social arrangements, <ref target="#textual_strategies">these novels turn to Gothic modes—evident in narrative moments of ambivalence, anxiety, excess, and the uncanny—to explore and imagine a Canada felt to be both familiar and foreign, intensely sympathetic, yet habitually estranged.</ref> <ref target="#methodology">I would like to bring the insights of Gothic analysis to bear on some of English Canada's nineteenth-century women writers, and I would like in turn to place their works within the critical development of Canadian Gothic itself, a body of literature perhaps more various than has yet been observed.</ref> </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p218">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#canon_formation">The launching of a national literature was clearly on the minds of English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s nineteenth-century writers. In her Preface to <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName> claims for her novel one key merit: <q>that of being essentially Canadian</q> (viii).</ref> But the production of a national literature, as Jonathan Kertzer argues, though it might seem self-evident in its aim to advance a sense of national cohesion, is paradoxically inclined to express the inner conflict that plagues such attempts: <q><ref target="#critique_of_canon">If literature promotes social cohesion by imagining a nation, it also encourages social discontent. A common language inflected by a national voice is supposed to articulate the national life, but that very articulation can prove divisive, especially when the voice speaks in a colonial accent.</ref> Literature knits people together, but it also shows how the knitting was accomplished and at what cost. Language knits but also unravels</q> (13). <ref target="#historical_oppression">English-Canadian writers who sought to imagine a nation through narratives of historical <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> were undoubtedly prone to speak in such a <q>colonial accent,</q> and the intricacies of that colonial positioning, with its uneasy elaborations of exotic otherness coupled with eager identification, are revealed in this writing through restless Gothic narratives that at once awaken and seek to subdue the traumatic legacies in Canada's national story.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p219">
                        <ref target="#response_gendered">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#genre"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119716738">Cynthia Sugars</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203">Gerry Turcotte</persName> suggest that Gothic fictions emerging from colonial contexts often emphasize <q>the continuing legacy of colonial history in settler-invader cultures</q> (ix) and that such narratives may express <q>resentment towards flawed or complicit ancestors</q> as well as <q>explorations of hybrid cultural forms, and interrogations of national belonging and citizenship</q> (ix).</ref> <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s nineteenth-century women writers have seldom been considered together in light of their use of Gothic modes, and yet the themes identified by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119716738" sameAs="Cynthia Sugars">Sugars</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203" sameAs="Gerry Turcotte">Turcotte</persName> are readily identifiable in their works: <ref target="#characterization"><placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName>-born Adelaide de St. Louis, of <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title>, is alerted to her own <q>hybrid cultural form</q> when she discovers that she was switched in her infancy with another child, making her as much a member of the British aristocracy as she is a devoted child of French Canada.</ref> And <q>resentment towards flawed or complicit ancestors</q> may be embodied in both <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169" sameAs="Antoinette De Mirecourt">Antoinette</title> and <title level="m">Kate Danton</title> in dastardly British seducers who jeopardize the integrity and self-development of the Canadian heroines. Indeed, these two works direct a strong critique against representatives of the British in Canada; for these writers, the imaginative adoption of an embattled French-Canadian identity may have allowed them not only to deepen the gender politics of their narratives but also to express their ambivalence about the British legacy in their own culture, articulating a conflict at the very heart of the country they sought to inaugurate as a literary subject.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p220">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#writing_climate"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747">Frances Brooke</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314">The History of Emily Montague</title> takes place on the heels of the British conquest in the period that would become the foundational context for writers of the nineteenth century</ref>. <ref target="#historical_oppression">But where later writers would seek to weave French and English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> together in the creation of a shared national story, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName> spoke in a more decidedly imperial voice, and her depiction of French Canada is shaped by a firm belief in British supremacy. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/31722451">Cecily Devereux</persName> points out this fundamental dichotomy in Brooke's novel, which, she explains, <q>is engaged in the representation and affirmation of British <q>supremacy offshore</q> with regard to the determined construction and repression of a French <q>other</q></q> (460).</ref> <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#close_reading">Thus, Emily Montague's perfections are carefully set off by comparison with French-Canadian women who are said to lack the sensibility so essential, and British, a part of Emily's attractions: as Ed Rivers, Emily's admirer, writes, <q>they are gay, coquet, and sprightly; more gallant than sensible; more flatter'd by the vanity of inspiring passion, than capable of feeling it themselves;…The very reverse is in general true of the English</q> (13). </ref>But the comfortable imperial self-satisfaction of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName>'s characters, and of the narrative itself, is destabilized by the one French-Canadian character developed in any depth: Madame Des Roches.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p221">
                        <ref target="#characterization">Though she authors none of the letters contained in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314">The History of Emily Montague</title>, Madame Des Roches has drawn much critical attention, for the energies she releases in the text are perhaps never fully contained. <ref target="#representation_of_women"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105854590">Dermot McCarthy</persName> sees Madame Des Roches as a complex figure of alterity, whose <q>sexual identity as a woman and a widow…empowers her with a subversive energy that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName> barely manages to control</q> (n. pag.). <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">Far from introducing a feminist agenda into the novel, Madame Des Roches, argues McCarthy, reveals <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName>'s <q>racist, patriarchal, and patronizing treatment of French-Canadian and Indian women.</q></ref></ref> Rejected and peripheralized by Brooke's protagonists and the narrative itself, Madame Des Roches nonetheless eludes the total control of the author and expresses instead deep-seated colonial ambivalence in the management of boundaries between colonizer and colonized, revealing <q>the instability of the self/Other binary</q> (McCarthy).</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p222">
                        <ref target="#genre">
                            <ref target="#characterization">Unlike the protagonists, who are all visitors to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, Madame Des Roches is a landowner whose very name bears out her connection to the natural Canadian environment. When Rivers first visits her estate in the <placeName>Kamaraskas</placeName>, he describes it as <q>the wildest country on earth; for several leagues almost a continual forest, with only a few straggling houses on the river side</q> (80–81). <ref target="#close_reading">The distance from more populous society disturbs Rivers, who remarks on <q>the absolute solitude of [Madame Des Roches's] situation</q> (81), isolation he regards as <q>the most cruel punishment human nature could support</q> (82). Rivers thus admits an acute vulnerability to the anxieties that arise in Madame Des Roches's remote habitation. Amidst the novel's otherwise socially sophisticated milieu, Rivers's expedition to the Kamaraskas estate may be read as a momentary eruption of wilderness Gothic, intriguingly penned well prior to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39386255" sameAs="John Richardson">Richardson</persName>'s invention of the genre. As though building upon this theme, Madame Des Roches takes him to visit a hermit, whose tale of love lost to Canada's hostile elements confirms the sense of threat and betrayal to be found in the Canadian wilds.</ref> This warning of the Gothic doom that waits on forbidden desires is quickly followed by the discovery of Madame Des Roches's deep but unrequited love for Rivers, which becomes a source of intense anxiety to that paragon of British sensibility, Emily Montague. </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p223">
                        <ref target="#characterization">
                            <ref target="#genre"><title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314">The History of Emily Montague</title> explores the various nature of love through its major pairings: comparing herself with Emily, Arabella explains that they <q>differ in our ideas of love: it is the business of her life, the amusement of mine; 'tis the food of her hours, the seasoning of mine</q> (210). Arabella and Emily both choose partners whose styles of love match their own, while Rivers's sister Lucy, who resembles her brother in sensibility, makes an unlikely match with long-time rake, John Temple. These unions, though various, nonetheless establish two major brands of love: the deep and constant love based upon sensibility (itself considered a British attribute), and the lively flirtatious love of the rake/coquet—both variations, in the right circumstances, forming the basis of happy marriages. Amidst these examples of love's various, and ultimately harmonious, guises, the feelings of Madame Des Roches strike a discordant note. For, rather than accommodating itself to the terms set out, her love defies the usual categories: though French, she is not given to playful flirtation; nor does her passion for Rivers resemble the ideal of sensibility embodied in Emily; rather, her unruly desires repeatedly prove unmanageable, inexplicable, and ultimately incompatible with matrimony. There is a degree of excess in her emotional life not matched by the other characters, which lends a Gothic texture to her characterization. <q>In Gothic productions,</q> argues <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/80546510">Fred Botting</persName>, <q>imagination and emotional effects exceed reason. Passion, excitement and sensation transgress social proprieties and moral laws. Ambivalence and uncertainty obscure single meaning</q> (2). <ref target="#close_reading">In a confession to Emily, Madame Des Roches reveals how her reason was overcome by the strength of her feelings, impelling her to leave the <placeName>Kamaraskas</placeName> for <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName>, despite her knowledge of Rivers's devotion to Emily: <q>she said, her coming was an imprudence which only love could excuse; and that she had no motive for her journey but the desire of seeing him, which was so lively as to hurry her into an indiscretion of which she was afraid the world took but too much notice</q> (231). Even though Madame Des Roches vows <q>to conquer a passion, which could only make her life wretched if it continued</q> (231), when she writes to Arabella over two months later, she has given up any such attempt: Arabella indirectly relates a letter in which Madame Des Roches vows, <q>she will never marry, nor enter into an engagement which would make it criminal in her to remember him with tenderness</q> (300). In fact, transcribing directly from this letter proves impossible even for outspoken Arabella, who admits that <q>there is a certain fire in her style,…her expressions are much stronger than those in which I have given you the sense of them</q> (300). And when she appears, still later, to see Arabella off on her return to England, her passion is still unquenched, so much so that penning a letter—the most important mode of communication in this epistolary work—proves next to impossible: <q>She has wrote four or five letters to him [Rivers], since she came on board, very tender ones I fancy, and destroyed them; she has at last wrote a mere complimentary kind of card, only thanking him for his offers of service</q> (325). <ref target="#religion">This card accompanies her wedding gifts for Rivers and Emily: a sword-knot and a diamond cross, which, as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30841837">Mary Jane Edwards</persName> speculates, bear connotations of war and Catholicism, leading one to wonder <q>whether open friendship or secret hatred was the true <q>child</q> of Madame Des Roches' rejected love</q> (25).</ref></ref> Where the protagonists share a debate about love's variety that culminates in their several harmonious unions, Madame Des Roches's feelings persistently outstrip the available limits and her story ends not in matrimony but in the vow that <q>she will live and die a batchelor</q> (431).</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p224">
                        <ref target="#characterization">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre">With a passion that overcomes her own individual reason, stretches social propriety, defies literal transcription or self-expression, rejects matrimony, and ignores divides between English and French and between Old World and New, Madame Des Roches becomes a focal point of Gothic emotional excess—a figure expressing the unmanageable longings at work in a colonial space from which the novel ultimately retreats. Seen in her colonial-Gothic dimension, Madame Des Roches may be read as a kind of madwoman in the Kamaraskas. Rejected, peripheralized, left behind—but undeniably attractive in her passionate, independent, almost threatening subjectivity—her figure reflects English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s troubled and ambivalent engagement with selfhood and with French Canada, demonstrating what <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42015481">William Hughes</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12532520">Andrew Smith</persName> describe as <q>the potential for disruption and redefinition vested in the relationship between Self and Other, controlling and repressed, subaltern milieu and dominant outsider culture</q> (1). Though her desires cannot be met or indeed even interpreted by the English speakers who admit their failure to transcribe her accurately, Madame Des Roches nonetheless presents a crucial alternative to the insular, monocultural life of the English protagonists who retreat to their stifling hereditary British estates.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p225">
                        <ref target="#genre"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName>'s work is not a Gothic novel in other ways. The landscape that Arabella describes is for the most part a delightful scene of picturesque beauty and social amusement. Only in the environs of Madame Des Roches's home does the deadly potential of an unforgiving and isolating nature assert itself. And only in her case do loving feelings manifest in unstable and unresolvable attempts to transgress boundaries between cultures and continents. <ref target="#writing_climate"><ref target="#representation_of_women"><ref target="#historical_oppression"><ref target="#characterization">Did the colonized figure of the French-Canadian woman create an unanticipated Gothic eruption in a text otherwise bounded by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName>'s imperial convictions?</ref></ref> Perhaps that puts it too fancifully, but as the Canadian scene at the time of the conquest went on to become a site of special imaginative importance to Canadian literature of the nineteenth century, versions of this figure emerged in new guises, increasingly as heroines</ref>, and they too seem to ignite the Gothic propensities of writers not otherwise engaged in works of overtly Gothic fiction.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p226">
                        <ref target="#genre_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Julia Catherine Beckwith</persName>'s novel <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent, Or the Nun of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title> does not fit easily into generic categories. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91241341">Alfred Bailey</persName> says it <q>resembles the picaresque and romantic literature of the time,</q> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203" sameAs="Gerry Turcotte">Turcotte</persName> suggests that it is a <q>sensationalist romance, which attempts to eschew the Gothic influence but returns to its excesses, in a predictable novel of kidnapping, multiple weddings and flimsy historical account</q> (<title level="a">English-Canadian Gothic</title> 50). Though other genres compete for dominance in the text, the novel's complex, almost labyrinthine plot—including terrifying adventures at sea, a nine-year underground imprisonment in a silver mine, and a heroine who narrowly avoids marrying her own brother—bears all the marks of Gothic excess.</ref>
                        <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#genre">A close reading of the novel's Gothic vein suggests that these excesses underscore an acute anxiety about the duality and concomitant fragility of the family in the Canadian New World—torn not only between Old World and New but also between English and French identities.</ref> The catastrophes of the novel are the separations that occur between family members caught in the ebb and flow of colonial migration and in the violent conflict at the time of the conquest. Mending these ruptured families, meanwhile, leads ultimately to the healing union of French and English that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880" sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Beckwith</persName> proposes in the culmination of her circuitous and allegorical plot.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p227"> <ref target="#writing_climate"><ref target="#nationality_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880" sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Beckwith</persName> came from a family that blended English and French, a legacy that undoubtedly informs her fiction</ref></ref> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27106443" sameAs="Douglas G. Lochhead">Lochhead</persName> xix). Unlike <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke</persName>, whose writing career was well-established before she wrote <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314" sameAs="The History of Emily Montague">Emily Montague</title>, Beckwith was a young writer—only seventeen when she began the novel—without previous publication; nonetheless, she may be seen to be drawing upon popular literary conventions, like the use of convents, embedded narratives, and surprise family likenesses, and innovating upon them in ways that suited her Canadian setting and perspective. </p>
                    <p xml:id="p228">
                        <ref target="#characterization">
                            <ref target="#religion"><ref target="#genre">From the title of <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title>, you would expect Gothic uncanniness to reside inside a secretive convent from which the heroine must escape.</ref> Apart from one dishonest priest who suppresses a few letters, though, the convent holds no deep secrets, and proves congenial to the formation of important female friendships. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880" sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Beckwith</persName> thus capitalizes on the curiosity that drew readers to convent narratives, but her novel does not reproduce the anti-Catholicism conventional of metropolitan Gothic fiction, and this in itself suggests a burgeoning Canadian sensibility that recognized Catholicism as part of a cultural landscape that included both French and English and that even brought them together, as it does the characters of Adelaide (French) and Charlotte (English) who attend the convent to finish their educations, and who ultimately discover they are not just compatriots but cousins.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p229">
                        <ref target="#violence">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#characterization">
                                    <ref target="#history"><ref target="#writing_climate">Though there is a naïveté in the novel's inexpert use of genre, its excessive use of disaster and coincidence, its blithe doling out of inheritances, and its unproblematic joining of French and English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> through marriage and the return of swapped babies, the novel's almost rhapsodic optimism may be read not only as a natural product of <persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName>'s own multicultural origins, but also as a deliberate, even prescriptive, instrument of healing, a function characteristic of Gothic productions that delve into a wounded history so that a healing process may be set in motion. </ref><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108435215">William Veeder</persName> sees Gothic literature as a cultural product stemming from the basic fact <q>that societies inflict terrible wounds upon themselves <hi rend="italic">and at the same time</hi> develop mechanisms that can help heal these wounds. Gothic literature from the later eighteenth century to the present is one such mechanism</q> (54, original emphasis). He explains that through its transgressive qualities, Gothic literature opens up to view that which the society, to its own detriment, has repressed and policed: <q>A Gothic text positions its reader in a potential space where the psyche's repressed desires and the society's foreclosed issues can be engaged and thus where healing may occur</q> (65). Beckwith's novel, for the most part, avoids the actual scene of battle between English and French, focusing instead upon events either prior or subsequent to the <listEvent> <event> <label>Battle of the Plains of Abraham</label> </event> </listEvent>, and upon female characters parted from their loved ones. <ref target="#close_reading">But she does permit herself one battlefield scene, and the Gothic emphasis she invokes in her description, as well as its focalization through the traumatized French–Canadian speaker, Philip de Montreuille, suggest her desire to lay bare the wounds so formative of Canada's vexed English–French relations: <q type="block"> I was awakened as from a trance, by the falling of a heavy shower of rain, which revived me. All was enveloped in the deepest gloom. Groping around, I felt a number of dead bodies, which recalled to my remembrance the engagement of the preceding day, and I then discovered that I was left for dead on the field of battle. At length the rain ceased, and the moon burst forth resplendent in that mild majesty noticed by your great poet, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17226855" sameAs="John Milton">Milton</persName>. Her beams discovered to my terrified sight the horrors of the surrounding scene. The ground was covered with the dead bodies of the French and English, mingled indiscriminately. All were equal in the sleep of death. The intervals between the bodies served as channels to streams of purple gore. From this terrifying sight I turned my eyes on myself—poor relief! My appearance made me recoil with horror! My clothes were covered with purple gore, shaded with red, where the rain had partly washed it away.…At length, exhausted with pain and fatigue, I seated myself on a large stone, and fixed my eyes on the sea,…I perceived a boat full of men rowing towards me, and, before I could resolve what to do, they landed, and perceiving me, they rushed forward, and surrounded the stone on which I sat. It was then I first discovered they were English, and felt all the horrors of my situation! (107–08) </q> Much of the novel's plot, and therefore its allegorical burden, hinge upon this moment, for once Philip is presumed dead by his family and taken by these English privateers, he is lost to his country and family for over a decade, and it will take the detective work of the younger generation to set matters right. <ref target="#historical_oppression">For the generation of French Canadians who experience the British conquest directly, then, the effects are horrific in the immediate, and devastating in the long term, and it is as if to punctuate this crucial narrative moment—and this formative trauma in Canadian history—that <persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName> employs a Gothic imagery and vocabulary of darkness, horror, and death.</ref></ref> Philip's trials take the narrative to its greatest extremes: after these events he is enslaved underground in a Mexican silver mine for nine years. <ref target="#religion">His wife, Julia Catherine, meanwhile, loses her two remaining daughters and, as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105684357">Carl Murphy</persName> puts it, <q>She seeks refuge in the spirituality of the convent where she is a symbol of New France in defeat</q> (8).</ref> There, she too is presumed dead by her loved ones. Following in the pattern identified by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108435215" sameAs="William Veeder">Veeder</persName> whereby the culture's repressed and unhealed wounds are opened to view in the interest of a healing process, the novel reveals the traumas of Philip de Montreuille and Julia Catherine through embedded narratives gently solicited by trusted English listeners who then take action in the narrative proper to heal the broken family. Beckwith makes this the task of Adelaide and Charlotte, the French-English cousins who are also Julia Catherine's metaphorical daughters, having received their spiritual guidance at her hands.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p230">
                        <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#genre">Where the older-generation Philip and Julia Catherine seem to ex-perience all the disaster of a Gothic tale, younger-generation Adelaide experiences instead the joys of coincidence.</ref> In a cheerful version of the uncanny, where what is strange <q>leads back to what is known of old and long familiar</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34456780" sameAs="Sigmund Freud">Freud</persName> 825), Adelaide frequently experiences the uncanny sensation of confronting her closest relatives each time she is introduced to a perfect stranger. Upon meeting Charlotte's aunt, <q>our young Canadian was so violently agitated, that she could with difficulty support herself</q> (71), and for this lady's daughter, whom she meets the same day, we find <q>she felt a secret sympathy</q> (71). These, in due course, turn out to be her true mother and sister. The allegory is neatly explained by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105684357" sameAs="Carl Murphy">Murphy</persName>, who writes, <q>When Adelaide de St. Louis learns that she is actually Lady Louisa Dudley, the central conceit of the work becomes clear. <ref target="#class_issue">The Canadian nobility and the English aristocracy are completely identical.</ref> At their root, at the beginning, in infancy, as it were, the two cultures are interchangeable</q> (8).</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p231">
                        <ref target="#genre"><persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName>'s plot goes to especially great lengths to restore family members who were presumed dead. <ref target="#characterization">A case of twins divided at birth (both christened Julia) allows for the tragic death of one to be followed in due course by the joyful restoration of the other to its long-suffering mother, also Julia. One senses a certain delight, here, in the creative freedom that allows Beckwith to give not one but three characters her own name, one of whom, we learn, <q>was indeed an extraordinary child; never did she merit a reprimand</q> (41). In Adelaide's discovery of her dual cultural origins and in the doubled and tripled Julias, the French-Canadian heroine undergoes an intriguing multiplication process.</ref> <ref target="#genre"><persName sameAs="Cynthia Sugars" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119716738">Sugars</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203" sameAs="Gerry Turcotte">Turcotte</persName> argue that post­colonial Gothic has the ability <q>to convey experiences of ambivalence and/or split subjectivity resulting from the inherent incommensurability of conflicted subject positions that have emerged from a colonial context and persisted into the present</q> (xi).</ref> <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title> specializes in identities lost, obscured, and imprisoned in the wake of the British conquest, a destruction almost fatal to the family whose dismemberment across Old and New worlds is experienced as a species of living death and permanent mourning; but it specializes equally in identities doubled, discovered, and revived. With the healing powers inherent in a Gothic exposure of old wounds to the influence of an emphatically vital second generation, what was thought to be dead is joyfully restored, and the doubled and disoriented identities are shown to have been the best kind all along.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p232">
                        <ref target="#historical_oppression"><ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#response_informal"><persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName> expresses deep family feeling toward French <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and in this she resembles <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210">Rosanna Leprohon</persName>, whose own marriage blended her family's Irish roots with her husband's French heritage, and whose novel <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> was enthusiastically embraced in translation by French-Canadian readers for its sympathetic portrayal of French Canada's sufferings under British conquerors.</ref></ref> In her creation of a vulnerable French-Canadian protagonist, Leprohon encourages readers to identify with a heroine who is suffering the effects of subordination at the hands of a tyrannical, even pathological representative of the British in Canada. <ref target="#genre">Although <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115138083">Heather Murray</persName> points out in her Afterword that the book draws upon Gothic convention, extended analysis along these lines has not been carried out, and the novel is seldom mentioned in overviews of Canadian Gothic, even though Antoinette is a characteristically traumatized Gothic heroine.</ref> <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#violence">Forbidden by her father from forming any attachment to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName>'s new British occupants, Antoinette allows herself to be pressured into a secret marriage with the dangerously seductive British major, Audley Sternfield, whose motivations prove monetary not romantic and who tyrannizes over his bride with a sinister combination of physical and sexual intimidation</ref>.</ref> Though the personal narrative of Antoinette's sufferings remains consistently central in the novel, Leprohon periodically reminds her readers of the political ordeals faced by the French in the wake of the conquest: a recent visitor to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> reports that it is <q>all ruins and ashes</q> (178), and an innkeeper who savagely lashes a local man's horse about the head is identified as <q>one of the newly arrived colonists who have come to lord it over ourselves and fallen fortunes</q> (179). <ref target="#politics">The novel is thus a purposeful study of the politics of domination, examined simultaneously <ref target="#gender_issue">on the intimate level of Gothic gender politics between fathers, daughters, and lovers,</ref> and on the cultural and national scale between English and French Canada. </ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p233"> <ref target="#textual_strategies">Readers of the novel agree that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName>'s romance narrative, like the many marriages in <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title>, serves as an allegory for the union of French and English in a united Canadian nation. But where <persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName>'s marriage plot celebrates both sides as equally deserving partners, Leprohon embeds in her portrayal a strong critique of the British, whose unfairness is exemplified not just in their dealings with the French but in the sexism that Leprohon represents as endemic to their character and as perhaps suggestive of the pervasiveness of English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s will to dominate</ref>.<ref target="#genre"> As <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42015481" sameAs="William Hughes">Hughes</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12532520" sameAs="Andrew Smith">Smith</persName> explain, <q>Empire, in Gothic writings, is frequently conducted at a personal level, where the invasive urge and its frequently negative consequences hold a synecdochal relationship to excesses committed under numerous names in diverse theatres of culture</q> (2).</ref> <ref target="#gender_issue"><ref target="#characterization">Though Sternfield and Evelyn are presented as a contrasting pair of suitors to the heroine—one worthy, one deceitful—they both betray habitually misogynistic attitudes that victimize Antoinette, and that reveal <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName>'s ability to use the historical French–English conflict to comment on politically charged social and gender relationships, as much an issue in her own day as in the previous century.</ref></ref> </p>
                    <p xml:id="p234">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#genre">In fact, the critical turn in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName>'s portrayal of the English is innovative in itself. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102769745">Sunnie Rothenburger</persName> identifies a pattern in English-Canadian fiction by two male writers of this era; she notes that in both <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30652438" sameAs="Gilbert Parker">Parker</persName>'s <title level="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79252548" sameAs="William Kirby">Kirby</persName>'s <title level="m" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310937533">The Golden Dog</title>, a duality is created on the French side by representing an honourable French-Canadian figure in contrast to a corrupt, often Gothic, figure tied to <hi rend="italic"><hi xml:lang="fr-FR">la vieille France</hi></hi>: <q>However,</q> she continues, <q>it is crucial that in <title level="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title>, writing from his imperialist perspective, Parker does not create the same severance between Canada and Britain that he does between <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName>. No corrupt Englishmen appear to distinguish the English-speaking Canadian male from the British male; Robert [the novel's protagonist] can be both British and Canadian</q> (109). <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> reverses this pattern; Evelyn and Sternfield represent two sides to the British identity: one honourable, responsible, and compassionate in its use of power (thus ultimately worthy of joining the Canadian social body), the other, deceitful, monstrous, and tyrannical. Leprohon's reversal of the convention identified by Rothenburger is significant, for it undoes the clear imperialism of the standard pattern. <ref target="#religion"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon</persName>'s novel reveals the villainous side of English Canada's own predecessors, and it is only through an acculturation from English to French (Evelyn's perfect bilingualism and adherence to Catholicism, as well as his symbolic replacement of headstrong British horses with a steadier Canadian team) that a union can be sanctioned.</ref> <ref target="#violence">For tyrannical Sternfield, of course, death is the only option. The novel as a whole may be read as a kind of Gothic nightmare that—in cathartic mode—forces Antoinette to live out the dark side of Canada's English–French relationship as a torturous union of coercion, oppression, and abuse; only by confronting this monstrous version of the Canadian social body, can the narrative allow Antoinette and the reader the relief of the more carefully and responsibly chosen path.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p235">
                        <ref target="#class_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33401634">May Agnes Fleming</persName>'s <title level="m">Kate Danton</title>, like <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title>, establishes a contrasting pair, this time distinguishing the deceptive British suitor from the worthy English Canadian, with French <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> appearing in the setting and secondary characters. The novel follows the romantic lives of three sisters in <placeName>Danton Hall</placeName>, the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> family home on the banks of the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6156984">St. Lawrence</placeName>. <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#close_reading">Eldest sister Kate, <q>beautiful, and stately, and proud as a queen</q> (17), has been educated in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName>, and is engaged to the youngest son of a British lord, against whom the Canadian would-be suitor feels outranked: <q>What chance has an aspiring young doctor against the son of a lord?</q> (17).</ref> The doctor nonetheless proves his heroic credentials early on, when he rescues the sisters from an assault by two drunken British <q>redcoats,</q> an incident that warns against too trusting a reliance upon Canada's British family allegiance. Kate's development hinges upon the renunciation of her queenly ways and her discovery of the Canadian doctor's true worth.</ref> Though the French-Canadian element is more muted here, Fleming employs it quite deliberately not only as a romantic backdrop beset by violent winter storms, but also as a site from which to articulate a suspicion of Old World British alliances: the reverence for aristocratic titles is proved repeatedly in the novel to be a dangerous delusion, and now, far from sending couples to Europe for a happy ending, the only one whose marriage takes her there is punished with bitter lifelong regret. <ref target="#nationality_issue">The happy marriages teach English Canada to unite—regardless of English or French—with homegrown Canadian matches.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p236">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#genre_fiction"><ref target="#genre">Though English-Canadian fiction about <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Quebec</placeName> has typically been treated as a single category, the novels I have discussed are diverse in how they negotiate degrees of cultural difference and/or resemblance, and in how they imaginatively resolve the conflicts that they represent as fundamental to the nation's origins and identity. In <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/309259314" sameAs="The History of Emily Montague">Emily Montague</title>, marital bliss unites with carefully calculated inheritances to require a return to British ancestral estates; the representative inhabitant of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, meanwhile, is left behind, alone forever in a state of Gothic irresolution. In <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title>, though we see French–English unions celebrated enthusiastically and emblematically to heal the wounds revealed in embedded Gothic recitals of Canada's personal histories, <persName sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880">Beckwith</persName> hesitates at finding a home for her couples in Canada; European inheritances once again call characters home to Old World ancestral estates. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457169">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> does allow for a resolution on Canadian soil, once the poisonous Gothic version of the French–English union has been rejected and replaced by its reformed and benevolent mirror image. And in <title level="m">Kate Danton</title>, with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33401634" sameAs="May Agnes Fleming">Fleming</persName>'s suspicion of British titles and imperious ways, and her validation of homegrown Canadian ties, we see how, by the late nineteenth century, the cultural values at work in this self-consciously Canadian literary subgenre, though consistently influenced by colonial preoccupations, have shifted from strong imperial sentiment to decided national commitment.</ref></ref> These changing attitudes toward Canada's imperial ties in turn influence the representation of Canada's own internal duality. </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p237">
                        <ref target="#history"><ref target="#canon_formation">Writers of the nineteenth century were energetically engaged in the creation of a homegrown literature that would articulate the potential for a Canadian literary tradition,</ref> as well as explore an imaginatively rendered Canadian history. Looking to the British conquest of New France as the wellspring for this critical project created a fiction immersed in deeply felt cultural conflict and committed to the working through of traumatic colonial legacies.</ref>
                        <ref target="#genre">English-Canadian women writers embraced this conflict and let it emerge in Gothic constructions, especially in the creation of carefully doubled and internally divided heroines, who expressed <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>'s inner conflicts through their trials as the protagonists of domestic romance.</ref>
                        <ref target="#response_re-evaluation"><ref target="#response_formal">Though sustained literary recognition has, for the most part, eluded this body of fiction,</ref> when placed into conversation, these novels reveal an important side of Canada's literary development, particularly in the tradition of women's writing and Canadian Gothic. </ref>
                    </p>

                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91241341" sameAs="Alfred Bailey">Bailey, Alfred Goldsworthy</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880" sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Beckwith, Julia Catherine (Hart)</persName>.</title> <title level="m">Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</title>. Vol. 9. Web. <date cert="definite" when="2010-12-16">16 December 2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76384880" sameAs="Julia Catherine Beckwith">Beckwith, Julia Catherine</persName>. <title level="m">St. Ursula's Convent, Or the Nun of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>. Containing Scenes from Real Life</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1824">1824</date>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27106443">Douglas G. Lochhead</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/128950504" sameAs="Carleton University Press">Carleton UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/80546510" sameAs="Fred Botting">Botting, Fred</persName>. <title level="m">Gothic</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265435283">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747" sameAs="Frances Brooke">Brooke, Frances</persName>. <title level="m">The History of Emily Montague</title>. 1769. New Canadian Library ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152755326">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44478665" sameAs="Misao Dean">Dean, Misao</persName>. <title level="m">Practising Femininity: Domestic Realism and the Performance of Gender in Early Canadian Fiction</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/31722451" sameAs="Cecily Devereux">Devereux, Cecily</persName>. <title level="a"><q>One Firm Body</q>: Britishness and Otherness in <title level="m">The History of Emily Montague</title>.</title> <title level="m">The History of Emily Montague</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37154298">Laura Moss</persName>. Canadian Critical Edition ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>: <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/173088035" sameAs="Tecumseh">Tecumseh Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2001">2001</date>. 459–76. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116861733" sameAs="Justin D. Edwards">Edwards, Justin D.</persName> <title level="m">Gothic <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>: Reading the Spectre of a National Literature</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545" sameAs="University of Alberta Press">U of Alberta P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2005">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30841837" sameAs="Mary Jane Edwards">Edwards, Mary Jane</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5193747">Frances Brooke</persName>'s Politics and <title level="m">The History of Emily Montague</title>.</title> <title level="m">The Canadian Novel: Beginnings, A Critical Anthology</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64025258">John Moss</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265412814" sameAs="University of North Carolina Press">NC Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1980">1980</date>. 19–27. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33401634" sameAs="May Agnes Fleming">Fleming, May Agnes</persName>. <title level="m">Kate Danton, Or Captain Danton's Daughters. A Novel</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1876">1876</date>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4574324">Charleston, SC</placeName>: <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311353201" sameAs="BiblioLife">Bibliobazaar</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34456780" sameAs="Sigmund Freud">Freud, Sigmund</persName>. <title level="a">The Uncanny.</title> <date cert="definite" when="1919">1919</date>. <title level="m">The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism</title>. 2nd ed. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108289610">Vincent B. Leitch</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127676589">W.W. Norton and Company</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. 824–41. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/217513681" sameAs="Carole Gerson">Gerson, Carole</persName>. <title level="m">A Purer Taste: The Writing and Reading of Fiction in English in Nineteenth-Century <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1989">1989</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115783157" sameAs="Konrad Gross">Gross, Konrad</persName>. <title level="a">The Image of French-Canada in Early English-Canadian Fiction.</title> <title level="m">English Literature of the Dominions: Writings on <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2077456">Australia</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2186224">New Zealand</placeName></title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115783157">Konrad Gross</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56652160">Wolfgang Klooss</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2805615">Würzburg</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124371770" sameAs="Königshausen + Neumann">Königshausen + Newmann</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1981">1981</date>. 69–79. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93675286" sameAs="Carol Ann Howells">Howells, Coral Ann</persName>. <title level="a">Canadian Gothic.</title> <title level="m">The Routledge Companion to Gothic</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/271417">Catherine Spooner</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4172840">Emma McEvoy</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/265435283">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>. 105–14. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42015481" sameAs="William Hughes">Hughes, William</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12532520">Andrew Smith</persName>. <title level="a">Introduction: Defining the Relationships between Gothic and the Postcolonial.</title> <title level="j">Gothic Studies</title> 5.2 (<date cert="definite" when="2003">2003</date>): 1–6. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49323230" sameAs="Jonathan Kertzer">Kertzer, Jonathan</persName>. <title level="m">Worrying the Nation: Imagining a National Literature in English <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79252548" sameAs="William Kirby">Kirby, William</persName>. <title level="m">The Golden Dog (<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Le Chien d'Or</hi>): A Romance of Old Quebec</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1877">1877</date>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123100325" sameAs="Musson Book Company">Musson</orgName>, n.d. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Leprohon, Rosanna</persName>. <title level="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt; Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing. A Canadian Tale</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1864">1864</date>. New Canadian Library ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152755326">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">The Manor House of De Villerai: A Tale of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> Under the French Dominion</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93064067">John Robert Sorfleet</persName>. <title level="j">Journal of Canadian Fiction</title> ed. Vol. 34, <date cert="definite" when="1860">1860</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70558556" sameAs="John Lespérance">Lespérance, John</persName>. <title level="m">The Bastonnais: Tale of the American Invasion of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> in <date>1775–76</date></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName>Belford Brothers</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1877">1877</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105684357" sameAs="Carl Murphy">Murphy, Carl</persName>. <title type="a">The Marriage Metaphor in Nineteenth-Century English Canadian Fiction.</title> <title type="j">Studies in Canadian Literature/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Études en litterature canadienne</hi></title> 13.1 (<date cert="definite" when="1988">1988</date>): 1–19. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115138083" sameAs="Heather Murray">Murray, Heather</persName>. Afterword. (<date cert="definite" when="2000">2000</date>). <title type="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt; Or, Secret Marrying and Secret Sorrowing. A Canadian Tale</title>. New Canadian Library ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152755326">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. 264–71. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/117980066" sameAs="Margot Northey">Northey, Margot</persName>. <title type="m">The Haunted Wilderness: The Gothic and Grotesque in Canadian Fiction</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1976">1976</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30652438" sameAs="Gilbert Parker">Parker, Gilbert</persName>. <title type="m">The Seats of the Mighty: Being the Memoirs of Captain Robert Moray, Sometime an Officer in the Virginia Regiment, and Afterwards of Amherst's Regiment</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152370506" sameAs="Copp Clark Company">Copp Clark</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1896">1896</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39386255" sameAs="John Richardson">Richardson, John</persName>. <title type="m">Wacousta</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1832">1832</date>. New Canadian Library ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/152755326">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102769745" sameAs="Sunnie Rothenburger">Rothenburger, Sunnie</persName>. <title type="a">Terror, Love, and the National Voyeur: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/30652438">Gilbert Parker</persName>'s <title type="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title>.</title> <title type="j">English Studies in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title> 34.2–3 (<date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date>): 91–112. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93288616" sameAs="John Stockdale">Stockdale, John</persName>. <title type="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/205196210" sameAs="Rosanna Leprohon">Mullins, Rosanna Eleanora (Leprohon)</persName>.</title> <title type="m">Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</title>. Vol. 10. Web. <date cert="definite" when="2010-12-15">15 December 2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119716738" sameAs="Cynthia Sugars">Sugars, Cynthia</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203">Gerry Turcotte</persName>. <title type="a">Introduction: Canadian Literature and the Postcolonial Gothic.</title> <title type="m">Unsettled Remains: Canadian Literature and the Postcolonial Gothic</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119716738">Cynthia Sugars</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43473203">Gerry Turcotte</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157391394" sameAs="Wilfrid Laurier University Press">Wilfrid Laurier UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. vii–xxvi. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl>---. <title type="m">Peripheral Fear: Transformations of the Gothic in Canadian and Australian Fiction</title>. Vol. 21. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2800866" sameAs="Brussels">Bruxelles</placeName>: <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="ttp://viaf.org/viaf/265461849" sameAs="Peter Lang Publishing Group">P.I.E. Peter Lang</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head> Readers Reading <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName>, <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965–1980</date> </head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33915041">Cinda Gault</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p238">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#theme_or_topic"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName></ref> rose as a shining star in the Canadian literary world of the <date cert="probable" from="1960" to="1979">1960s and 1970s</date>, especially appreciated for her portrayals of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">national and female identity</ref>. This claim would prompt few objections among critics then or now, but disagreements do exist about how these portraits should be interpreted. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61787936">Imre Szeman</persName> offers a point of departure with his claim that in this era the concept of nation emerged <q>pre-eminently as a strategy of reading</q> to the point that <q>in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> the concept of nation [was] articulated differently within literary criticism than within literature</q> (164). <ref target="#canon_formation">A splinter between criticism and literature in the articulation of nation raises the possibility that judgements of works considered central to the category of <ref target="#genre">Canadian fiction</ref> might be in part a function of overly enthusiastic criticism that stretched the fiction to represent nationalism.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p239">
                            <ref target="#theory">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">
                                    <ref target="#response_gendered">Another contemporaneous split between reading and writing at this time emerged around gender. Many critics propagated a transnational and self-avowed mission to read for gender in fiction written by women about women. <ref target="#gender_issue">As <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73982249">Rita Felski</persName> elaborates, <q type="block"> the emergence of a <ref target="#social_movement"><ref target="#theme_or_topic">second wave of feminism</ref></ref> in the <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1967" to="1969">late 1960s</date> justifies the analysis of women’s literature as a separate category, not because of automatic and unambiguous differences between the writings of women and men, but because of the recent cultural phenomenon of women’s explicit self-identification as an oppressed group, which is in turn articulated in literary texts in the exploration of gender-specific concerns centred around the problem of female identity. (1) </q></ref></ref>
                                    <ref target="#genre_issue">As critics considered the meaning of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work, they attended to issues raised by <ref target="#theme_or_topic">English-Canadian nationalism</ref> and <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><ref target="#social_movement">second-wave feminism</ref></ref> using literary tools of their trade, including genre. Laurence’s stories, like most contemporary fiction, evinced characteristics of both <ref target="#theme_or_topic">realism</ref> and <ref target="#theme_or_topic">romance</ref>, yet most of her critics favoured interpretation as romance: any discovery of viable identities was good news for those wishing for autonomous versions of women and Canadians. Even commitments to realism made room for the discovery of unified identity conventionally associated with romance. <ref target="#response_re-evaluation">It is important to consider the effects of a politically infused reception on interpretations of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work because, as conventional wisdom has changed over time from optimism about unified identity to scepticism, understandings of Laurence’s identity portrayals have been markedly affected, perhaps even more so than those of her contemporaries, because her portraits were maximally amenable to interpretation as romance.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>National and Female Identities Together</head>
                        <p xml:id="p240">
                            <ref target="#gender_issue">
                                <ref target="#nationality_issue">At a time when feminists around the world were grappling with what defined and bound them as part of a female community, Canadian literary critics found value in multiple communal entities: <q>In Canadian fiction the old identity questions (<q>Who am I? Where did I come from? Where am I going?</q>) are usually translated not so much in terms of personal identity as by expressions of a search for an identity which is collective and cultural</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/255248526" sameAs="David L. Jeffrey">Jeffrey</persName> 87). Nationalists and feminists alike sought self-understanding according to communal constructions of identity.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p241">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#gender_issue">In retrospect, there were some indications that these identities may indeed prove less than harmoniously linked. <ref target="#social_movement">Looking back from <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>, some critics claim that the <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1970" to="1976">early to mid-1970s</date> saw <q>nationalistic concerns outweighed by those that were specifically focused on women,</q> thereby pointing to an implicit competition between identities (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98280052" sameAs="Christl Verduyn">Verduyn</persName> 115). Others hold a contradictory retrospective view, that <q>in this period the national pole of identification held sway over other social identities</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110306620" sameAs="Ian Angus">Angus</persName> 23).</ref> This impression of competing agendas between nationalist and feminist movements gives credence to more recent claims that women are inevitably positioned differently from men within a nation: the paradox that <q>everyone can, should, will <q>have</q> a nationality, as he or she <q>has</q> a gender vs. the irremediable particularity of its concrete manifestations</q> suggests the potential for tensions between national and female interests that may arise despite the veneer of concordant parallel identity (<persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/284739408" sameAs="M. Jean Anderson">Anderson</persName> 5). <ref target="#theory"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92109836">Anne McClintock</persName> further theorizes that such tension is concretized in basic understandings of social <choice><sic>or-ganization</sic><corr>organization</corr></choice> when she suggests that, <q>since the subordination of woman to man and child to adult was deemed a natural fact, hierarchies within the nation could be depicted in familial terms to guarantee social difference as a category of nature.…But the putatively universalist concept of national citizenship becomes unstable when seen from the position of women</q> (358). The suggestion is that identity autonomy may be more complicated, even differentially corrosive, than merely ascribing multiplicity to all.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p242">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue">Three decades after this era of <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965 to 1980</date>, critics still disagree about which of these movements was more important in the end, and these disagreements raise new questions. If conflict between national and gendered interests was suppressed in the social world, how might its open recognition at the time have affected the reading of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work? If women are inevitably positioned differently from men within a nation, were Laurence’s female protagonists portrayed as compromised in their equality as citizens within a recognizably Canadian society? What was the nature of national identity in her work, and how did it relate to female identity? Critics who saw Laurence’s characters as symbolically amalgamating competing values in both female and national representations tended to downplay what realism could not help but emphasize, that Canadians had not yet resolved the issues that separated them, and the interests of women and Canadians were sometimes in conflict with each other. <ref target="#genre">Ultimately, such speculation about the operation of genre in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s stories has an important impact on what we understand her stories to mean.</ref> </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>, Realism, and Identity, <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965–1980</date></head>
                        <p xml:id="p243">
                            <ref target="#genre_fiction">
                                <ref target="#theory">Critics have often pointed out that looking for individual identity or collective subjectivity through fiction is as slippery as it is a tempting business. <ref target="#representation_of_women"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/112159340">Sally Robinson</persName> points out that the phenomenon of subjectivity engages both social and discursive practices, thus encouraging assumptions that the same contradictions at work in the lives of women in the historical world are likely to be found in representations of women’s lives in fiction (190–92).</ref> Depending on the social and historical context, different readers may interpret differently by virtue of a process that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49239148">Wolfgang Iser</persName> describes as including <q>both the prestructuring of the potential meaning by the text, and the reader’s actualization of this potential through the reading process…which will vary historically from one age to another</q> (xii). Overall, readers are likely to interpret an imaginary world according to their perceptions of their own social world, their experiences in that world, and their responses to narrative strategies that create fictional worlds.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p244">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#genre_issue"><ref target="#theory">Although realism and romance often coexist in a single work, each instigates a different readerly expectation.</ref> At one end of the spectrum, realism promises explanations of historical processes that are associated with the dilemmas of ordinary people in ordinary circumstances. While realism cannot represent the world directly, it does give the impression of some sort of mimetic claim to a world beyond the text, despite the difficulties attached to any belief in language as being able to represent what is ultimately unrepresentable in textual form. As <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109769875" sameAs="George Lewis Levine">George Levine</persName> suggests, <q>whatever else [realism] means, it always implies an attempt to use language to get beyond language, to discover some nonverbal truth out there</q> (6). Part of the explanatory power of realism is its capacity to account for the realities of the social and historical world. Curiously, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/87380498">Raymond Williams</persName> understands this aspect of realism to be ultimately limiting; the world in all its manifestations is assumed to be the conditioner, even determiner, of human individuality, making realism <q>a conscious commitment to understanding and describing…the movement of psychological or social or physical forces</q> (261). Evidently, in the real world, anything can happen, but in a realist world, certain things are presumed more likely to happen, so that, for example, in the real world, a person can win the lottery, but in a realist world, that might be unrealistic.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p245">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#theory">Realism as a form of narrative, then, suggests a <q>habit of mind</q> in that it helps the reader to <q>recognize the complex intermeshing of the individual consciousness with larger technological, social, and political structures</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39499773" sameAs="Harry E. Shaw">Shaw</persName> 106, 107). The association of realism with the world <q>beyond language</q> makes manifest a heightened pressure to make sense of the social world, in that <q>writers and critics return to <q>realism</q> from generation to generation, because each culture’s perception of reality changes and because literature requires ever new means to intimate the reality</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109769875" sameAs="George Lewis Levine">Levine</persName> 7). In so doing, <q>[realism] presumes that the <q>ordinary</q> (another difficult but persistent word) has a value hitherto ascribed almost exclusively to a select few</q> (Levine 6). This urge to understand the realities of the masses engages complexities of the social life of ordinary people in ordinary circumstances, with the word <q>ordinary</q> taking on a broad-based relevance.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p246">
                            <ref target="#genre">Realism was always recognized as characteristic of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work, but in the era of original reception it was not seen as inconsistent with unified identities. <ref target="#response_formal">Much of the enthusiasm that issued from writers, journalists, and academics alike in response to her Manawaka novels in particular was based upon an interpretation of her characters as believably ordinary people who confront real-world problems. The first and perhaps most acclaimed novel of the Manawaka cycle, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>, attracted early criticism that emphasized its portrayals of characters from the <date cert="speculative" from="1880" to="1950">late nineteenth and early to mid-twentieth century</date>. In <date cert="definite" when="1965">1965</date>, editor <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85106075">Robert Weaver</persName> praised <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> for illuminating <q>this small world through a study of character</q> whereby she was able <q>in a few sentences [to capture] the feeling of an era</q> (28).</ref> The view of characters and setting as especially important in a historical context suggests mimesis in an apprehension of this fictional world as familiar and typical—concretely described places and characters with individual but readily recognizable psyches.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p247">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#response_formal">Writer <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9717119">Anne Montagnes</persName>, in <date cert="definite" when="1964">1964</date>, made no apology for her commitment to reading <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title> as realism. She reported having been disappointed about loose ends being perhaps too firmly tied up, but dismissed her own concerns on the basis of the realism the novel offered: <q>but it was done, like the whole book, with such throat-catching realism that I really can’t complain</q> (17). Focusing on <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title> in <date cert="definite" when="1975">1975</date>, academic <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/50465962">Clara Thomas</persName> extended her appreciation for its realism by suggesting that Stacey shared with the other protagonists of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s first three Manawaka novels the distinction of being an ordinary woman <q>whom Margaret Laurence has challenged us to recognize as individual and extraordinary</q> (<title level="m">Manawaka World</title> 115).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p248">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#characterization">Although Stacey is seen here as special and valuable, her character never breaks away from her representation as an ordinary Canadian housewife of her times. <ref target="#response_formal">In a <date cert="definite" when="1969">1969</date> review of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105432479">Douglas O. Spettigue</persName> grouped the novel with two others not written by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>, opining that they all had <q>in common the realistic representations of contemporary life</q> (722). He wonders about the capacity of this novel to find its way out of all the reality: <q>Margaret Laurence has caught the sense of the domestic rat-race so well that the reader soon wonders how Stacey is going to get out of it, unless she goes romantic</q> (723). While he notes some romantic <q>releases,</q> in his view, the more important dynamic in the fiction is generally that of realism.</ref> Rather than presuming no psyche to be knowable, these myriad critics imply that the reader can understand how it feels to share Stacey’s experience. They believe she confronts her problems in ways that most people in her situation would.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p249">
                            <ref target="#genre">Critics tended to agree on themes, and quibbled over which characteristics bound her writing most convincingly to realism. <ref target="#voice_or_narration"><ref target="#response_formal">As <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49323230" sameAs="Jonathan Kertzer">J.M. Kertzer</persName> noted, <q><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115554910">Henry Kreisel</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16801540">Hilda Kirkwood</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11087625">Kent Thompson</persName> all praised <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s use of narrative voice and the ironic, double perspective that it affords: a child’s point of view as registered in an adult’s idiom. <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/112011110">Edward Weeks</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104537803">William French</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108358609">George Woodcock</persName> were all impressed by her attention to precise details, interwoven to give density to a credible fictional world</q> (18).</ref> Whether the emphasis is on the narrative voice or familiar details, what is captured here is appreciation for a vision of ordinary characters, what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46764285" sameAs="György Lukács">Georg Lukács</persName> described as characters whose <q>human significance, their specific individuality cannot be separated from the context in which they were created</q> (<title level="m">Meaning</title> 19).</ref> <ref target="#genre_fiction">Laurence’s fiction was often credited with her realization of <q>full human beings with full contradictory human histories,</q> the assumption being that recognizable historical forces in a fictional world create the realistic character just as overarching historical forces shape ordinary people at their mercy in the historical world (Thompson 110). In sum, the ordinariness of characters in Laurence’s fictional worlds tended to be seen as built on layers of identity issues.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p250">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">It was a widely held view in <date cert="definite" when="1975">1975</date> that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> could be placed in a group of women writers who wrote novels <q>in which the central character is a woman…who is focussing on details of self-awareness and self-discovery</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/75470330" sameAs="Lydia Burton">Burton</persName> and <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/117141276" sameAs="David Morley">Morley</persName> 57).</ref>
                            </ref>
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s depictions of self-awareness and self-discovery were additionally credited as significant for their national dimension, as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/50465962" sameAs="Clara Thomas">Thomas</persName> pointed out when she suggested that <q>the Manawaka cycle…seems to Canadian readers to be quintessentially their own</q> (<title level="a">Planted Firmly</title> 1). <ref target="#canon_formation">Thus, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s Manawaka novels appeared especially relevant to those involved in the national cultural project of establishing Canadian literature as a legitimate and studied national category, as well as those involved in a similar and simultaneous effort to establish the importance of women’s fiction.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p251">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue">Claims of realist interpretations helped critics identify with characters on the basis of gender or nationality or both, underscoring that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> had devoted herself to <q>exploring different aspects of womanhood, problems that all women in Western cultures experience in some form or another</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14756566" sameAs="Phyllis Grosskurth">Grosskurth</persName> 35). In Morag of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>, for example, Laurence demonstrates her <q>special gift of delineating the conscious and unconscious processes of the feminine psyche; to read her novels is to identify oneself with the mind and imagination of her heroines</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/163387174" sameAs="Phyllis Bruce">Bruce</persName> 15). These characters were often admired for their relevance beyond imaginary worlds: <q>The people in this book are all alive and real.…Margaret Laurence certainly knows and can put down what women feel in our times and our places</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79326642" sameAs="Phyllis Gotlieb">Gotlieb</persName> 81).</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p252">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#gender_issue">Realist expectations extended issues of female identity to those of national self-understandings. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>, for example, was seen as the culmination of such a double exploration because <q>cultural nationalism and women’s liberation dovetail nicely</q> (<persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42684687" sameAs="Barbara Hehner">Hehner</persName> 41). Parallels between female and national identities were posited and reinforced by an increasingly accepted conviction among critics that difficulties faced by women in achieving autonomy were similar to those faced by Canadians in achieving nationhood. The issues might differ, but critics held fast to arguments that women in particular and Canadians in general needed empowerment in their respective spheres. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/50465962" sameAs="Clara Thomas">Thomas</persName> posited this relationship succinctly when she noted that <q>every woman’s struggle of the psyche to know, be and act as and for herself is a paradigm of the situation Canadians feel themselves to be in</q> (<title level="a">Planted Firmly</title> 3). <ref target="#characterization">Morag was regarded as achieving such widespread psychological believability that writer <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24754124">Marian Engel</persName> described her as <q>a variant of an emotional history common to all writers, common to all women, common to all Canadians</q> (25).</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p253">
                            <ref target="#class_issue">
                                <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">Of course, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work raises additional identity claims beyond those of gender and nationality. Issues of class, race, ethnicity, orientation, and colonialism are evident in her work, but destined to become <choice><sic>preoccu-pations</sic><corr>preoccupations</corr></choice> of a subsequent historical period. Had <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24754124" sameAs="Marian Engel">Engel</persName> written about Morag a few years later, she likely would have expanded her list of projected commonalities.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p254">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24754124" sameAs="Marian Engel">Engel</persName>’s enthusiasm suggests that, just as female characters encourage readers to understand the dilemmas of women in the real world, so too does the <q>Canadianness</q> of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s characters draw readers into dilemmas that involve all Canadians. <ref target="#genre">Evidence of realism assisted in the project of making connections between characters in these fictional worlds and readers in the real world, who themselves had made commitments to female and national identities, but rumblings of romance are audible even in these commitments to realism. </ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>, Romance, and Identity, <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965–1980</date></head>
                        <p xml:id="p255">
                            <ref target="#genre"><ref target="#genre_issue">Romance, at the other end of the continuum, is less time-and-history bound than realism because it is expected to offer a more idealized sense of community. Romance constitutes the illusion that realism supposedly corrects. </ref><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705">Northrop Frye</persName> explains this continuum: <q>One direction is called <q>romantic,</q> the other <q>realistic.</q> The realistic tendency moves in the direction of the representational and the displaced, the romantic tendency in the opposite direction, concentrating on the formulaic units of myth and metaphor</q> (<title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308033465">Secular Scripture</title> 37). Frye figures romance as a way of envisioning a transformation in the world, helping it along the trajectory of integration, in that <q>the mode of romance presents an idealized world: in romance heroes are brave, heroines beautiful, villains villainous, and the frustrations, ambiguities, and embarrassments of ordinary life are made little of</q> (<title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187010218">Anatomy of Criticism</title> 151). <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100293806">Ian Duncan</persName> challenges the idea that romance is quite so simple or innocent as Frye suggests, in part because he sees romance as inevitably sentimental and purposeful. To Duncan, romance is the effect of history because history provides useful myths. Once <q>discovered,</q> these ancestral stories give a writer the wherewithal to recreate myths and make use of them toward new cultural ends. Romance is what Duncan calls <q>a specific historical process: the appropriation, and reinvention, of a <q>common cultural heritage</q> as individual literary property</q> (58). While realism depicts the complicated world and its constraining effects on ordinary people, romance reinvents a past to justify powerful individual action toward fulfilling current wishes.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p256">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#nationality_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s fiction has certainly been appreciated for telling such stories of common heritage to envision new cultural identities. Her work has been used by real-world women and Canadians to reinvent their understandings of themselves as national and gendered beings. <ref target="#genre_issue">Seen as romance, her stories move us toward the conviction that female or Canadian identity is something pre-existent, and therefore discoverable and possible, while realism modulates toward obstacles presented by social and historical forces that get in the way of such unity.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p257">
                            <ref target="#social_movement">
                                <ref target="#genre_issue">Critical reaction to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work became polarized along the axis between realism and romance during the years <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965 to 1980</date>, when social movements politicized issues of female and Canadian identity. While readers recognized conflicting elements of both realism and romance in Laurence’s work, some tended to emphasize romance because it led to the then desired conclusion that female and national identities existed in some recognizable form. Even when realism was identified, disappointment was more likely to be articulated when the realist portrayal did not lead to the conclusion that female or national identity was possible. As a result, the more sceptical nuances of Laurence’s depiction of identity were more often muted.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p258">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#genre_issue">Considering the investment of many critics during this era in supporting <ref target="#social_movement">second-wave feminist</ref> and Canadian nationalist efforts to promote unified identity on the basis of gender and nationality, it is not surprising that claims of authenticity in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s fiction might actually slide away from reading practices associated with realism and toward romance on <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705" sameAs="Northrop Frye">Frye</persName>’s continuum.</ref> In particular, there was special admiration for characters who discovered themselves as female or national beings by transcending whatever once stood in the way as obstacles to unified identity. <ref target="#characterization"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280">Sherrill Grace</persName>’s confidence, in <date cert="definite" when="1978">1978</date>, that Morag is <q>a successful quester in an age that disbelieves in quests</q> demonstrates a critic’s willingness to interpret fictional representations of such successes as both possible and believable (70).</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p259">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                <ref target="#characterization">In <date cert="definite" when="1964">1964</date>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9717119" sameAs="Anne Montagnes">Montagnes</persName> offered specific appreciation to Hagar Shipley’s characterization for its contribution to national identity: <q>one of the great characters of Canadian fiction…who stands as a symbol of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></q> (17). Not only is Hagar seen as indicative of <q>the central conflict of Canadian psychology, our bondage to a puritan heritage,</q> but she was born <q>about the time of <listEvent> <event> <label>Confederation</label> </event> </listEvent></q> and still manages to engage <q>one’s sympathy, perhaps even one’s love</q> (17). This character is seen to rise above the confused tensions of real people dealing with ordinary problems to inspire love as the symbol of a nation.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p260">
                            <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#response_formal">Other novels of the Manawaka cycle that were more difficult to read as romance were met with comparatively less enthusiasm.</ref> In <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/50465962" sameAs="Clara Thomas">Thomas</persName> differentiated <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title> from <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/207942914">A Jest of God</title> and <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title> by suggesting that Hagar, who <q>comes to peace with herself,</q> contrasts with the other two protagonists: <q>Neither Rachel’s nor Stacey’s stories come full circle as Hagar’s does…Their lives are in mid-passage and each story stops at a point of qualified truce and acceptance—but neither story is finished and neither voice is still</q> (<title level="m">Our Nature, Our Voices</title> 159). Similarly, the latter two protagonists are seen to be less vibrant and heroic: <q>Both Rachel and Stacey Cameron seem to be less vigorous, their lives less hopeful…[Stacey] remains trapped in her situation, redeemed only by her sardonic sense of humour</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 66). While such differentiation does not automatically imply disappointment, these distinctions were often used to express disappointment. For example, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/207942914">A Jest of God</title> could be seen as unsatisfying, not only because of characterization, as <q>Rachel Cameron is no very engaging human being,</q> but also because of plot: she will <q>probably not [have a] much happier life elsewhere</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94943884" sameAs="Dennis Duffy">Duffy</persName> 80). </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p261">
                            <ref target="#response_formal">Critical expressions of disappointment in or frustration with aspects of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work often appear when identity quests do not seem successful. For example, a complaint about <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title> that <q>the realistic representation of contemporary life</q> includes <q>real problems of coping with the family [that are] not solved but temporarily got around</q> implies that the critic is interested in a realistic depiction of life but perhaps pining for more convincingly permanent resolutions to family problems (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105432479" sameAs="Douglas O. Spettigue">Spettigue</persName> 722–23). <ref target="#characterization">The view that <q>we celebrate <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName> for her women,</q> and that such a celebration stems from an <q>interior voice…[that] invests Stacey MacAindra with charm and her story with unity,</q> reveals a wish that this same interior voice will also successfully articulate Stacey’s story as a woman (<persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104650564" sameAs="Philip F. Sykes">Sykes</persName> 98).</ref> Disappointment is evident when such unity is not achieved, as in the representation of spousal conflict: <q>The trouble with stating so universal a problem is that you can never hope to resolve it, and <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title> never does. It is an inconclusive story</q> (Sykes 98). Inconclusiveness is arguably not out of place in this story of an individual housewife compromised in her sense of fulfilment. Regardless, critical disappointment with the lack of success, or the spectre of inevitable compromise, belies deeper critical wishes for a more indisputable resolution.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p262">
                            <ref target="#response_formal">Not surprisingly, the concluding text of the Manawaka cycle differed from <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/207942914">A Jest of God</title> and <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title>. Critics saw full-circle similarities between <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title> and <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>, in that <q>both of them relate the journey through life of a country girl into a wise and heroic adulthood</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17002126" sameAs="R. J. MacSween">MacSween</persName> 108). <ref target="#characterization">Just as Hagar was generally seen as a character coming to peace with herself at the end of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>, so too Pique, Morag’s daughter with Métis Jules, <q>can be seen as a symbolic answer to reconciliation for <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, which should treasure and preserve what it has. Thus <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title> ends on a decidedly optimistic note with Pique accepting her twin ancestry, having found her place in Canada</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/31157281" sameAs="Bernice Lever">Lever</persName> 96). <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">In the same vein, <q>[Pique] plays a symbolic role as a kind of reconciliation between the native peoples of Canada and the whites who conquered them</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94296765" sameAs="Robert Fulford">Fulford</persName> H5). And, <q type="block"> Pique’s major role seems…to be a symbolic one; she embodies Morag’s urge to grow into full maturity, she completes Morag’s existence as a woman in a way a man cannot, and in the final scenes of the novel she embodies Morag’s understanding and acceptance of the future—she will repeat Morag’s quest and Morag must allow her to do so. Parts I and V portray a Morag who has completed her search for meaning. Not only does she know who she is, she knows where she is. (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 70) </q></ref> <ref target="#nationality_issue"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> is credited here with resolving in the imaginary realm a national political and cultural unity that had not yet been resolvable in the social world. Even if critics truly believed they appreciated the realistic portrayal of all the Manawaka protagonists, the more favoured ones are those who triumphed in their discovery of themselves as women and as Canadians. Referring to <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>, <persName>Margaret Oschacoff</persName> reveals a manifesto of sorts when she warns that the integrity of a unified sense of nation must be preserved in its fiction: <q>pride in one’s heritage is not the same as colonial spirit as long as that pride leaves room for each Canadian’s pride in his or her ethnic background, and as long as it does not interfere with the emergence of a Canadian culture</q> (235). </ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p263">
                            <ref target="#characterization">In <date cert="definite" when="1978">1978</date>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> herself also favoured this view of her protagonists in her discussion of the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">themes of freedom and equality for women and Canadians that recur in her work: <q type="block"> Hagar, in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>, who finally even in extreme old age can find something of that inner freedom; to Rachel in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/207942914">A Jest of God</title>, who will remain nervous and neurotic to some extent but who does succeed in freeing herself from her mother’s tyranny and from her own self-doubt and self-hatred; to Stacey in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title>, who comes to terms with her life and recognizes herself as a survivor; to Vanessa in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187215613">A Bird in the House</title>, who escapes from the authoritarian regime of her grandfather and who is ultimately able to be released from her hatred and fear of the old man; and finally, to Morag in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>, who, more than any of the others, is able to assimilate her past and to accept herself as a strong and independent woman, able to love and to create. (<title level="a">Ivory</title> 24) </q> <ref target="#genre"><ref target="#nationality_issue"> Since romance <q>avoids the ambiguities of ordinary life,</q></ref> as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49236705" sameAs="Northrop Frye">Frye</persName> notes, it can deliver a more definitive message regarding the likelihood of successful female and national identification (<title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308033465">Secular Scripture</title> 50). Romance contains the anxieties of the real world, but offers solutions or manners of transcending them, suggesting that if women and Canadians can achieve symbolic peace and success in a particular story, perhaps they can hope to find such resolution in their lives. Displacement away from romance and toward realism commits interpretation to a decreased focus on enduring codes of honour implied by romance, and an increased focus on the ambiguities of life understood according to historical and social processes.</ref> <ref target="#genre_issue">It should go without saying that both realism and romance are evident in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s fiction, and that their interaction creates contradictions and tensions that present challenges still. Evidence abounds of ordinary problems being wrestled with and heroic resolutions being attempted, even achieved.</ref> Nevertheless, Laurence’s narrative push for characters to solve their identity problems as women and Canadians seems to be most sought and encouraged by critics during these years. </ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head> Contradictions of National and Female Identities: Two Communities Collide? </head>
                        <p xml:id="p264">
                            <ref target="#characterization"><date cert="reasonably certain" notBefore="1990">Post-1980s</date> critical debates have increasingly tended to hone in on contradictions within <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s characters. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>’s Hagar, for example, has been re-examined. Was she really<sic> is </sic> at peace with herself at the end of the novel? (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27354730" sameAs="Paul Comeau">Comeau</persName>). Her eleventh-hour redemption is now seen as questionable after a lifetime of dedication to resisting any kind of reconciliation or transformation. <ref target="#nationality_issue">Similarly, Morag’s Pique of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title> has elicited doubt about her ability to integrate Native and Scots inheritances into a Canadian context (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105527940" sameAs="Neil ten Kortenaar">Kortenaar</persName>).</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p265">
                            <ref target="#characterization"><ref target="#representation_of_women">Morag perhaps comes the closest of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s protagonists to successfully integrating the tensions associated with being female. She seems to have it all. Seen as <q>a woman who succeeds without a man,</q> she can support herself, experience sexual liberation, and have a child (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 70).</ref> Morag was more likely to be seen as achieving what the Manawaka protagonists that came before her could not: <q type="block"> [Stacey] remains trapped in her situation, redeemed only by her sardonic sense of humour. That she <q>may mutate into a matriarch</q> like Hagar in another forty years is not encouraging. Of all Laurence’s women Rachel and Stacey are closest to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> victims, unable to break out of self-defeating postures. Vanessa, however, has broken free and is, in many ways, a prototype of the more complex Morag. Vanessa…defines her freedom by returning to her roots in order to celebrate her past. This is precisely what occurs in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title> on a larger scale, implying that the status and nature of the hero is inextricable from the necessary <hi rend="italic">process</hi> of growth through return. (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 66, emphasis in original) </q> Yet Morag remains mired in dilemmas arising from her resentment and anger as a woman. <ref target="#close_reading">While Stacey seems committed to keeping her own thoughts from Mac, Morag is otherwise committed to finding a voice she can use to resist her husband, Brooke. He pronounces that <q>we will cease worrying about things that don’t matter,</q> and his authoritative <q>we</q> marks the fault line between his waning ability to contain her and her incipient resistance and independence: <q>She is, she realizes, very very angry, and at the same time doubtful about her right to be angry, at him or at the composition of her own composite self</q> (277). A character consumed by her identity predicament is qualitatively different from one who liberates herself, integrated and free.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p266">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">Dilemmas of female identity infuse Morag, like Hagar and Stacey, with experiences of a suffering marriage that offer an unhappy trade-off between leaving her husband for the sake of her independence or staying with him for the sake of her own need for family and community. It seems these protagonists cannot have both. At the point when Morag needs moral support to leave Brooke, her controlling husband, an unconventional lover comes back into her life in the form of Jules. He is a qualitatively different spousal figure for Morag because he shares her past, understands her as a friend, and gives her the child that Brooke refused. Jules offers a meaningful emotional connection while respecting her need for independence. He appears to be the kind of man who could accommodate an independent woman because he never expresses sexual jealousy or possessiveness. Important, too, is the fact that his acceptance of her independence does not diminish his expression of concern for her, as is clear in his reaction to her request to forego birth control: <q>Look, I didn’t say before, but you don’t want to get pregnant, do you?</q> to which Morag replies, <q>Would you mind very much if I didn’t do anything to try not to?</q> (301). His response is genial, but underscores that she is embarking on a responsibility that he chooses not to share:</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <q type="block"> <q>Jesus. You’re a crazy woman. Do you have to ask permission? I don’t mind, no, Only—</q><lb/> <q>It’s all right. I wouldn’t claim support or anything.</q> (301) </q>
                        <p xml:id="p267">
                            <ref target="#characterization">Such negotiation allows Morag the freedom to decide for herself what she wants to do as a woman, and enables her to take a step beyond Rachel (<title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/207942914">A Jest of God</title>) by actually bearing and raising a child on her own. <ref target="#representation_of_women">Still, Morag’s new self-image as an independent woman carving out new territory for herself does not lead to a workable life with Jules in it. Power dynamics associated with unequal social relations continue to produce resentment between women and men across the generations, whether it be Morag to Brooke or Jules to Morag or Hagar to her father and husband. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> thus keeps in play barriers between independent women and their families.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p268">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">The most crushing challenge for Morag, and one that undermines any claim to reconciled womanhood, is her anxiety over what she is doing to her daughter. Her initial bravado about having a child on her own degenerates later into anguish over having denied her daughter a father: <q>never having had an ever-present father myself, I managed to deny her one, too. Although not wittingly. I wasn’t very witting in those days, I guess</q> (69). This anguish recalls Hagar’s regret that her independence cost her the comfort of a family. Morag, too, is torn between what is important to her and what would be harmonious for her loved ones. For example, Pique’s need for an integrated family is exactly what Morag does not know how to address. Pique’s resentment about being denied a sense of belonging impedes her relationship with everyone in her life: <q>There is no way [Jules] is ever going to apologize to Pique for his absence, and to defend himself would be to knock Morag, as it was her wish originally to have Pique. Still, Pique is his, and he will never in his life deny her</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">Diviners</title> 450). Despite Jules’s apparent narrative function to encourage Morag’s independence, he offers stereotypical explanations about women being in charge of domestic connections: <q>Women like to stay put. But I can’t. I just can’t. Lazarus, he was like that</q> (294).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p269">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">It was tempting in <date cert="definite" when="1978">1978</date> to see Morag as a triumphant woman: <q>Significantly, she does not wed herself to life in the form of any one of these men; as an artist she must fully experience life without enmeshing herself in it to the extent that she cannot withdraw sufficiently to write</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 69–70). Alternatively, Morag as a character of realism reveals compromises often made in the social world, including the unhappiness she has visited upon her daughter in the name of her own female independence. Upon reflection, Morag’s torment due to her role in depriving Pique of a community makes her less convincing as a resolved or unified female identity. In fact, as a single mother at the head of her household, she suffers from potentially irresolvable tensions.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p270">
                            <ref target="#characterization">This view of Morag’s independence as haunted by dilemma is suggested by the plot’s organization according to Morag’s anxieties concerning Pique’s well-being. Each retrospective story about Morag’s life is prompted by her present-day anxiety about Pique, and the effect is to make Pique’s future the central dilemma of the novel. Morag’s retrospective view of her own life becomes less focused on her achievements in the public world and more concerned with her uneasiness about the happiness of her female child who despairs over not having a father in her life: <q type="block"> <q>Why did you <hi rend="italic">have</hi> me?</q><lb/> <q>I wanted you,</q> Morag said, stunned.<lb/> <q>For your own satisfaction, yes. You never thought of him, or of me.</q><lb/> And to that accusation there was no answer. None. Because it was partly true. To have someone of her own blood. But only partly. She had not conned a kid out of him, after all. Or not quite, anyway. How did he look at it? She didn’t know. (255) </q> Morag’s exhilaration about her own independence is routinely deflated by self-doubt, an emotional rollercoaster that dramatizes her daughter’s ambivalence about her single mother.<ref target="#representation_of_women"> Morag is not a model for Pique as a woman, and so the job of resolving contradictions has been put off to a new generation. Hagar rejects her father, and Morag loses hers. Both characters in such different times and historical circumstances choose to be single mothers who dwell on their anxieties about what they have done to their children. </ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p271">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue">Significantly, and despite their anguish, neither character seems likely to change any of her choices, regardless of the suffering caused. Like Hagar’s, Morag’s independence from conventional female roles frequently functions to subvert the patriarchal order, from women living without husbands to <ref target="#economics">women enjoying financial independence</ref>. In both novels, gender-based contradictions between independence and family betray an emphasis on unworkability. Although the <date cert="definite" when="1978">1978</date> view that Pique <q>completes Morag’s existence as a woman in a way a man cannot</q> was often seen as an embodiment of <q>Morag’s understanding and acceptance of the future,</q> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> presents obstacles again and again that cast doubt on the possibility of reconciliation (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace</persName> 70). How are we to understand Morag in the context of her daughter? Are we to understand these realistic characters as crushed by the weight of gender roles that cannot be resolved in a way that liberates Morag from guilt and yet provides Pique with a sense of familial stability? What is lost if Morag is considered a hero—is the solution for women to jettison the happiness and emotional security of their children for the sake of their own autonomy?</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p272">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue">When Morag is deemed a symbol of independent womanhood, her independence is depicted as both desirable and possible in ways that had not worked outside of fiction. Her success in the imaginative world gives hope to women of the real world (like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> herself) who struggle with the same obstacles and still stare down their own guilt in the attempt to combine their own careers with raising children. Independence often signaled success to a generation of second-wave feminists, but if Morag is mired in dilemmas and unsure whether her insistence on freedom has been worth the cost, then the interpretive emphasis modulates toward realism.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p273">
                            <ref target="#genre">
                                <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue">After <date cert="definite" when="1980">1980</date>, when identity itself became a more suspicious and multiple concept to critics of Canadian fiction, elements of realism in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s novels became pertinent to readers in new ways. This paradigm shift from integration to complication makes sense of readerly interests in her work during the era of reception for the Manawaka novels, as well as for the revisionary work being done now. <ref target="#methodology"><ref target="#response_re-evaluation">Postmodern, feminist, and postcolonial critiques of <q>authentic</q> identity that have subsequently come to dominate discourses of female and national identity open new doors for the interpretation of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s work.</ref></ref> Feminist identity debates about how to handle questions of biology and social equality, and nationalist identity debates over whether disparate populations can be successfully incorporated into a bicultural or multicultural Canada, are still relevant today, with the twist that these debates are now decades old. <ref target="#genre_issue">It is arguable that realism now speaks more pointedly to the difficulties inherent in questions of identity in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>’s fiction, contrary to the resolutions that romance once promised.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73982249" sameAs="Rita Felski">Felski, Rita</persName>. <title level="m">Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4931972">Cambridge, MA</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139568154" sameAs="Harvard University Press">Harvard UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1989">1989</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl>---. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308033465">The Secular Scripture: A Study of the Structure of Romance</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4931972">Cambridge, MA</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139568154" sameAs="Harvard University Press">Harvard UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1976">1976</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34469280" sameAs="Sherrill Grace">Grace, Sherrill E.</persName> <title level="a">A Portrait of the Artist as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName> Hero.</title> <title level="j">Journal of Canadian Studies</title> 13.3 (<date cert="probable" from="1978-09" to="1978-12">Fall 1978</date>): 64–71. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14756566" sameAs="Phyllis Grosskurth">Grosskurth, Phyllis</persName>. <title level="a">A Looser, More Complex, More Sexually Uninhibited <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" sameAs="Margaret Laurence">Laurence</persName>: And Never an <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990" sameAs="Margaret Atwood">Atwood</persName> Victim.</title> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>. <title level="j">Globe and Mail</title> <date cert="definite" when="1974-05-04">4 May 1974</date>: 35. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49323230" sameAs="Jonathan Kertzer">Kertzer, J.M.</persName> <title level="m"><q>That House in Manawaka</q>: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName>’s <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187215613">A Bird in the House</title></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/137764636" sameAs="ECW Press">ECW</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1992">1992</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17002126" sameAs="R. J. MacSween">MacSween, R.J.</persName> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187586333">The Diviners</title>. <title level="j">Antigonish Review</title> 18 (<date cert="probable" from="1974-06" to="1974-09">Summer 1974</date>): 107–08. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92109836" sameAs="Anne McClintock">McClintock, Anne</persName>. <title level="m">Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Context</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123500307">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9717119" sameAs="Anne Montagnes">Montagnes, Anne</persName>. <title level="a">Piercing Canadian Symbol.</title> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>. <title level="j">Globe and Mail</title> <date cert="definite" when="1964-06-13">13 June 1964</date>: 17. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName sameAs="Margaret Oschacoff">Oschacoff, Margaret</persName>. <title level="a">Colonialism in the Fiction of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName>.</title> <title level="j">Southern Review</title> 13 (<date cert="definite" when="1980">1980</date>): 222–38. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/112159340" sameAs="Sally Robinson">Robinson, Sally</persName>. <title level="m">Engendering the Subject: Gender and Self-Representation in Contemporary Women’s Fiction</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5106834">Albany</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311354004" sameAs="State of University of New York Press">State U of New York P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39499773" sameAs="Harry E. Shaw">Shaw, Harry E.</persName> <title level="m">Narrating Reality: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102333412" sameAs="Jane Austen">Austen</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95207079" sameAs="Walter Scott">Scott</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/89000553" sameAs="George Eliot">Eliot</persName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5122432">Ithaca, NY</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/297828202" sameAs="Cornell University Press">Cornell UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105432479" sameAs="Douglas O. Spettigue">Spettigue, D.</persName> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title>. <title level="j">Queen’s Quarterly</title> 76 (<date cert="probable" from="1969-01" to="1969-03">Winter 1969</date>): 722–24. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104650564" sameAs="Philip F. Sykes">Sykes, Philip</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName>’s New Woman.</title> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186798982">The Fire-Dwellers</title>. <title level="j">Maclean’s</title> <date cert="definite" when="1969-06">June 1969</date>: 98. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61787936" sameAs="Imre Szeman">Szeman, Imre</persName>. <title level="m">Zones of Instability: Literature, Postcolonialism, and the Nation</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4347778">Baltimore, MD</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157408888" sameAs="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2003">2003</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/50465962" sameAs="Clara Thomas">Thomas, Clara</persName>. <title level="m">The Manawaka World of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140384426">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1975">1975</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Our Nature, Our Voices: A Guidebook to English-Canadian Literature</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142985504">New Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><q>Planted Firmly in Some Soil</q>: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974">Margaret Laurence</persName> and the Canadian Tradition in Fiction.</title> <title level="m">Critical Approaches to the Fiction of Margaret Laurence</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93006861">Colin Nicholson</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/132609580" sameAs="Macmillan Company of Canada">Macmillan</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1990">1990</date>. 1–15. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11087625" sameAs="Kent Thompson">Thompson, Kent</persName>. Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187215613">A Bird in the House</title>. <title level="j">Fiddlehead</title> 84 (<date cert="definite" from="1970-03" to="1970-04">March–April 1970</date>): 108–10. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98280052" sameAs="Christl Verduyn">Verduyn, Christl</persName>. <title level="m">Lifelines: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24754124">Marian Engel</persName>’s Writings</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5992500">Kingston</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819" sameAs="McGill-Queen's University Press">McGill-Queen’s UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85106075" sameAs="Robert Weaver">Weaver, Robert</persName>. <title level="a">Crowning <q>Angel.</q></title> Rev. of <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/187423217">The Stone Angel</title>. <title level="j">Toronto Star</title> <date cert="definite" when="1964-05-23">23 May 1964</date>: 28. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/87380498" sameAs="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312338050">Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311377196">Fontana Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1983">1983</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div type="part">
                <head xml:lang="fr-CA">Des Contextes Minoritaires...</head>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <head>Être écrivaine en contexte minoritaire franco-canadien (<date from="1970" to="1985" cert="definite">1970–1985</date>)</head>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127" cert="definite">lucie hotte</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p274">
                            <ref target="#historical_oppression">
                                <ref target="#canon_formation">Commençons par une évidence : il y a toujours eu des femmes auteures. Faisons-la suivre d’une seconde : leur situation sur la scène littéraire n’a jamais été, jusqu’à récemment (et encore il faudrait sans doute nuancer cette affirmation), la même que celle des hommes. Ces affirmations, pour évidentes qu’elles puissent paraître, ont fait l’objet d’un bon nombre d’études savantes depuis l’avènement du féminisme. En effet, en dépit de ce qui nous semble indiscutable, il est parfois bien difficile de savoir combien de femmes ont écrit, voire combien de femmes écrivent. <ref target="#theme_or_topic">L’histoire littéraire</ref> en retient de fait bien peu. Dans son étude <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314704425" cert="definite">Des femmes en littérature</title>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73889695" cert="definite">Martine Reid</persName> montre que les femmes n’accèdent que bien difficilement à la consécration puisque l’histoire littéraire <q>telle qu’elle s’est constituée au cours du <date from="2000" to="2100">XIXe siècle</date> a isolé quelques grandes figures au nom du <hi rend="italic">génie</hi> et d’une conception de la littérature résolument masculine</q> (Reid 6) et a exclu toutes les autres. Selon Reid, <q>[b]ien qu’elle ait été inlassablement dénoncée par la critique féministe dès le début des années <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date>, cette situation d’ignorance et d’évitement perdure. Elle atteste, dit-elle, une surprenante résistance du champ académique […] et de ses acteurs, des enseignants, éditeurs et médias</q> (6). La littérature française n’est certes pas la seule à passer sous silence <ref target="#theme_or_topic">la production littéraire des femmes</ref> : il en est de même en littérature anglaise.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p275">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre_novel"><ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">Dans un article paru en <date when="1986" cert="definite">1986</date>, qui a fait date, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27104976" cert="definite">Dale Spender</persName> illustre cet état de fait à partir du roman anglais du <date from="1700" to="1800">XVIIIe</date> siècle. Elle rappelle que l’ouvrage de référence utilisé dans tous les cours universitaires a longtemps été <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310218323" cert="definite"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding</hi></title> du critique renommé <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14862421" cert="definite">Ian Watt</persName>.</ref> Spender dénonce le fait que dans cet ouvrage, qui prétendait faire l’histoire de la genèse du genre romanesque en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131/" cert="definite">Angleterre</placeName>,Watt louange exclusivement des hommes qui, selon lui, ont donné naissance au genre. <ref target="#women_writing">Pourtant, Watt mentionne bien que <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">the majority of <date from="1700" to="1800" cert="definite">eighteenth-century</date> novels were written by women</hi></q> (Spender 19). Il n’en demeure toutefois pas moins qu’il n’aborde pas du tout la question de la production féminine et ne mentionne qu’en passant quelques noms de romancières. Pourquoi Watt ne juge-t-il pas important d’analyser ces textes? <ref target="#historical_oppression">Selon Spender, qui a recensé plus de 600 romans écrits par une centaine de <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">grandes</q> romancières du <listEvent> <event> <label>Siècle des Lumières</label> </event> </listEvent> ayant connu leur heure de gloire à l’époque, ces écrivaines ont simplement été les victimes de l’androcentrisme de la critique littéraire.</ref></ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p276">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78818356" cert="definite">Isabelle Boisclair</persName> dresse un portrait tout aussi peu reluisant de la place des femmes dans le monde littéraire entre <date from="1900" to="1959">1900 et 1959</date>. <ref target="#writing_climate">Là, les femmes ne sont pas seulement absentes du discours critique, elles sont quasi absentes de la scène littéraire. <ref target="#education">Elle explique le difficile accès des femmes à l’écriture par des facteurs d’ordre sociologique. D’abord, le déficit éducatif à combler expliquerait que peu de femmes aient pu écrire à l’époque. En effet, seules les femmes les mieux nanties avaient accès à l’éducation supérieure, et encore, celle qui leur était donnée n’était pas la même que celle offerte aux hommes : les couvents mettaient l’accent sur l’économie domestique et la tenue de la maison.</ref> <ref target="#class_issue">Le deuxième facteur qu’elle évoque est celui de l’héritage familial. Naître dans une famille lettrée a longtemps été, au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>, un facteur déterminant dans la venue à l’écriture. Les femmes qui proviennent de milieux aisés, voire lettrés, sont souvent les seules à pouvoir se permettre d’écrire. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/60584790" cert="definite">Lucie Robert</persName>, qui se penche aussi sur cette question, signale que si <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">le lien entre l’origine sociale, les études classiques et le métier d’écrire</q> est déterminant pour les hommes, il <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">devient encore plus évident quand on considère le statut des écrivaines</q> (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T212222-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’Institution du littéraire au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec<?oxy_comment_end?></placeName></title> 70)</ref>. Ainsi, alors que 14 % des hommes de son corpus ont un parent proche qui est écrivain, cette proportion augmente à 27 % dans le cas des femmes (<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150226T104553-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Les écrivains et leurs études<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 533). <ref target="#women_writing">Enfin, Isabelle Boisclair signale que le statut conjugal ou maternel des femmes est tout aussi déterminant. Sauf de rares exceptions, les femmes qui écrivent sont soit célibataires, soit sans enfant. Quand elles sont mariées et mères, elles se mettent le plus souvent à l’écriture une fois leur famille élevée.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p277">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#critique_of_canon">On pourrait croire qu’aujourd’hui la situation est fort différente. Est-ce vraiment le cas? Cette situation d’ignorance et d’évitement perdure-t-elle comme le soutient <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73889695" cert="definite">Martine Reid</persName>? Faute de pouvoir me lancer dans une exploration de la place des femmes sur la scène littéraire mondiale, j’aimerais plutôt examiner de plus près celles des écrivaines du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français, et plus particulièrement des <ref target="#theme_or_topic">écrivaines franco-ontariennes</ref>. En effet, il importe d’examiner la situation particulière de ces corpus littéraires marginalisés afin de déterminer si elle offre aux femmes un plus grand accès au monde des lettres ou au contraire si elle concourt à les exclure davantage. <ref target="#methodology">Deux questions orienteront mes propos. La première porte sur le nombre de femmes qui réussissent à publier ne serait-ce qu’un livre. Cette section de mon analyse se fonde sur un recensement statistique des auteurs et de leurs œuvres entre <date from="1970" to="1985">1970 et 1985</date> en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>. La deuxième question porte sur l’accès à la consécration. Quelle place occupent les écrivaines dans le canon littéraire au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français et plus particulièrement en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français? Deux raisons expliquent le fait que mon étude porte plus étroitement sur l’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français. D’abord, il s’agit, à mon avis, d’une aire féconde pour une première recherche exploratoire, à cause de l’importance quantitative de la production littéraire franco-ontarienne. Deuxièmement, ce corpus se prête mieux à l’analyse à cause de l’existence d’outils de recherche que j’ai pu mettre sur pied au cours des ans, dont la base de données <orgName><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="small-caps">BIBLIFO</hi></orgName>, qui me permettent de recenser non seulement tous les titres publiés, mais aussi toute la critique portant sur l’œuvre d’une vingtaine d’écrivains et d’écrivaines. Par ailleurs, mon analyse s’intéresse à la production littéraire entre <date from="1970" to="1985">1970 et 1985</date> car il s’agit là d’une époque charnière dans le développement des littératures francophones du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, qui fondent alors des institutions autonomes provinciales en réaction à la <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nationalisation</q> ou à la <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">provincialisation</q> de la littérature québécoise. Le but ultime de mon étude est de déterminer quels outils de recherche pourraient être mis sur pied afin de mieux mettre en valeur la production littéraire des femmes.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p278">
                            <ref target="#politics">Il convient donc d’abord de dresser un portrait de l’époque afin de souligner comment les positions idéologiques endossées tant par les élites et la communauté que par les artistes ont influé durant ces années sur l’horizon d’attente de la critique.</ref>
                            <ref target="#women_writing">Dans un deuxième temps, je présenterai rapidement les statistiques portant sur les femmes auteures en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>, avant de faire l’analyse de <ref target="#theme_or_topic">la réception critique</ref> de l’œuvre de quelques écrivaines. <ref target="#canon_formation">En fin de parcours, je reviendrai sur la question de la canonisation et de la consécration des œuvres de femmes et des outils nécessaires à l’analyse de ces œuvres.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Tour d’horizon : le contexte sociopolitique des années <date from="1970" to="1985">1970 à 1985</date> et son influence sur l’horizon d’attente</head>
                        <p xml:id="p279">
                            <ref target="#history">Les années <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date> marquent l’avènement d’institutions littéraires francophones autonomes dans les diverses provinces canadiennes, et tout particulièrement au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6087430" cert="definite">Nouveau-Brunswick</placeName>, en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> et au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6065171" cert="definite">Manitoba</placeName>. Ces institutions naissent à la suite de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler l’éclatement du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français. Jusqu’à la fin des années <date when="1960" cert="definite">1960</date>, les francophones du pays s’identifiaient tous comme Canadiens français et partageaient un passé, une culture et un projet de société. Or, au cours des années <date when="1960">1960</date>, divers facteurs ont contribué à scinder la communauté canadienne-française. Ceux-ci découlent de transformations sociétales profondes, principalement au sein de la société québécoise, que l’on désigne sous le nom de <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><listEvent> <event> <label>Révolution tranquille</label> </event> </listEvent></q>. <ref target="#religion"><ref target="#social_movement">En effet, si jusqu’alors l’Église jouait un rôle central dans tous les aspects de la vie des Canadiens français du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> et d’ailleurs au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, dont l’éducation, les soins de santé et les organisations caritatives, l’État prend la relève au cours de la deuxième moitié du <date from="1800" to="1900">XXe siècle</date>, avec l’avènement de l’État-providence. Cette laïcisation de la société canadienne-française s’inscrit dans un mouvement plus large, propre au monde occidental, entraîné par l’arrivée à l’âge adulte de la génération des enfants de l’après-guerre, les <listEvent> <event> <label><hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">baby boomers</hi></label> </event> </listEvent>.</ref> Ceux-ci sont nombreux et adhèrent à des valeurs différentes de celles de leurs parents, valeurs qui ont notamment donné naissance à la contre-culture.</ref> <ref target="#politics">Dans sa version politique, la contre-culture adopte des couleurs nationalistes de gauche qui ont marqué les jeunes Québécois œuvrant à l’élaboration d’une vision proprement <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">québécoise</hi> de leur identité et à l’établissement d’un pays francophone. Ce mouvement nationaliste indépendantiste au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> a amené les Québécois à s’identifier comme Québécois et non plus comme Canadiens français. Dès lors, les Canadiens français habitant à l’extérieur de la province ont été <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">de facto</hi> exclus de cette nouvelle appellation identitaire. En outre, ils ne pouvaient plus se réclamer de l’identité canadienne-française, devenue caduque. <ref target="#intellectual_history">Les jeunes Franco-Ontariens, Acadiens et les autres francophones de l’Ouest se sont vus confrontés à l’obligation de se doter d’une identité qui leur soit propre. N’ayant aucun pouvoir politique, n’ayant aucune tribune publique, ils ont opté pour les arts, notamment le théâtre, la littérature et la chanson, comme moyen d’exprimer leur réalité, leur identité et leur appartenance à <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">leur</hi> territoire, c’est-à-dire à leur province. C’est ainsi que la littérature a été mobilisée à des fins idéologiques, tant dans le discours de certains artistes que dans celui des élites, comme en témoignent, par exemple, le rapport du <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135740561" cert="definite">Comité franco-ontarien d’enquête culturelle</orgName> (communément appelé <title level="m">le Rapport Saint-Denis</title>, de <date when="1969">1969</date>) et celui du Groupe d’étude sur les arts dans la vie franco-ontarienne (<title level="m">le Rapport Savard</title>, de <date>1977</date>).</ref></ref> C’est ce qui a amené par exemple <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36934048" cert="definite">Herménégilde Chiasson</persName>, artiste et écrivain acadien, à s’écrier : <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">Nous sommes devenus des Acadiens avant d’être des artistes. L’adjectif a supplanté le nom </q>. Il ironise lorsqu’il soutient que <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="block"><ref target="#genre_music"><ref target="#genre_poetry"><ref target="#genre_performance"><ref target="#archive">L’art en milieu minoritaire […] se manifeste surtout sous la forme de chronique, d’illustration ou d’archives. Il faut documenter le vécu de la collectivité, s’assurer qu’elle survivra dans les artefacts. […] On veut voir et entendre la vérité. […] Le réalisme donc et, si possible, l’hyperréalisme. […] On veut du théâtre franco-ontarien, de la poésie acadienne ou de la musique franco-manitobaine. En deuxième lieu, on veut que cette forme d’art nous identifie, donc nous illustre, nous archivise. </ref></ref></ref></ref>(86–87)</q></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p280">
                            <ref target="#historical_oppression"><ref target="#politics">La critique littéraire s’est aussi portée garante d’une telle vision de la littérature en contexte minoritaire. En effet, toute littérature minoritaire est d’emblée lue comme l’expression de la communauté dont elle émane. Mes recherches et celles que j’ai menées avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2783318" cert="definite">Johanne Melançon</persName> (<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127" cert="definite">Hotte</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Fortune</title> et Hotte et Melançon) sur cette question montrent clairement que la grille de lecture privilégiée est essentiellement identitaire ou, comme je l’ai appelée ailleurs, référentielle, c’est-à-dire que l’on perçoit ces corpus comme étant descriptifs, mimétiques et surtout politiques.</ref> Comme le souligne <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150320T170316-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Abbes Maazaoui<?oxy_comment_end?>, cette grille de lecture <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">ignore la dimension esthétique (textuelle et fictionnelle) de l’œuvre et réduit celle-ci à la réalité de l’auteur et du groupe auquel il appartient</q> (84). Maazaoui ajoute d’ailleurs que cette lecture <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">considère le texte comme un document et l’écrivain comme un expert du groupe (ethnique, sexuel, racial, etc.)</q> (84).</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p281">
                            <ref target="#historical_oppression">Quelle est la place des femmes dans une institution littéraire qui privilégie une telle conception politique, nationaliste de la littérature? Ne pourrait-on pas voir dans cette vision du rôle de l’écrivain comme porte-parole de sa communauté une conception <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">masculine</q> du fait littéraire, semblable à celle dénoncée par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73889695" cert="definite">Martine Reid</persName>, puisque les femmes sont d’emblée perçues comme moins enclines à se lancer dans la littérature politique et plus intéressées par la littérature personnelle? Mais ces préjugés sont-ils fondés?</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Archéologie de l’écriture des femmes en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français (<date from="1970" to="1985">1970–1985</date>)</head>
                        <p xml:id="p282">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">Le premier argument avancé pour expliquer le peu de place dévolue aux écrivaines dans le panthéon littéraire est celui du nombre. Si les œuvres des femmes ne sont pas aussi recensées dans les journaux et les périodiques, si elles sont moins enseignées et moins connues, ce serait, soutient <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">la critique</q>, parce qu’elles sont moins nombreuses. <ref target="#methodology"><ref target="#genre_fiction">Afin de vérifier si cela est effectivement le cas, j’ai dressé un tableau des livres de fiction pour adultes publiés en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français.</ref></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p283"><ref target="#methodology">Précisons d’abord que mon corpus porte exclusivement sur la nouvelle génération d’écrivaines et d’écrivains qui arrivent sur la scène littéraire au début des années <date when="1970" cert="definite">1970</date>. Je n’ai donc pas comptabilisé les ouvrages d’auteurs comme <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76325119" cert="definite">Jean Éthier-Blais</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84966559" cert="definite">Gérard Bessette</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103651301" cert="definite">Cécile Cloutier</persName> ou <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79104654" cert="definite">Claire Martin</persName>, dont les œuvres appartiennent plutôt à la période de la littérature canadienne-française, puisqu’ils ont commis leur premier texte dans les décennies précédentes, de même que ceux de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119539538" cert="definite">Jean-François Somain</persName> dont l’appartenance au corpus est parfois contestée. J’ai toutefois conservé les ouvrages d’<persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/84969047" cert="definite">Hédi Bouraoui</persName>, qui publie un premier livre en <date when="1966" cert="definite">1966</date> mais dont la production littéraire s’étend davantage sur la période d’après <date when="1970">1970</date>.</ref> Le corpus<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="end">Je rappelle ici que, pour appartenir au corpus franco-ontarien, une œuvre doit répondre à deux critères : être rédigée en français (les traductions sont donc exclues) et être de la main d’un auteur né en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> ou ayant, au moment de la parution du livre, sa résidence permanente en Ontario.</note> comprend donc 31 œuvres d’écrivaines et 61 livres écrits par des hommes. Parmi ces ouvrages, trois ont été coécrits par des femmes et des hommes et sont donc comptés dans les deux catégories. Cinq ouvrages collectifs ne sont pas comptabilisés dans ces nombres. Il s’agit des deux pièces en création collective, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Les murs de nos villages</title> et <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">La parole et la loi</title>, auxquelles ont contribué des hommes et des femmes, et des recueils de poésie collectifs, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Au nord du silence</title> (1975), <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Le cœur en saisons</title> (1979) et <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Poèmes et chansons du Nouvel-<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName></title> (<date when="1983">1983</date>). Ainsi, la production féminine, si l’on soustrait les ouvrages coécrits, compte pour 31,1 % de la production littéraire de l’époque. Cette situation est légèrement plus enviable que celle faite aux femmes au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> à la même époque, dont la production ne compte que pour 25 % des publications totales, selon les chiffres présentés par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78818356" cert="definite">Isabelle Boisclair</persName> dans son étude <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T213029-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?><title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Ouvrir la voie/x</title><?oxy_comment_end?>, chiffres qui comprennent cependant aussi les essais (Boisclair 177).</p>
                        <p xml:id="p284">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#men_writing">Outre la disproportion dans les effectifs, le tableau révèle également que le premier livre publié par un homme paraît en <date when="1972">1972</date> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84969047" cert="definite">Hédi Bouraoui</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T213406-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Éclate-module<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, chez <orgName ref="ttp://viaf.org/viaf/159753808" cert="probable">Cosmos</orgName>) alors qu’il faut attendre <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date> pour que paraisse <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T213854-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Des gestes seront posés<?oxy_comment_end?></title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93245900" cert="definite">Jocelyne Villeneuve</persName>, chez <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName>. Le corpus féminin s’étend donc sur cinq années de moins que celui des hommes, période durant laquelle les hommes publieront huit livres. <ref target="#genre_poetry">Il y a là une révélation qui laisse perplexe : comment se fait-il qu’aucune femme n’ait publié dans <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T214329-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Lignes/Signes<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, le recueil de poésie collectif qui lance la maison d’édition <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName> en <date when="1973" cert="definite">1973</date> ? Leur absence est-elle due au fait que le recueil regroupe des poèmes d’amis qui se connaissent depuis le collège?</ref> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93979810" cert="definite">Gaston Tremblay</persName> raconte dans <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Prendre la parole. Le journal de bord du grand Cano</title> que deux femmes avaient été conviées à participer à ce premier ouvrage, <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150225T215121-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Lise Hémond<?oxy_comment_end?></persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68434312" cert="definite">Suzanne Girard</persName><note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="end">Ni l’une, ni l’autre n’ont publié par la suite.</note>. <persName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150323T221319-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Lise Hémond<?oxy_comment_end?></persName> n’a assisté à aucune des rencontres du groupe et Suzanne Girard n’a participé qu’à l’une d’entre elles. Pourquoi ont-elles choisi de ne pas collaborer à ce recueil? Cette question demeure sans réponse. D’autres questions trouvent également difficilement réponse : des femmes ont-elles participé à l’écriture de la pièce <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Moé j’viens du Nord, ’stie</title> attribuée à <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70047823" cert="definite">André Paiement</persName>? Comment se fait-il qu’aucune femme ne publie, ni chez <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName> ni ailleurs, avant <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date> ? <ref target="#historical_oppression">Y a-t-il une corrélation à établir entre le fait que les maisons d’édition franco-ontariennes, comme les maisons d’édition québécoises, sont dirigées à l’époque essentiellement par des hommes et le fait que les femmes ne sont pas publiées ?</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p285">
                            <ref target="#genre_poetry">
                                <ref target="#genre_novel">
                                    <ref target="#genre_performance">
                                        <ref target="#women_writing">Un deuxième argument avancé par les chercheurs pour expliquer la faible présence féminine dans le monde littéraire est que les femmes pratiquent des genres mineurs, dont la littérature jeunesse—dont il ne sera pas question ici—ou des genres moins valorisés, tel le roman. La répartition de la production franco-ontarienne par genre littéraire témoigne cependant du fait que la production féminine est distribuée de façon plus proportionnée entre les trois principaux genres : la poésie, 45,2 %, le roman, 29 %, et, étonnamment si l’on tient compte du fait qu’il est notoire qu’il y a peu de femmes dramaturges en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français, 16,1 % pour le théâtre. </ref>
                                        <ref target="#men_writing">Chez les hommes, la poésie domine largement : 62,9 %, suivi du roman, 14,5 %, puis du théâtre, 17,7 %. Il convient également de noter qu’alors que les hommes publient deux recueils de nouvelles et un récit (genres consacrés), les femmes publient plutôt deux recueils de contes et un recueil de monologues (genres mineurs). On peut dès lors se demander s’il y a une autre corrélation à établir entre le fait que les femmes s’écartent quelque peu des genres de prédilection des hommes et la façon dont leurs œuvres sont reçues.</ref>
                                    </ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Les œuvres des écrivaines face à la critique</head>
                        <p xml:id="p286">
                            <ref target="#canon_formation">
                                <ref target="#critique_of_canon">
                                    <ref target="#response_formal">La publication et la diffusion des œuvres par des maisons d’édition ne sont cependant que la première étape du processus de production littéraire. La seconde est celle de la réception par la critique, qui détermine en grande partie la fortune qui attend l’œuvre en termes de légitimation et de consécration. Les comptes rendus critiques, en particulier, ont un rôle important à jouer, puisque les critiques journalistiques ou de revues sont souvent les premiers à poser un jugement sur une œuvre. Ils agissent donc en tant qu’<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">éclaireurs</q>, guidant les lecteurs, orientant leur perception de l’œuvre et annonçant souvent le sort qui lui sera réservé. <ref target="#methodology">Afin d’avoir une idée de l’ampleur de la réception critique des jeunes auteures franco-ontariennes, j’ai calculé le nombre de recensions obtenues par quelques auteurs qui publient un premier livre.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p287">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#response_gendered">De ce point de vue, les femmes ne sont pas défavorisées, puisqu’elles obtiennent autant sinon plus de comptes rendus que les hommes. Pourtant, mon expérience personnelle me laissait croire qu’elles le seraient, puisqu’elles font rarement l’objet d’études savantes ou d’articles critiques. <ref target="#genre_scholarlyWriting">J’ai donc retenu trois auteurs masculins et trois auteurs féminins afin de déterminer le nombre d’études critiques, d’essais et de thèses qui leur ont été consacrés depuis la parution de leur premier ouvrage à aujourd’hui. Ici, les femmes sont nettement défavorisées : il n’y a pas de corrélation entre le nombre d’ouvrages qu’elles ont publiés, le nombre d’études qui leur sont consacrées ou les prix obtenus.</ref> On se retrouve donc dans une situation qui ressemble à celle des écrivaines du <date from="1700" to="1800">XVIIIe siècle</date> dont parle <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27104976" cert="definite">Spender</persName> : après un premier accueil critique soulignant la parution de l’œuvre, les chercheurs se tournent plutôt vers la production masculine pour en faire l’analyse. Est-ce dû à une réception critique initiale négative?</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p288">
                            <ref target="#genre_poetry">
                                <ref target="#genre_novel">
                                    <ref target="#response_formal">Examinons brièvement la réception critique de deux premiers recueils de poésie et de deux premiers romans de femmes, laissant volontairement de côté le théâtre, genre plus complexe à analyser au niveau de la réception critique puisqu’il faut aussi tenir compte de la réception des pièces montées. Les œuvres retenues sont, en poésie, celles d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T100558-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Au soleil du souffle<?oxy_comment_end?></title>(<date when="1979">1979</date>), et de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Danielle Martin</persName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T095711-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>À perce-poche<?oxy_comment_end?></title> (<date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>). Les deux romans étudiés sont <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m"><title ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306978595" cert="definite">Cogne la caboche</title></title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName> (<date when="1979">1979</date>) et <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m" cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186283384">La quête d’Alexandre</title>d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Hélène Brodeur</persName> (<date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date>).</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p289">
                            <ref target="#genre_poetry"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Danielle Martin</persName>sont les deux premières poètes à publier chez <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName>. Toutes deux sont Franco-Ontariennes de naissance et originaires de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5972360" cert="definite">Hawkesbury</placeName> dans l’est ontarien. <ref target="#recognitions">Andrée Lacelle a publié depuis nombre de recueils de poésie qui ont remporté divers prix, dont le prestigieux Prix Trillium.</ref> Danielle Martin n’a publié qu’un second ouvrage contenant des monologues en <date when="1982">1982</date>. Leurs premiers recueils paraissent la même année, en <date when="1979">1979</date>, et inaugurent la collection <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Les perce-neige</title> vouée à la promotion de jeunes auteurs qui n’ont pas encore publié. <ref target="#tone_or_style">Leur style d’écriture et les thématiques qu’elles abordent sont toutefois fort différents : <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle</persName> opte pour une esthétique formaliste et aborde des questions existentielles alors que <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Danielle Martin</persName> adopte un style plus prosaïque et se penche sur des thèmes sociaux.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p290">
                            <ref target="#formal_response">Les critiques profitent de cette double parution pour faire une recension des deux ouvrages dans un seul texte critique. <ref target="#genre_journalism">Outre un bref article dans le journal <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Le Voyageur</title> de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6158840">Sudbury</placeName> qui annonce la publication des deux recueils, deux comptes rendus sont ainsi consacrés à <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Au soleil du souffle</title> et à <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">À perce-poche</title>. Ce dernier livre fait aussi l’objet de comptes rendus dans des journaux locaux, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Le Voyageur</title> de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6158840">Sudbury</placeName>, deux hebdomadaires de l’est ontarien, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Bonjour chez-nous</title> de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6126439">Rockland</placeName> et <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Le Carillon</title> de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5972360" cert="definite">Hawkesbury</placeName>, ville où habite l’auteure, ainsi que du journal étudiant de l’Université d’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">La Rotonde</title>. Examinons de plus près ceux qui paraissent dans le journal <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Le Droit</title>, <date when="1979-08-25" cert="definite">le 25 août 1979</date> et, sous la plume de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49244640" cert="definite">Roger Chamberland</persName>, dans <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois</title>—revue qui, en dépit de son titre, consacre des comptes rendus aux ouvrages franco-ontariens.</ref> <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#tone_or_style">Les deux critiques notent les différences de style entre les deux auteures. Alors que la poésie de Danielle Martin est proche de la prose, celle d’Andrée Lacelle est plus éthérée. Les jugements sont toutefois à l’opposé. Ainsi, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69235856" cert="definite">Paul Gay</persName>, critique du <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Droit</title>, croit que la poésie de Danielle Martin <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">promet beaucoup</q> puisque <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">le traitement [de thèmes d’ordinaire abordés dans la prose] par l’image, la musique de la strophe, du vers, assez souvent musique de la rime […] les introduit au royaume de la poésie. Par le lyrisme surtout</q>(<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Les Perce-Neige</title> 21). Celle d’Andrée Lacelle lui semble plutôt hermétique.</ref> <ref target="#intertextuality">Étrangement, alors qu’aucun rapprochement avec des poètes connus n’est fait pour expliciter l’œuvre de Danielle Martin, Paul Gay fait allusion à <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39402318">Alain Grandbois</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66468501" cert="definite"> Anne Hébert</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29548935" cert="definite">Rina Lasnier</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66594620" cert="definite">Claude Gauvreau</persName> pour parler de celle d’Andrée Lacelle. Cependant, le rapprochement avec ce dernier poète n’est pas là pour louanger la jeune écrivaine, au contraire. Gay affirme: <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">On pense au texte célèbre de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66594620" cert="definite">Claude Gauvreau</persName> dans <title level="m">Lettre à un fantôme</title>: L’automatisme surréaliste—qui est un automatisme psychique—n’a jamais donné que des images transfigurantes assez élémentaires</q>.</ref> Faut-il croire que c’est le cas dans la poésie de Lacelle? Il semble en effet que Gay aborde ces recueils avec un horizon d’attente bien précis : le texte doit être lisible, mais poétique. Le propre de la poésie est, pour lui, associé au lyrisme, à la musicalité et aux images. Il rejette d’emblée ici toute poésie <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">moderne</q>. Est-ce un préjugé propre au critique ou est-ce une posture qu’il adopte uniquement par rapport à la littérature franco-ontarienne? Il faudrait bien entendu analyser l’ensemble de l’œuvre critique de Gay pour répondre à cette question, mais ma longue fréquentation de la critique en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français me porte à croire que Gay adopte effectivement une conception plus traditionnelle de la littérature. Toutefois, celle-ci contribue, me semble-t-il, à valoriser les œuvres référentielles au détriment des œuvres qui répondent à des projets esthétiques détachés du milieu ambiant, centrés sur des questions d’écriture. Chose étonnante, dans son compte rendu, Paul Gay désigne les deux jeunes poètes en utilisant parfois que leur prénom. Il est possible qu’il les connût personnellement, il n’en demeure pas moins que cette façon familière de parler des auteures donne au compte rendu un petit air paternaliste.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p291">
                            <ref target="#formal_response">Le critique québécois <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49244640" cert="definite">Roger Chamberland</persName> soutient, pour sa part, qu’<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0"><hi rend="italic">À perce-poche</hi> n’est […] pas un recueil auquel on revient souvent; sa grande puissance se situe autrement, dans la flagrance de son propos</q> (Chamberland 144). Le mot <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">flagrance</q>, qui comporte bien évidemment une connotation négative, renvoie à ce qui pour <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69235856" cert="definite">Gay</persName> constituait des thèmes prosaïques liés au milieu d’origine de l’auteure. Alors que l’un louange cet ancrage référentiel, le second, plus jeune, le décrie. L’horizon d’attente de Chamberland est en fait diamétralement opposé à celui de Gay. Le critique québécois adhère en effet à une conception plus moderne, pour ainsi dire, de la poésie qui découle de la pratique de la nouvelle écriture au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>. En outre, ce qui l’intéresse dans la poésie ce sont les qualités d’écriture, l’originalité des images et le détachement à l’égard de la <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">réalité</q>. Il est dès lors peu étonnant que la poésie universaliste d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle</persName> gagne la faveur du critique par son utilisation du <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">langage poétique qu’elle module à différents niveaux d’expression afin d’atteindre un maximum de densité</q>. Les deux critiques, un du Québec et un de l’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>, un plus âgé, un plus jeune, mais tous deux œuvrant dans le milieu universitaire, abordent donc les recueils avec des horizons d’attente différents. Roger Chamberland juge les œuvres en fonction de leur qualité purement littéraire et à l’aune des valeurs communément admises pour considérer une œuvre poétique de qualité : originalité des propos, qualité du langage poétique. Paul Gay privilégie plutôt l’œuvre la plus proche du réel et adopte, de ce fait, une grille référentielle et identitaire.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p292">
                            <ref target="#genre_novel">
                                <ref target="#formal_response">Les deux romans à l’étude connaîtront sensiblement le même sort que les deux recueils de poésie. <ref target="#religion"><title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306978595">Cogne la caboche</title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName> raconte la libération d’une jeune femme qui se découvre et décide de quitter la congrégation religieuse où elle s’était réfugiée, en quelque sorte, grâce à un retour onirique à son enfance et à la découverte de l’amour.</ref> Le livre fait l’objet de neuf comptes rendus et d’une première étude dès l’hiver <date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date> dans la revue <title level="j">Voix et Images</title>, soit deux ans à peine après sa publication. Les comptes rendus tant québécois qu’ontariens paraissent dans divers journaux et revues : <title level="j">Le Devoir</title>, <title level="j">Lettres québécoises</title>, <title level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois</title>, <title level="j">Relations</title>, <title level="j"><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> français</title>, <title level="j">Nos livres</title>, <title level="j"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">University of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName> Quarterly</hi></title>, <title level="j"><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817" cert="definite">Ottawa</placeName> Revue</title> et deux comptes rendus, le même jour, dans <title level="j">Le Droit</title>. <ref target="#recognitions">Les comptes rendus sont élogieux et le roman remportera le Prix Champlain <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>.</ref> Il me semble que deux éléments peuvent expliquer le nombre plus important de comptes rendus consacrés à ce roman. <ref target="#collaboration">D’une part, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName> est bien connue de la critique québécoise puisqu’elle est elle-même critique à cette époque et a participé à l’écriture du quatrième tome de l’<title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">Anthologie de la littérature québécoise</title> avec son conjoint <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/118139965" cert="definite">René Dionne</persName>, lui-même critique littéraire et professeur de littérature à l’Université d’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>, où il met sur pied des cours de littérature franco-ontarienne.<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2520623" cert="definite">André Vanasse</persName>, qui signe deux des comptes rendus, signale d’ailleurs que Gabrielle Poulin est une amie et une collaboratrice de la revue <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Lettres québécoises</title>. Elle est aussi collaboratrice à la revue <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Relations</title>, qui ne manque pas de le souligner dans un encadré en tête du compte rendu qu’elle publie.</ref> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14782188" cert="definite">Aurélien Boivin</persName>, dans <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Québec français</title> et dans <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois</title>, indique également la place occupée par Gabrielle Poulin sur la scène critique, qu’il désigne comme <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">celle que les amants de la littérature connaissent par ses critiques éclairées dans <title level="j">Relations</title> et par ses nombreux commentaires à la station <hi rend="small-caps">FM</hi> de Radio-<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999/" cert="definite">Canada</placeName></q>(Boivin, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Gabrielle Poulin. Un cri trop grand</title> 60) ou encore Gabrielle Poulin, que <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">les amateurs de littérature connaissent…pour sa précieuse collaboration à <title level="j">Relations</title>, à <title level="j">Lettres québécoises</title>, au <title level="j">Droit</title> et à plusieurs émissions radiophoniques</q> (Boivin, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Nouveautés</title> 8). Denise Ostiguy fait de même dans la <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="j">Ottawa Revue</title> lorsqu’elle signale que l’auteure est une <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">critique littéraire bien connue</q> (20).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p293">
                            <ref target="#formal_response">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">
                                    <ref target="#genre_novel">Contrairement aux deux jeunes poètes, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName> possède donc, lors de la parution de son premier roman, un capital symbolique qu’elles n’ont pas. En outre, Poulin est bien connue du milieu littéraire québécois étant elle-même québécoise d’origine. Le statut de l’écrivaine joue donc un rôle primordial dans le contenu et sans doute le nombre de recensions qui seront publiées : plus l’écrivain est connu, plus on parlera de lui. Les jeunes auteures sont donc d’emblée défavorisées. Pourtant, tel ne sera pas le cas d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Hélène Brodeur</persName>, enseignante du Nord de l’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>, dont le premier roman fera l’objet de huit comptes rendus. <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="m">La quête d’Alexandre </title> raconte, d’abord en parallèle, l’histoire d’un jeune homme québécois qui vient en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943/" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> à la recherche de son frère disparu lors d’un voyage de prospection et celle de Rose, une jeune femme britannique qui immigre dans le nord de la province. La troisième partie du roman est consacrée à leur histoire d’amour. Le tout se déroule sur un fond historique et géographique tiré de la réalité. Dans tous les comptes rendus consacrés au roman, ce qu’on louange d’abord et avant tout c’est le travail documentaire de l’écrivaine. Ainsi, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69235856" cert="definite">Paul Gay</persName> souligne que le roman <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">abonde à chaque page, à chaque ligne pourrait-on dire, en détails particuliers à l’<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>-Nord, en traits de mœurs bien caractérisés</q> (Gay, <title xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" level="a">Chroniques du Nouvel-<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName></title> 11). <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54256385" cert="definite">Yolande Grisé</persName>, pour sa part, ne se contente pas de signaler qu’il s’agit d’<q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">un roman fort bien documenté qui s’enracine dans l’histoire relativement récente d’un pays neuf</q> (18) : elle louange aussi <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">les passages où les mœurs du temps et du lieu étalent toute leur saveur, leur piquant ou leur poésie</q> (18). <ref target="#tone_or_style">Lorsqu’elle s’intéresse au style et à la construction du roman, ses propos laissent pourtant croire que le roman n’est pas aussi réussi qu’elle le laisse entendre et surtout qu’il ne se conforme en rien au style valorisé au début des années <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date> : <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="block">Malgré deux longs <q><hi xml:lang="en-CA">flash back</hi></q> nécessaires à l’illustration de la chronique et à la situation du contexte (mais l’un peut-être trop prolongé dans le cas de l’évocation du passé de Rose), la construction du récit est simple et solide. Pas de structures complexes, pas d’embrouillamini, mais un cheminement progressif poursuivi en crescendo entre les feux de deux bornes tragiques : l’incendie de <date when="1911">1911</date> et celui de <date when="1916" cert="definite">1916</date>. (Grisé 18)</q></ref> Si <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2572230" cert="definite">Réginald Martel</persName> et Gabrielle Poulin félicitent également l’auteure pour le portrait historique qu’elle dresse, ils n’en soulignent pas moins d’importantes lacunes au niveau de la forme : Gabrielle Poulin critique la structure du livre notamment la rupture <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">violente</q> entre la première et la deuxième partie alors que Réginald Martel regrette les <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">nombreuses naïvetés d’écriture</q> surtout en ce qui a trait aux descriptions de paysages et de sentiments. <ref target="#recognitions">Ainsi, si le roman trouve grâce aux yeux de la critique et s’il remporte le Prix Champlain, c’est essentiellement à cause de son propos identitaire et historique ainsi que de sa simplicité et non pas à cause de ses grandes qualités littéraires.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p294">
                            <ref target="#formal_response">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">Pourtant, l’œuvre d’<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Hélène Brodeur</persName> est celle, parmi notre corpus, qui a été le plus étudiée par la critique universitaire. Sans doute est-ce dû justement aux propos qu’elle tient, aux thématiques qu’elle aborde. Cette réception est donc conforme à ce que l’on sait des attentes de la critique quant aux littératures minoritaires : celles-ci sont lues dans la mesure où elles témoignent du vécu de la collectivité dont elles émanent. Or, si dans les premières années de l’institution littéraire franco-ontarienne l’absence de corpus établi permettait de se réjouir de toutes les parutions, donc de celles des femmes aussi, avec le temps, les œuvres à thématiques identitaires deviennent rapidement privilégiées au détriment des autres. Ces ouvrages deviennent dès lors <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">hypercanonisés</q>, selon le néologisme créé par <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54164803" cert="definite">Jonathan Arac</persName>, et fondent l’horizon d’attente subséquent de la critique. Or les femmes sont très peu nombreuses, en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français, à aborder des thématiques liées à l’identité de la collectivité. Leurs œuvres portent plutôt sur le développement d’une identité individuelle dans le cadre d’une quête mémorielle, qui conduit fort souvent à l’écriture et à l’amour comme l’ont montré mes recherches et celles de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27325858" cert="definite">François Ouellet</persName> sur l’écriture au féminin en <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName> français<note xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" place="end">Voir aussi <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127" cert="definite">Hotte</persName>, <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150302T173512-0700" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Le roman franco-ontarien<?oxy_comment_end?></title>; Hotte et Mainville; Ouellet, <title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49233891" cert="definite">Marguerite Andersen</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11641240" cert="definite">Rachelle Renaud</persName> : le rapport amoureux qui sa’écrit</title>; Ouellet, <title level="a">Le roman de l’écriture au féminin</title>.</note> <ref target="#response_gendered">Ainsi, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Hélène Brodeur</persName>, en s’intéressant à la mémoire collective, est l’exception qui confirme la règle. Dès lors, il n’est pas étonnant que les femmes ne connaissent pas une réception critique proportionnelle à la place qu’elles occupent dans la production littéraire. Aussi, bien que la réception critique de première instance soit comparable pour les hommes et les femmes, celle-ci reste cependant déterminée par l’horizon d’attente propre aux littératures minoritaires voulant que les textes produits dans ce contexte aient une visée collective, mettent en scène la réalité locale et abordent des thèmes propres à la minorisation. Or peu de textes de femmes se situent dans cette voie. En outre, contrairement à la réception d’œuvres masculines comme celle de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263751219" cert="definite">Robert Dickson</persName>, les œuvres individualistes des femmes sont rarement récupérées par une lecture référentielle. C’est donc au moment de la consécration que les œuvres des femmes tombent dans l’oubli, victime des attentes stéréotypées de la critique quant aux littératures minoritaires. Ceci a des conséquences néfastes pour les écrivaines, puisque les critiques sont aussi souvent des professeurs qui choisiront d’enseigner les œuvres qui leur semblent le plus représentatives de ce qu’est, à leurs yeux, la littérature franco-ontarienne. Il y a fort à parier que ce sont essentiellement des œuvres masculines répondant à cette conception identitaire qui seront mises au programme, ce qui biaise l’idée de ce qui est représentatif de la littérature franco-ontarienne. Les jeunes étudiantes et étudiants qui suivent ces cours apprendront donc à connaître certaines œuvres et pas d’autres, dont celles des femmes.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Conclusion</head>
                        <p xml:id="p295">
                            <ref target="#attitudes_to_women_writing">
                                <ref target="#historical_oppression">Ainsi, deux préjugés influent sur la place que les femmes occupent sur la scène littéraire franco-ontarienne. D’abord, la définition prédominante des littératures minoritaires, sans doute héritée de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22140703" cert="definite">Gilles Deleuze</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49261949" cert="definite">Félix Guattari</persName>, joue au détriment des femmes. Rappelons que cette conception des corpus exigus les définit comme des littératures d’abord préoccupées par le politique, qui se fondent sur une énonciation collective et qui valorisent une utilisation mineure de la langue. Cette définition figée fonde la grille de lecture référentielle communément utilisée pour lire les textes minoritaires.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p296">
                            <ref target="#attitudes_to_women_writing">Le deuxième préjugé est lié à la production littéraire des femmes. On tient pour acquis que les femmes privilégieront une écriture plus intimiste, plus universaliste et moins politique. Cette conception stéréotypée de l’écriture au féminin, fondée sur l’image non moins stéréotypée que l’on se fait de la féminitude, conduit les critiques à penser que les œuvres des écrivaines en contexte minoritaire ne seront nécessairement pas <q xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">représentatives</q> de l’écriture minoritaire. Comme si ce n’était pas les œuvres qui fondent un corpus, mais que celles-ci doivent se conformer à un certain modèle pour être admises dans le corpus.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p297">
                            <ref target="#canon_formation">Or ces préjugés sont difficiles à déconstruire à cause de l’absence de données sur l’écriture des femmes. Il est nécessaire de procéder à une archéologie de l’écriture au féminin en contexte minoritaire pour pouvoir conduire les analyses qui s’imposent afin de rétablir une image plus juste et du corpus littéraire, et de la place des femmes sur la scène littéraire. <ref target="#collaboration">Les résultats de ces fouilles — bibliographies d’œuvres de femmes, tableaux et statistiques concernant la place des femmes, mais aussi analyses de textes — pourront servir de fondation à une toute nouvelle définition des corpus littéraires minoritaires. Toutefois, pour arriver à ces fins, ils doivent être accessibles à un plus grand nombre de chercheurs, d’où la nécessité de mettre en place des outils de recherche comme ceux que veut développer le Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>.</ref> Enfin, ces travaux devront se fonder sur une (re)valorisation de certains axes de recherche qui s’écartent des voies balisées jusqu’à présent. En fait, il est nécessaire de développer une nouvelle façon de faire l’historiographie littéraire. Le travail ne manque donc pas.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Écrivaines franco-ontariennes de <date from="1970" to="1985" cert="definite">1970 à 1985</date></head>
                        <table xml:id="table-1" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p298" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nom</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p299" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nombre de titres</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p300" xml:lang="fr-FR">Année de la première publication</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p301" xml:lang="fr-FR">Genres pratiqués</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p302" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49233891" cert="definite">Andersen, Marguerite</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p303" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p304" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p305" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p306" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Brodeur, Hélène</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p307" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p308" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p309" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p310" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104206597" cert="probable">Caron, Catherine</persName> (avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12625698" cert="definite">Brigitte Haentjens</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104084194" cert="definite">Sylvie Trudel</persName>) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p311" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p312" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p313" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p314" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150325T160415-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Dimitriu van Saanen, Christine <?oxy_comment_end?></p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p315" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p316" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p317" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie; 1 pièce de théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p318" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104269249" cert="definite">Fillion Pope, Linda</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p319" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p320" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p321" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p322" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12625698" cert="definite">Haentjens, Brigitte</persName> (avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Jean Marc Dalpé</persName>) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p323" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p324" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p325" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p326" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Lacelle, Andrée</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p327" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p328" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p329" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p330" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104085299" cert="definite">Lapalme, Marguerite</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p331" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p332" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p333" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p334" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Martin, Danielle</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p335" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p336" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p337" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie; monologues </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p338" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Poulin, Gabrielle</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p339" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p340" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p341" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p342" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/20958509" cert="definite">Rochon, Claire</persName> (avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/6624098" cert="definite">Alain Bernard Marchand</persName>) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p343" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p344" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p345" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p346" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16185414" cert="definite">Roy, Lucille</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p347" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p348" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p349" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p350" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56854745" cert="definite">Thibault, Louise</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p351" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p352" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1984">1984</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p353" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p354" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104084194" cert="definite">Trudel, Sylvie</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p355" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p356" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p357" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p358" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="ttp://viaf.org/viaf/93245900" cert="definite">Villeneuve, Jocelyne</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p359" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p360" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p361" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman, conte, poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p362" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46882173" cert="definite">Voldeng, Évelyne</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p363" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p364" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p365" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie, roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p366" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total (16 femmes)</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p367" xml:lang="fr-FR">31</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Genres pratiqués par les femmes (nombre de titres publiés)</head>
                        <table xml:id="table-2" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p368" xml:lang="fr-FR">Année</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p369" xml:lang="fr-FR">Poésie</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p370" xml:lang="fr-FR">Roman</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p371" xml:lang="fr-FR">Théâtre</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p372" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nouvelles; Contes</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p373" xml:lang="fr-FR">Récit</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p374" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p375" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p376" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p377" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p378" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p379" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p380" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p381" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p382" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1978" cert="definite">1978</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p383" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p384" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p385" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p386" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p387" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p388" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p389" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p390" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p391" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p392" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p393" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p394" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p395" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p396" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p397" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p398" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p399" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p400" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p401" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p402" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p403" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p404" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p405" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p406" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p407" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p408" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p409" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p410" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p411" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p412" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p413" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p414" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p415" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p416" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p417" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p418" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p419" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p420" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p421" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p422" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p423" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p424" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1984" cert="definite">1984</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p425" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p426" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p427" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p428" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p429" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p430" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p431" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p432" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p433" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p434" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p435" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p436" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p437" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p438" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p439" xml:lang="fr-FR">14</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p440" xml:lang="fr-FR">9</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p441" xml:lang="fr-FR">5</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p442" xml:lang="fr-FR">3</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p443" xml:lang="fr-FR">0</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p444" xml:lang="fr-FR">31</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p445" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Pourcentage </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p446" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 45,2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p447" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 29,0 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p448" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 16,1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p449" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9,7 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p450" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 0 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p451" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 100,0 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>

                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Écrivains franco-ontariens ayant publié entre <date from="1970" to="1985">1970 et 1985</date></head>
                        <table xml:id="table-3" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p452" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nom</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p453" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nombre de titres</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p454" xml:lang="fr-FR">Année de la première publication</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p455" xml:lang="fr-FR">Genres pratiqués</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p456" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/71401828" cert="definite">Amprimoz, Alexandre</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p457" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p458" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1978">1978</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p459" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p460" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104685708" cert="definite">Belcourt, Claude </persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p461" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p462" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1974" cert="definite">1974</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p463" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p464" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33719812" cert="definite">Bellefeuille, Robert</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Jean Marc Dalpé</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19551954" cert="definite">Robert Marinier</persName> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p465" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p466" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p467" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p468" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/84969047" cert="definite">Bouraoui, Hédi</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p469" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p470" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p471" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p472" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103996617" cert="definite">Casavant, Richard</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p473" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p474" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1978" cert="definite">
                                            <date when="1978" cert="definite">1978</date>
                                        </date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p475" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p476" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11326673" cert="definite">Dallaire, Michel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p477" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p478" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1981 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p479" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie, roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p480" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Dalpé, Jean Marc</persName> (avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Brigitte Haentjens</persName>) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p481" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p482" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1982 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p483" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p484" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Dalpé, Jean Marc </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p485" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p486" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date cert="definite" when="1980">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p487" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p488" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/93522920" cert="definite">Desbiens, Patrice</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p489" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p490" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p491" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie, récit </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p492" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263751219" cert="definite">Dickson, Robert</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p493" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p494" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1978" cert="definite">1978</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p495" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p496" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T164425-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Flammand, Jacques <?oxy_comment_end?></p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p497" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p498" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p499" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p500" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/7560559" cert="definite">Germain, Doric</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p501" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p502" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p503" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p504" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7560559" cert="definite">Karch, Pierre</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p505" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p506" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1981">1981</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p507" xml:lang="fr-FR"> nouvelles, roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p508" xml:lang="fr-FR"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T171027-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?> Lafleur, Tristan<?oxy_comment_end?> (pseud.) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p509" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p510" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1975" cert="definite">1975</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p511" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p512" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104209694" cert="definite">Leduc, André</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p513" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p514" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p515" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p516" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73848374" cert="definite">Léon, Pierre</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p517" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p518" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p519" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p520" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/56488710" cert="definite">Levac, Roger</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p521" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p522" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p523" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p524" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103951358" cert="definite">Lizotte, Guy</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p525" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p526" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1977">1977</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p527" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p528" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/6624098" cert="definite">Marchand, Alain Bernard</persName> (avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/20958509" cert="definite">Claire Rochon</persName>) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p529" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p530" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p531" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p532" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/19551954" cert="definite">Marinier, Robert</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p533" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p534" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p535" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre, roman-photo </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p536" xml:lang="fr-FR"> <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70047823" cert="definite">Paiement, André</persName> (3 pièces en création collective; 3 pièces dans 1 livre) </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p537" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p538" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1975">1975</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p539" xml:lang="fr-FR"> théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p540" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103218742" cert="definite">Pelletier, Pierre Raphaël</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p541" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p542" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p543" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie, théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p544" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66490016" cert="definite">Poliquin, Daniel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p545" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p546" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p547" xml:lang="fr-FR"> roman </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p548" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/3653158" cert="definite">Savoie, Paul</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p549" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p550" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1974" cert="definite">1974</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p551" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p552" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/23459336" cert="definite"> Sylvestre, Paul-François</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p553" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p554" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p555" xml:lang="fr-FR"> nouvelles </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p556" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93979810" cert="definite">Tremblay, Gaston</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p557" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p558" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1976">1976</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p559" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p560" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/6375190" cert="definite">Vallières, Michel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p561" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p562" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1984" cert="definite">1984</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p563" xml:lang="fr-FR"> poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p564" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">Lignes/Signes</hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p565" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p566" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p567" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p568" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total (27 hommes)</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p569" xml:lang="fr-FR">61</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p570" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p571" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>

                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Genres pratiqués par les hommes (nombre de titres publiés)</head>
                        <table xml:id="table-4" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p572" xml:lang="fr-FR">Année</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p573" xml:lang="fr-FR">Poésie</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p574" xml:lang="fr-FR">Roman</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p575" xml:lang="fr-FR">Théâtre</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p576" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nouvelles</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p577" xml:lang="fr-FR">Récit</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p578" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p579" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1972" cert="definite">1972</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p580" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p581" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p582" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p583" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p584" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p585" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p586" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1973" cert="definite">1973 </date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p587" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p588" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p589" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p590" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p591" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p592" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p593" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1974" cert="definite">1974</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p594" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p595" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p596" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p597" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p598" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p599" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p600" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1975" cert="definite">1975</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p601" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p602" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p603" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p604" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p605" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p606" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p607" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1976" cert="definite">1976</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p608" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p609" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p610" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p611" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p612" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p613" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p614" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p615" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p616" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p617" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p618" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p619" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p620" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p621" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1978" cert="definite">1978</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p622" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p623" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p624" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p625" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p626" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p627" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 8 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p628" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p629" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p630" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p631" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p632" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p633" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p634" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p635" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p636" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p637" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p638" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p639" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p640" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p641" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p642" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p643" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p644" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p645" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p646" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p647" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p648" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p649" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p650" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p651" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p652" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p653" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p654" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p655" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p656" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1983" cert="definite">1983</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p657" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p658" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p659" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p660" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p661" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p662" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 8 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p663" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1984" cert="definite">1984</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p664" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p665" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p666" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p667" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p668" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p669" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 7 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p670" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <date when="1985" cert="definite">1985</date>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p671" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p672" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p673" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p674" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p675" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p676" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p677" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p678" xml:lang="fr-FR">39</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p679" xml:lang="fr-FR">9</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p680" xml:lang="fr-FR">11</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p681" xml:lang="fr-FR">2</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p682" xml:lang="fr-FR">1</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p683" xml:lang="fr-FR">62</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p684" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Pourcentage </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p685" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 62,0 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p686" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 14,8 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p687" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 18,0 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p688" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3,3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p689" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1,6 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p690" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 100,0 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>

                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Comparaison des genres pratiqués par les hommes et les femmes</head>
                        <table xml:id="table-5" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p691" xml:lang="fr-FR">Genre</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p692" xml:lang="fr-FR">Femmes</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p693" xml:lang="fr-FR">Hommes</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p694" xml:lang="fr-FR">F et H</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p695" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p696" xml:lang="fr-FR">Pourcentage</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p697" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Poésie </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p698" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 13 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p699" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 37 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p700" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p701" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 51 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p702" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 57,3 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p703" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Roman </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p704" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p705" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p706" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p707" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 18 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p708" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 20,2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p709" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Théâtre </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p710" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p711" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p712" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p713" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 14 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p714" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 15,7 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p715" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Nouvelles; Contes </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p716" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 3 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p717" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p718" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p719" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p720" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5,6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p721" xml:lang="fr-FR"> Récit </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p722" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 0 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p723" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p724" xml:lang="fr-FR"> </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p725" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p726" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 1,1 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p727" xml:lang="fr-FR">Total</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p728" xml:lang="fr-FR">28</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p729" xml:lang="fr-FR">58</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p730" xml:lang="fr-FR">3</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p731" xml:lang="fr-FR">89</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p732" xml:lang="fr-FR">100,0</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>

                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italic">Nombre de comptes rendus par ouvrage</hi>
                        </head>
                        <table xml:id="table-6" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p733" xml:lang="fr-FR">Auteurs</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p734" xml:lang="fr-FR">Titre</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p735" xml:lang="fr-FR">Comptes rendus</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p736" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11326673" cert="definite">Dallaire, Michel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p737" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T104059-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Regards dans l’eau<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p738" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p739" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Dalpé, Jean Marc</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p740" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T104608-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Les murs de nos villages<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p741" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 8 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p742" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93522920" cert="definite">Desbiens, Patrice</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p743" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T110013-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Les conséquences de la vie<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p744" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 0 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p745" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66490016" cert="definite">Poliquin, Daniel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p746" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">
                                            <title ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314041978" level="m" cert="definite">Temps pascal</title>
                                        </hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p747" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p748" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103218742" cert="definite">Pelletier, Pierre Raphaël</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p749" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T110441-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Temps de vie<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p750" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 4 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p751" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Brodeur, Hélène</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p752" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">
                                            <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/186283384" cert="probable">La quête d’Alexandre</title>
                                        </hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p753" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 8 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p754" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Lacelle, Andrée</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p755" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T111035-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Au soleil du souffle<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p756" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 2 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p757" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104085299" cert="definite">Lapalme, Marguerite</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p758" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T111236-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Eperdument<?oxy_comment_end?></hi>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p759" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p760" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Martin, Danielle</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p761" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <title level="m">À perce-poche</title>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p762" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 6 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p763" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Poulin, Gabrielle</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p764" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <title ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306978595" cert="definite">
                                            <hi xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" rend="italic">
                                                <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/174618349" cert="definite">Cogne la caboche</title>
                                            </hi>
                                        </title>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p765" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 9 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>

                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>
                            <hi rend="italic">Nombre de livres, études et thèses par auteur</hi>
                        </head>
                        <table xml:id="table-7" rend="No-Table-Style table-style-override-1">
                            <row rend="bold">
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p766" xml:lang="fr-FR">Auteurs</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p767" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nombre d’ouvrages</p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p768" xml:lang="fr-FR">Nombre d’études et de thèses</p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p769" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32074881" cert="definite">Dalpé, Jean Marc</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p770" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 11 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p771" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 53 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p772" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/93522920" cert="definite">Desbiens, Patrice</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p773" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 18 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p774" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 36 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p775" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66490016" cert="definite">Poliquin, Daniel</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p776" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 8 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p777" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 25 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1"> </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p778" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Brodeur, Hélène</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p779" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p780" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 15 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p781" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Lacelle, Andrée</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p782" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 7 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p783" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 5 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                            <row>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p784" xml:lang="fr-FR">
                                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Poulin, Gabrielle</persName>
                                    </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p785" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 10 </p>
                                </cell>
                                <cell rend="None cell-style-override-1">
                                    <p xml:id="p786" xml:lang="fr-FR"> 10 </p>
                                </cell>
                            </row>
                        </table>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Bibliographie</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54164803" cert="definite">Arac, Jonathan</persName>.<hi xml:lang="en-CA"><title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150330T112032-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Huckleberry Finn as Idol and Target: The Functions of Criticism in Our Time<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4074267" cert="definite">Madison</placeName>: U of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5279468" cert="definite">Wisconsin</placeName> P, <date when="1997" cert="definite">1997</date></hi>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/78818356" cert="definite">Boisclair, Isabelle</persName>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T092213-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Ouvrir la voie/x: Le processus constitutif d’un sous-champ littéraire féministe au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> (<date from="1960" to="1990">1960–1990</date>)<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134818743" cert="definite">Nota Bene</orgName>, <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14782188" cert="definite">Boivin, Aurélien</persName>. <title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin.</persName></title> <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306978595" cert="definite">Cogne la Caboche</title>. <title level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois</title> <date when="1979"> 1979</date> (<date when="1980">1980</date>): 71–73.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName>. <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T093831-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Un cri trop grand.<?oxy_comment_end?></title> <title level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois <date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date> (<date when="1981" cert="definite">1981</date>): 60–62.</title></bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T094016-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Nouveautés.<?oxy_comment_end?></title> <title level="j"><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> français</title> 36 (<date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date>): 6–13.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/276359662" cert="definite">Bonenfant, Joseph</persName>.<title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T094639-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>La courbe d’une route fascinante.<?oxy_comment_end?></title> <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T094814-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Relations<?oxy_comment_end?></title> 39.44 (<date when="1979-06" cert="definite">juin 1979</date>): 186–88.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94799498" cert="definite">Brodeur, Hélène.</persName><title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/186283384" cert="definite">Chroniques du Nouvel-<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">Ontario</placeName>. La quête d’Alexandre</title>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311377478" cert="probable">Quinze</orgName>, <date when="1981">1981</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49244640" cert="definite">Chamberland, Roger</persName>.<title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48766268" cert="definite">Danielle Martin</persName>, <title level="m">À perce-poche</title>; <persName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/84247829" cert="definite">Andrée Lacelle-Bourdon</persName>, <title level="m">Au soleil du souffle</title></title> <title level="j">Livres et auteurs québécois <date when="1979" cert="definite">1979</date> (<date when="1980" cert="definite">1980</date>): 144–45.</title></bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36934048" cert="definite">Chiasson, Herménégilde</persName>. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T100740-0600" comment="Not on the VIF list"?>Toutes les photos…<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m">Toutes les photos finissent-elles par se ressembler? Actes du forum sur la situation des arts au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999/" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> français</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6158840" cert="definite">Sudbury</placeName>,ON.: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName>, <date when="1999" cert="definite">1999</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22140703" cert="definite">Deleuze, Gilles</persName>, et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49261949" cert="definite">Félix Guattari</persName>. <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/176432578" cert="definite">Kafka. Pour une littérature mineure.</title> <date when="1975" cert="definite">1975</date>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/149880181" cert="definite">Minuit</orgName>, <date when="1989" cert="definite">1989</date>.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27325858" cert="definite">Ouellet, François.</persName><title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41857140" cert="definite">Gabrielle Poulin</persName>, <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150327T162544-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Marguerite Andersen<?oxy_comment_end?>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/11641240" cert="definite">Rachelle Renaud</persName> : le rapport amoureux qui s’écrit</title>. <title level="j">Liaison</title> 103 (<date when="1999-09-21">21 septembre 1999</date>): 11–15.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="a"> Le roman de l’écriture au féminin</title>.<title level="m">Perspectives sur la littérature franco-ontarienne.</title> Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/52015898" cert="definite">Ali Reguigui</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84969047" cert="definite">Hédi Bouraoui</persName>. Éd. revue et augmentée. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6158840" cert="definite">Sudbury</placeName>, ON.: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159375660" cert="definite">Prise de parole</orgName>, <date when="2007" cert="definite">2007</date>. 107–25.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73889695" cert="definite">Reid, Martine</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314704425" cert="definite">Des femmes en littérature.</title> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/268957823">Belin</orgName>, <date when="2010" cert="definite">2010</date>.</bibl>
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                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27104976" cert="definite">Spender, Dale</persName>.<title level="a">Women and Literary History</title>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314188297" cert="definite"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">The Feminist Reader. Essays in Gender and the Politics of Literary Criticism</hi>.</title> <date when="1989" cert="definite">1989</date>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79053888" cert="definite">Catherine Belsey</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64228331" cert="definite">Jane Moore</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4396871" cert="definite">Malden</placeName>, MA: <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4530866" cert="definite">Blackwell</placeName>, <date when="1997" cert="definite">1997</date>. 16–25.</bibl>
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                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>Crooked Ribs, Modern Martyrs, and Dull Days</head>
                    <byline>-</byline>
                    <byline>Recovering Hidden <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> Women through Their Life Writing</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305358828">Mary McDonald-Rissanen</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p xml:id="p787">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Over the last century, folk songs and stories, obituaries, paintings, newspaper advertisements, and local histories have depicted <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> (PEI) women</ref> as mystical mermaids, biblically incited victims of their body, and sometimes gracious and gentle women. <ref target="#women_writing">But in their own words, women write themselves through their daily rituals of managing households, planting their gardens, or stretching the parameters of home; they contextualize themselves within what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/72998563">Kathryn Carter</persName> refers to as <q>the small details</q> of their everyday and through deflated expressions like <q>dull day.</q></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p788">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#methodology">In this chapter, I examine the popularly available images of women and juxtapose those images with the representations that women generate in their <ref target="#theme_or_topic">life writing</ref>. <ref target="#archival_location">Journals, diaries, and letters by women from the nineteenth and early twentieth century are not widely available; my research on twenty Island women is based on their unpublished manuscripts, obtained from the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">PAROPEI</hi>).</ref> Redeeming women from their place of obscurity in their diaries and locating their inscribed sites of representation have indeed opened up a new chapter in women’s writing. <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Inspired by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71397267">Sheila Rowbotham</persName>’s work on women <q>hidden from history,</q> I began to expand my collection of Island women’s unpublished life writing and develop strategies for reading and understanding these <q>messy</q> (<persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48264025" sameAs="Steven Weiland">Weiland</persName> 204) documents. <ref target="#women_writing">Multiple readings of these diaries, ledgers, account books, and scraps of paper convinced me that the women’s choice of the autobiographical genre was instrumental in their textual articulation of voice. The diary could accept entries at any time, on any subject, and allow for textual resolutions unheard of elsewhere.</ref></ref> Initially, the task of understanding the sporadic and varied handwriting and idiosyncratic textual resolutions of each diarist—the gaps, vagueness, or silence about the <q>unsayable</q>—seemed insurmountable. But as <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94797550" sameAs="Rebecca S. Hogan">Rebecca Hogan</persName> has indicated, such practices are typical of <hi xml:lang="fr-CA" rend="italic">l’écriture feminine</hi> where the parataxical fragments of ungrammatical passages reflect the <q>non-hierarchical flow of events</q> (102) that make up a woman’s life. The sought-after cohesion in life writing texts comes through multiple readings of the diaries and lining up these documents with other cultural artifacts such as histories, paintings, or even anecdotal evidence.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p789">
                            <ref target="#health_issue">
                                <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Typically, in their diaries, these ordinary women refrained from confronting and confessing immediate threats. <ref target="#textual_strategies">Instead, the diarist creates a lacuna or silence on the subject, which the diary reader often fills in. In her diary (<date cert="definite" from="1910" to="1914">1910–1914</date>), my grandmother <persName>Amy Andrew</persName> wrote of a <q>fright</q> in <date cert="definite" when="1912">1912</date>, but the scar on her arm spoke of a more serious accident. Anecdotal evidence about the incident—an incident that Gramma talked about—also suggested that she downplayed the accident in her diary. On other occasions, she created gaps in her diary, unable to find the language for the <q>unsayable</q> situation of being newly married.</ref> <persName>Emma Chadwick Stretch</persName> very discreetly disclosed her own illness in her <date cert="definite" when="1859">1859</date> diary, focusing primarily on her child’s near-death experience. Once she recovered, we learn from Emma’s <q>account book</q> that she lost her hearing as a result of her own near-death experience.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p790">
                            <ref target="#health_issue">Numerous women diarists diverted their entries away from personal dilemmas and instead concentrated on the birth and death of farm animals rather than the same fates of their nearest and dearest. <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy Palmer Haslam</persName> and <persName>Amy Andrew</persName> reported on headaches at times when their words did not suffice for the anguish of the moment.</ref>
                            <ref target="#intertextuality">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                    <ref target="#education">Reading <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490">Lucy Palmer</persName>’s <date cert="definite" when="1887">1887</date> entries on her early teaching experiences alongside Island artist <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/40616346">Robert Harris</persName>’s painting <title level="m">The Meeting of the School Trustees</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1885">1885</date>) provides both a textual and visual representation of women’s early entry to the public sphere. Harris portrays a young school teacher standing in the midst of four male school trustees in a <date cert="definite" from="1800" to="1899">nineteenth-century</date> <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> classroom. Harris was influenced by his visit to an Island classroom where he witnessed women’s entry into the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">public sphere</ref> as teachers. Lucy’s textual trepidation matches that of the young teacher in Harris’s famous painting.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                            <ref target="#close_reading">
                                <ref target="#religion"><persName>Amy Andrew</persName>’s obvious anxiety of losing her sister <persName>Marion</persName> to the stream of outward migration was folded into the account of her withdrawal from attending church; similarly, when the mare died, she wrote again, <q>did not go to church.</q> She could not admit to her sorrow, but her actions could acknowledge an inability to fall into the social expectation of going to church, which then indicated her sadness.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p791">
                            <ref target="#methodology">My excursion into the study of diaries and their retrieval from the archives resembles the numerous rambles I’ve made on Island beaches and my stumbling over unexpected finds. These texts, the Island women’s diaries, have emerged like sandstones surfacing with the outgoing tide. The research process of searching, finding, reading, and rereading illegible texts had a rhythm like that of the tides. Each receding wave exposes more sandstones, and the repetitive readings simultaneously give shape to the fragile surfaces of the sandstone artifacts while reassembling them. <ref target="#representation_of_women">The similarity of the women’s diaries to sandstones—both worn through time by the elements, scattered here and there—led me to think of the shore as a site for studying women and their representation.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p792">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">Women and the sea are linked by the artifacts they deposit at the sea’s feet, their sandstone diaries. But women themselves have been the objects of other cultural forms such as folk songs, folk stories, and they have generally been portrayed alongside their fathers, brothers, and husbands. <ref target="#women_writing">Seldom did women participate in the inscription of public records; instead, women were the object of songs, stories, and advertisements.</ref> Ironically, many of the <ref target="#theme_or_topic">women of folksongs</ref> met their fate on the same shores that their sisters’ sandstone diaries were honed and harvested.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p793">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre_music">
                                    <ref target="#violence">The musical lyrics of nine songs in <title level="m">Folksongs from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName></title> that feature women as the main thematic element and originate from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a revealing point of departure for taking up women’s imaging in popular culture, past and present. Encounters of love near the sea proved to be fatal. Four of the nine women in these folksongs die in circumstances of love near the sea. <ref target="#characterization">Alice, Sally, and Liza meet cruel fates in beautiful settings while believing in the love of their eventual slayer.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p794">
                            <ref target="#characterization">
                                <ref target="#violence">Consider Alice, from the popular Island folksong <title level="a">The Gay Spanish Maid,</title> who dies on the shore like a rose nipped by the frost while waiting for her <q>gay gallant youth.</q> <ref target="#health_issue">Their love blossomed on the shore, where she dies of hypothermia while he returns from his wrecked ship on a plank.</ref> A familiar pattern emerges as the woman succumbs to a beautiful death and the man survives a heroic encounter with the elements. Pretty Mary in <title level="a">The Murder of Mary Tuplin</title> was taken in by the tide and found by her parents after being murdered by her jealous lover. The bonnie lassie <title level="a">Sally Munroe</title> was stolen away from her <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2655984">Belfast</placeName> home by Jimmy Dixon. The sweet and pleasant gale takes Sally and Jimmy from the sandy shore in the hope of a new beginning across the sea, but the dark clouds consume their ship and the young lovers. Liza defied the raging wind and left her dear home to meet James by <title level="a">The Old Oak Tree.</title> Weeks later, the innocent murdered maid was dug up from under the same tree with her lover’s knife in her breast.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p795">
                            <ref target="#characterization">The five surviving women take leave of their familiar domestic sphere, their fates linked with the dangers of moving alone in the world. The nameless woman at the <placeName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4930983">Boston Harbor</placeName> depicted in <title level="a">Coatman’s Saloon</title> deceives her male companion by pretending to be a rich widow. The deceitful woman <q>Eve</q> in <title level="a">The Crooked Rib</title> is wild and stubborn like an unruly horse. The flirtatious <title level="a">Rose of <placeName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5933879">Cumberland</placeName>,</title> with her cunning eyes, fails to seduce the sportsman who insists coastal girls are more handsome. Mary Ann of <title level="a">The Jim Ross Song</title> dares to say <q>no</q> while other <q>maidens cried and mourned for the groom.</q> The snotty nosed wife in <q>What Do You Think of My Darling?</q> inspires the husband’s hope that the devil would sweep her away soon. </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p796">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#characterization">All give a gloomy picture of the Island woman, in love and despair, particularly when she takes leave of her home for the city or the wilds of nature and exercises her independence. Still Eve, Rose, Mary Ann, and their two nameless sisters survive by their cunning, deceitful, flirtatious, snotty, wild, and stubborn dispositions, at least in these folksong depictions.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p797">
                            <ref target="#genre_music">
                                <ref target="#economics">
                                    <ref target="#characterization">The natural landscapes of the shore, the outer limits of society, figure strongly as a place of resolution for women once they have left the security of home, whether in Ireland or Prince Edward Island itself. In retrospect, songs like <title level="a">Coatman’s Saloon</title> serve as a warning to the many young Maritime women who joined the exodus to seek employment outside the region and, more specifically, to those who, in the <date cert="speculative" from="1900" to="1939">early 1900s</date>, headed for the eastern United States or Western Canada. Whether woman’s fate be death or moral stagnation, as is the case of the <q>wealthy widow</q> of <title level="a">Coatman’s Saloon,</title> departure from home was a fatal move for many of the women of folksongs. <ref target="#violence">In <title level="a">The Old Oak Tree,</title> Liza fails to return home from her stormy night sojourn with Squire James Mac Callum only to be found with her heart pierced by Mac Callum’s knife, buried under the same tree where he had once professed his love to her.</ref> <ref target="#gender_issue"><ref target="#representation_of_women">Those women who challenged the proposals of men, as Mary Ann did, or initiated romance, as Rose did, were regarded as a threat to the status quo and were destined to be the subject of folksongs. Images of women derived from folksongs, diaries, works of art, and other artifacts give both contradicting and complementary vignettes of the circumstances Island women faced in the nineteenth century.</ref> The pull of domesticity to maintain a home and raise a family versus the attraction to a less traditional life on the mainland was on the minds of modern women. The independent woman had few niches in Island communities as women’s presence was vital for maintaining traditional lifestyles and for the very survival of the farming and fishing families. Songs and stories reiterated that women stay in those designated places regardless of the price.</ref></ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p798">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#historical_oppression">In his book <title level="m">Them Times</title>, Island historian <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/75419828">David Weale</persName> writes historical vignettes, stories about the good old days, which include women but do not give women direct voice. Written in a third-person narrative in an ethnographic form, such folk stories are meant to depict what life was like on <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> when the <date cert="definite" from="1900" to="1999">twentieth century</date> <q>seemed to hit the Island.</q> Judging by his selection of stories, women from these times are to be celebrated for their roles as mother and wife in the bosom of domesticity: <q>a woman’s house was her person you see, and her pride and joy</q> (21). Weale was obviously engaging in what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91929241">Shirley Neuman</persName> refers to as <q>contemporary narratives of disappearing ways of life</q> (349) as he turns his narrative into a romancing of past hardships. Women, Island historian <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35969463">Edward MacDonald</persName> reminds us, were at this time <q>silent partners in the life of the Island…far away from the levers of social, political or economic power</q> (62).</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p799">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre">
                                    <ref target="#gender_issue"><ref target="non-book_media">Similarly, advertisements in the Island media from the early twentieth century gave one-sided representations of women and reinforced the myths of women as the weaker sex or even unfit for the public sphere because of their female biological and social functions related to fertility, childbearing, and childrearing. The <title level="a">Modern Martyrs</title> advertisement features a voluptuously dressed woman whose demeanor the audience is meant to read as an indication that the age of martyrs has not passed. She stands at the stake fueled by the flames of disease, a victim of her own biology and a vehicle through which medical remedies were promoted.</ref> As <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/88084554">Rosalind Coward</persName> writes, <q>women were put to work by the images</q> (82) and offered man-made cures like Orange Lily to get relief from their <q>female function</q> and paradoxically resume being healthy, happy, fertile mothers.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p800">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">
                                <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                    <ref target="#women_writing">Like advertisements, obituaries most often obscured traces of women’s daily lives. Furthermore, the obituary tends to overwrite any representation a woman may have carved out for herself during her lifetime in her journal. According to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93575950">G. Thomas Couser</persName>, the obituary is the most widely disseminated life writing genre and thus the one most widely consumed by the public. When <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy Palmer Haslam</persName> (<date cert="definite" from="1884" to="1943">1884–1943</date>) died, leaving twenty extensive handwritten diaries that document her life from the age of eighteen to her time as a teacher, her marriage, and life as an entrepreneurial farm wife, her obituary spoke of her family relations and the funeral details. It summed her up thus: <q>The late Mrs. Haslam was widely known and highly esteemed in the community in which she had lived for many years.</q> Her volumes of texts, where she discreetly reveals her apprehensions as a young teacher, her budding professionalism in the public domain, and the transactions of her poultry business, are all forgotten. Lucy’s obituary memorializes her within the typical frames of death writing—chronicling and commemorating—thus ignoring the journal inscriptions of this gregarious writing subject, the one buried within the pages of her diary in the archives.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Turning to Life Writing and Seeing Women in Their Own Words</head>
                        <p xml:id="p801">Images such as those projected in the folk songs, folk stories, advertisements, and obituaries I have discussed are popular, familiar, and easily transmitted and received. <ref target="#archival_location">By contrast, the opaque handwritten texts of the Island women diarists could never reach extensive audiences, not only because they are tucked away in obscure locations like archives but because of their discursive nature. Illegible handwriting, lack of cohesiveness, references to unknown people, gaps in the text, as well as information disguised through vague metaphors, all characterize the personal diaries in their handwritten, unedited form.</ref> </p>
                        <p xml:id="p802">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#women_writing">The <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="fr-CA">journal intime</hi>, ledger, or diary, by its form and formlessness and absence of the necessity to adhere to any literary conventions, had a particular appeal to women. Here a woman could write when time permitted for whatever length and exercise her literacy on any topic she deemed worthy of recounting. The woman’s diary was a safe zone for playing with writing and recording conventions, even self-imposed conventions like writing poetry in the margins, inserting sketches, occasionally hiding information, or partially revealing something. In her diary, she was creating a place of her own.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p803">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                    <ref target="#representation_of_women"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35969463" sameAs="Edward MacDonald">MacDonald</persName>’s claim about women as <q>silent partners</q> can be contested: in fact, women diarists emerged as agents within their own spheres and wrote out their rapport with nature in minimalist discourse, recorded engagement with current social movements, or gave unique descriptions of social intercourse in their local communities. Women’s own portrayals of their roles as mother, wife, and homemaker in the context of their life writing defy a strict demarcation of the private sphere of the home and the public sphere. Women’s life writing gave depth as well as new perspectives on self-images and social milieu.</ref>
                                </ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p804">
                            <ref target="#economics"><persName>Emma Chadwick Stretch</persName> migrated to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> in the <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1855" to="1859">late 1850s</date> from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName> with her husband and children and set up house on a farm in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6059782">Long River</placeName>. Her <date cert="definite" from="1859" to="1860">1859–1860</date> diary/account book illustrates the complexity of domesticity. Recording her numerous daily transactions as an entrepreneur, she weaves a rare social documentary of her experiences as a New World subject. Her diary is an account book of tea transactions carried out with the neighbours that evolves into a story of immigration comparable to that of the more famous immigrant narratives of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/20989">Susanna Moodie</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7512952">Catharine Parr Trail</persName>. What is remarkable is how Emma’s <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="fr-CA">journal intime</hi> became her vehicle for finding a new voice in her new found land through the telling of the system of bartering she established. While Emma will likely never be written up in the history of business entrepreneurs, she is undoubtedly an example of how women opened female avenues for establishing economic enterprises like those referred to by<persName cert="definite" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/59083135"> Charlotte Perkins Gilman</persName> in her <date cert="definite" when="1898">1898</date> manifesto <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312529818">Women and Economics</title>. <ref target="#genre_issue">But what is more important is how <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName> sabotaged the autobiographical genre and increasingly used her ledger as a discursive location for inscribing a new world identity.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p805">
                            <ref target="#economics">An excerpt from <persName>Emma Chadwick Stretch</persName>’s <date cert="definite" when="1859">1859</date> ledger diary illustrates how she succinctly captures her everyday activities of neighbours’ visits and her trade of tea and other goods: <q><date cert="definite" when="1859-12-15">Friday December 15</date>, <?oxy_comment_start author="mikalson" timestamp="20150112T163424-0700" comment="should I tag names in the diary?"?>A Oldfield came for ½ lb of tea and also Betsy Shaw. Joe went up to Mr Knights. W Hodson borrowed riding saddle<?oxy_comment_end?>.</q> <ref target="#health_issue">But then, on Sundays, her diary discourse takes on other features. <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName> talks of visitors, time alone, and children’s and her own health. On <date cert="definite" when="1859-09-18">Sunday, September 18, 1859</date> Emma wrote: <q>Took baby down to the beach for a walk children had a sail in the boat H and A Blue came up to tea and Mr. and Mrs. Hodgson spent the evening with us.</q> <ref target="#close_reading">Tea in this entry is a commodity to be enjoyed in the company of neighbours and not a currency of transactions.</ref> As an immigrant, Emma’s new motherland discourse is refined in her Island circumstances. Between the lines of her tea transactions and her Sunday sojourns in the pastures surrounding her farm, Emma negotiates her New World subject position.</ref> <ref target="#textual_strategies"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114857891">Irene Gammel</persName> has suggested ways of understanding the discursive strategies taken up by women in their life writing. <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName>’s linguistic downplay of certain issues, such as her health, her shifts away from commercial tea transactions, and her representations of peaceful Sundays, all signal her power as author to manoeuver her position in her own diary discourse. In effect, Emma controls what Gammel calls <q>confessional modalities.</q></ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p806">
                            <ref target="#history">Theatricality and playing with language and theme obviously drew women to the genre. <ref target="#close_reading">In the shelter of her <date cert="definite" when="1864">1864</date> travel diary, <persName>Mercy Ann Coles</persName> (daughter of one of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName>’s delegates to the historic <listEvent> <event> <label>Quebec Conference</label> </event> </listEvent>, which determined Canada’s emergence as a sovereign nation) carries on a performance of flirting with <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>’s nation builders much in the same way that the nation-builder Fathers of Confederation were attempting to seduce the eastern provinces into a political union. Mercy Ann Coles writes: <q type="block">Wednesday morning: We went to the drawing room last night, quite a crowd when we all got together and the ladies looked very well and were quite a credit to the lower Provinces. Pa, Ma and I went together and half the gentlemen wanted to take me but I preferred to go in with Papa. The Governor General stood in the middle of the room with his private secretary on his right, we did not require cards as the aides announced all the time…Mr Tilley took charge of me and walked about with me the whole evening.</q></ref> <ref target="#textual_strategies">The juxtaposition of <persName sameAs="Mercy Ann Coles">Mercy Ann </persName>’s linguistic flamboyance in her travel diary and <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName>’s flat discourse in her shop ledger illustrates how women were able, in their idiosyncratic ways, to disrupt the confessional frames and unsettle the confessional reader by their choices of confessional interventions. Emma’s absence of intervention, despite being the invisible scribe of transactions of tea and nurse of sick children as she herself fought for her life, became her trademark confessional interventional strategy, while Mercy Ann positioned herself in the limelight of Canada’s political elite.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p807">
                            <ref target="#textual_strategies">Pioneer <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName>, socialite/dilettante <persName sameAs="Mercy Ann Coles">Mercy Ann</persName>, grandmother <persName sameAs="Amy Andrew">Amy</persName>, teacher <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy</persName>, like so many diarists, <q>encode boundaries and warnings, signaling their desire to create their own safe space in which to articulate their personal and sexual lives, while defying confessional entrapments</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114857891" sameAs="Irene Gammel">Gammel</persName> 2). Through the writers’ idiosyncratic textual and thematic resolutions, the confessional reader is beckoned to pause and consider, why this detail now. Such is the case with my newlywed grandmother and novice schoolteacher Lucy Palmer and their confessional modalities or writing strategies and the gaps they interjected when they encountered new situations.</ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head><ref target="#theme_or_topic">Religion</ref> and Life Writing</head>
                        <p xml:id="p808">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#religion">While these twenty or so diarists fulfilled their autobiographical pact over and over again, day in day out, constructing a self through their oftentimes complex meaning systems, there is no evidence that Island women, other than those of Protestant faith, engaged in life writing. This raises several questions concerning diary writing and the role of religion, and how representative these diaries of Island women actually are. Foremost is the question, did Catholic women keep diaries or participate in the practice of life writing? Religion has been an important part of the cultural baggage that immigrants bring to their new destination. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> is a case in point, considering how early settlers established their new communities around churches, schools, and shops. Travel down any Island road and every few miles white wooden spires break the pastoral landscapes to indicate that the settlers were primarily either Protestant or Catholic. Today, the decommissioning of many of these churches signals religion is not the definitive aspect of Islanders’ everyday life it once was.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p809">
                            <ref target="#religion"><ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">Women’s diaries from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries give testimony to the interrelatedness of home and community. The shared values of home, school, and church gushed from diarists’ pages. <persName>Violet Goldsmith</persName>, a teacher in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883166">Alberton, PEI</placeName> wrote in her diary in <date cert="definite" when="1900">1900</date>, <q type="block"><date cert="definite" when="1900-07-19">Thursday, July 19</date> Sunday we went to the Presbyterian church morning and evening and to school in the afternoon. Rev Mr. Cairns preached. Mr. McKay addressed school. Mr. Chas Sterns taught the class I was in. Monday was the day of the Catholic tea. Some people came here from Souris.…We had a very nice time at the tea.</q> But this diarist was Protestant; all of the women diarists in my research were Protestant and wrote from homes, schools, and churches that subscribed to Protestant doctrine. Catholic women did not leave any testimony from the same period.</ref> <ref target="#archival_location">My discussions with the Sisters of the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/261779725" sameAs="Congregation of Notre-Dame">Congregation of Notre Dame</orgName> and the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125409060">Sisters of Saint Martha</orgName> assured me that those Island women who aspired to be nuns were required to write a letter in order to be considered as an entrant to the convent. Such letters from Island women are housed in the archives of the Notre Dame in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246">Montreal</placeName> but permission to see those letters from the Island entrants has not been granted to me. The Sisters of Saint Martha have similar archives in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> but permission to view their documents has not been granted either. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44324936">Marta Danylewycz</persName> acknowledges that <q>there was some reluctance on the part of the religious communities to allow historians into the convent. It was and still is the convent’s right to deny researchers access to their archival holdings and to discourage their members from talking about themselves and their community to the public</q>(14). Until these restrictions can be circumvented, no evidence of other life writing can emerge from the past pens of Catholic women on Prince Edward Island.</ref> The importance of retrieving letters, diaries, or other autobiographical documents from Catholic women of this same era would expand the collection of Island women voices and broaden our understanding of their subjective realities. The cultural memory passed to us by such documents is instrumental for reformulating our history. As <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100165291">Jan Assmann</persName> observes, <q>cultural memory is…handed down, learned, taught, researched, interpreted, and practiced because it is needed, because it belongs to us and for that reason has to be sustained and perpetuated by us</q> (24). For someone like myself, having been born and brought up Catholic on Prince Edward Island, where I also attended convents and was taught by and even lived with nuns, and spent my first year of university at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/138294078" sameAs="St Dunstan's University">St. Dunstan’s</orgName>, a Catholic university before it became non-denominational, there is a sadness in the absence of life writing from Catholic women about the experience and history of these institutions, all of which have now been laid to rest. It seems ironic that Catholic women do have a history of social engagement that can only be accessed on a factual level. <date cert="definite" from="1881" to="1920">Between 1881 and 1920</date>, approximately 150 Catholic PEI women joined the religious order of the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/261779725" sameAs="Congregation of Notre-Dame">Congregation of the Notre Dame</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">CND</hi>). In <date cert="definite" when="1857">1857</date>, four sisters arrived on the Island from the Motherhouse in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077246">Montreal</placeName> to extend their tradition of education and social service among Island Catholics. In <date cert="definite" when="1916">1916</date>, sisters from the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125409060" sameAs="Sisters of Saint Martha">Congregation of Saint Martha</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">CSM</hi>) took up positions in hospitals and numerous other sites, setting in motion a kind of <q>feminist spirituality.</q> The <hi rend="small-caps">CSM</hi> (the Marthas) saw three hundred Island women join their order <date cert="definite" from="1916" to="1982">from 1916 to 1982</date>.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p810">
                            <ref target="#religion">Statistics have indicated a long and almost constant equal distribution of Islanders along religious lines. At the time <persName>Emma Chadwick Stretch</persName> migrated to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName>, the distribution of the population according to religion lists 44,416 Protestants (Church of England, Presbyterians, Kirk of Scotland, Methodists, Baptists, Bible Christians, and Universalists) and 35,852 Catholics (<title level="j">Journal of the House of Assembly, PEI</title>, 1862, Appendix A). Diarists like <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy Palmer Haslam</persName> or <persName>Violet Goldsmith</persName>, both Island schoolteachers from <date cert="definite" from="1890" to="1899">the 1890s</date> and <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1900" to="1905">early 1900s</date>, give some indication of how their religious upbringing and faith inspired their diary writing. <ref target="#intertextuality">Both provide innumerable references to their reading and familiarity with the Bible by quoting biblical texts, listing hymns, and accounting the social activities affiliated with their respective churches.</ref> <ref target="#close_reading">On <date cert="definite" when="1890-04-06">April 6, 1890</date>, Lucy Palmer wrote, <q type="block">All drove up to Church. Roads pretty bad. Mr. Millan preached a good sermon for it being Easter Sunday from Luke xxiv.34.…Drove up to Prayer Meeting in evening, Minister read the 27th Chap of Acts.…Charlie Black was there &amp; took Edith home from Church.</q> Violet Goldsmith, the daughter of a church minister, cultivates and asserts her moral superiority in her <date cert="definite" when="1900">1900</date> journal: <q type="block">Mr. &amp; Mrs. Holmes went to Fredericton Wed. &amp; Mr. H. came home drunk. The trainman dumped him on the siding &amp; he was there some time before we knew it. Miss Gills, [?] the girl Mrs. H. left in charge &amp; I went down and brought him home. When we got there we found the house full of company. We got a fire on in the parlour &amp; I went down got the company in there. Mr. H. had a bottle of whiskey with him and I ran down the hill with it, broke it against the fence. He was very cross when they first told [him], but he is glad now. He feels very much ashamed of himself this morning.</q> <persName sameAs="Violet Goldsmith">Violet</persName> rather picturesquely writes how she walked the moral higher ground by taking control of the situation, confiscating the liquor, and accommodating the visitors. Her diary serves as a repository of her good deeds, as an expression of accountability to her God.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p811">
                            <ref target="#religion">The literacy that Bible reading facilitates appears to go hand in hand with diary keeping. Women diarists such as <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy Palmer</persName>’s sister <persName>Amelia</persName> often filled pages of her diary with psalms and verse. By contrast, their Catholic sisters were not encouraged to read the Bible but instead to follow the reading and interpretation of scripture by their clergy. There is little evidence that Island women rigorously examined themselves and the lives they were leading or how they had fallen away from God, as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/74018662">Catherine A. Brekus</persName> indicates the Puritans did in their devotional diaries. Nor were Lucy and her kind writing for redemption and salvation; instead, most women diarists were being faithful to their autobiographical pact to inscribe the self with all its flaws and imperfections that emerged in their everydayness.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p812">
                            <ref target="#religion">For <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy</persName>, <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName>, and many others, writing a diary was a kind of liberation, and their textuality is more serendipitous in its religious referencing and self-examination. On <date cert="definite" when="1890-03-04">March 4, 1890</date>, Lucy Palmer, spending her third year as a teacher in <placeName>Malpeque</placeName>, wrote, <q>Went down to the sewing circle at John Montgomery’s had a splendid time a great many there &amp; a beautiful moon light night.</q> The gaps, metaphors, and vagueness in the Island women’s diaries suggest that they were not weaning themselves from their carnal desires as their Puritan sisters did in their diaries but were withholding or masking information about those pleasures they engaged in. Novice teacher Lucy Palmer’s repetitive moonlit nights excerpts take on the semblance of a siren yearning for romance as she cautiously admits through references to the moon, the wind, and the sleigh ride her innermost desires. On <date cert="definite" when="1888-01-28">January 28, 1888</date>, Lucy wrote: <q>It is the loveliest moon light night that I was ever out not a breath of wind. How I would love a sleigh drive.</q> <ref target="#women_writing">This confession to the self, about the self, and for the self appears to have been supported by the urge of these literate Protestant women to preserve their special abilities to read and write and celebrate their affluence of having a pen, pencil, paper, or even a diary to record their lives and circumstances.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p813">
                            <ref target="#religion"><ref target="#intertextuality">The Island diarists discussed here undoubtedly took part in the innermost expression of self through their <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="fr-CA">journal intime</hi>, an articulation facilitated by the literary models of the Bible and the conduct manuals of their homes.</ref> By contrast, their Catholic sisters were forced to confess to their priest who would then mediate on their behalf to their God and participate in what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35803025">Liz Stanley</persName> refers to as <q>an external system of surveillance</q> (45) associated with organization, power, and audit. This could partially account for the absence of Catholic women’s life writing among nineteenth-century <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> women. For a Catholic woman to confess in her diary would be contrary to her religion and frowned upon. Therefore, the existence of, or the survival and preservation of, any documents such as diaries or journals could be evidence that a Catholic woman had sinned by the act of self-examination. Under the watchful eye of church and community, Catholic women indulging in self(-ish) scrutiny would not be performing their anticipated role with humility and obedience. What good Catholic family would acknowledge a daughter, sister, or mother who had been keeping a diary and preserve the document with pride and seek to have it immortalized, making the artifact publicly available in the archives? My supposition is that Catholic women did not participate in the tradition of diary writing as they had neither the impetus to confess in this way, nor the literary impulse that reading and transcribing the Bible instilled in their Protestant sisters.<ref target="#historical_oppression"> Island women’s diaries presented here are part of the extensive body of texts through which one can interrogate women’s exclusionary practices in historical discourse and literary formations. But, for Catholic women, it appears to have been a self-exclusionary practice from the recording process.</ref></ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p814">
                            <ref target="#history">For Island women, <date cert="reasonably certain" from="1880" to="1920">the late 1800s and the early 1900s</date> was a period of <q>attempting to articulate a subjectivity that has remained unscribed</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110632386" sameAs="Alison Prentice">Prentice</persName> et al. 164). It is a fact that few if any Island women are written into the chronicles of <placeName>Canada</placeName>’s <date cert="definite" when="1867">1867</date> <listEvent> <event> <label>Confederation</label> </event> </listEvent>, despite the fact that <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> is designated the birthplace of <placeName>Canada</placeName> and labeled the cradle of <listEvent> <event> <label>Confederation</label> </event> </listEvent>, which alludes to the important feminine preoccupations of maternity.</ref>
                            <ref target="#women_writing">
                                <ref target="#politics">Women such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79410038">Margaret Gray Lord</persName> did witness the event, but, instead of recording the notorious sociopolitical events of her time in her diary, she focuses on her more immediate spheres of influence and her philanthropy through the church, the women’s movement, and temperance campaigns, giving us a more nuanced account of her <placeName>Charlottetown</placeName>. On <date cert="definite" when="1897-01-04">January 4, 1897</date> she wrote, <q>I went into the <hi rend="small-caps">WCTU</hi> (<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122618601" sameAs="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Women’s Christian Temperance Union</orgName>) to the prayer meeting praying for the success of the prohibition bill.</q> Protestant women such as Margaret Gray Lord were more individualistic in their response to social issues and recorded engagement with prohibition, the war effort, missionaries, and enfranchisement.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p815">
                            <ref target="#archival_location">Until more life writing texts from Island women are found and examined, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> women’s visions will remain buried beneath the facts of organizations and institutions. <ref target="#history">Without these subjective accounts, what now appears is a history without women’s voice.</ref> But the Island diarists that have been recovered so far have much to say in their idiosyncratic voices. We can only linger on the shore and long for the low tide in anticipation of more such artifacts.</ref>
                        </p>
                        <p xml:id="p816">
                            <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                                <ref target="#representation_of_women"><ref target="#characterization">Rose, Sally, Alice, and the many other women embedded in folksongs and stories from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName> serve as reminders to women of the risks of defying their place in society and following their hearts.</ref> The songs issue cautionary tales of the dire consequences awaiting women who move from the hearth to the wilds of the shore and beyond. By contrast, <persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Emma</persName>, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy</persName>, <persName sameAs="Amy Andrew">Amy</persName>, and other Island women diarists, by the very task of writing and keeping a diary, challenge such representations and exhibit the power of the writing woman agent. In <date cert="definite" when="1887-05">May 1887</date>, Lucy Palmer wrote in her diary: <q>Very warm day. Fields lovely &amp; dry. Bessie and I went over to Mr James McNutts to a party had a very nice time, lovely moonlight night got home at 10:30.</q> <ref target="#women_writing">As a novice teacher empowered by the experience of writing, <persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Lucy</persName> jettisoned herself and her kind into new frontiers without trepidation. Numerous other Island women wrote their lives on and off the Island in their diaries while Lucy wrote hers, assuring women that they were experiencing life as <q>new women</q> on their own terms, in their own words.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <bibl><persName sameAs="Any Andrew">Andrew, Amy Darby (née Tanton)</persName>. <title level="u">A Line a Day.</title> Unpublished diary, <date cert="definite" from="1910" to="1914">1910–1914</date>. Estate of <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106248662" sameAs="Katherine M. McDonald">Katherine (née Andrew) McDonald</persName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100165291" sameAs="Jan Assmann">Assmann, Jan</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312478264" sameAs="Religion und kulturelles Gedächtnis">Religion and Cultural Memory</title>. <placeName>Stanford, CA</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145613647" sameAs="Stanford University Press">Stanford UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/74018662" sameAs="Catherine A. Brekus">Brekus, Catherine A.</persName> <title level="a">A Place to Go to Connect with Yourself: A Historical Perspective on Journaling.</title> <title level="m">The Religion and Culture Web Forum</title>. Marty Martin Center for the Advanced Study of Religion, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/143657677">University of Chicago</orgName> Divinity School. <date cert="definite" when="2004-02">February 2004</date>. Web. <date cert="definite" when="2013-09-03">3 September 2013</date>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/72998563" sameAs="Kathryn Carter">Carter, Kathryn</persName>. <title level="m">The Small Details of Life: Twenty Diaries by Women in <placeName>Canada</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="1830" to="1996">1830–1996</date></title>. <placeName>Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2002">2002</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName sameAs="Mercy Ann Coles">Coles, Mercy Ann</persName>. <title level="a">She Saw <placeName>Canada</placeName> Born—Diary of Mercy Ann Coles.</title> <title level="j">Atlantic Advocate</title> <date cert="definite" when="1865-11">November 1865</date>: 40–44. Accession no. 2541/40. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName>, <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93575950" sameAs="G. Thomas Couser">Couser, G. Thomas</persName>. <title level="a">The Obituary of a Face: <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/3163788">Lucy Grealy</persName>, Death Writing and Posthumous Harm.</title> <title level="j">Auto/Biography</title> 12.1 (<date cert="definite" when="2004">2004</date>): 1–15. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/88084554" sameAs="Rosalind Coward">Coward, Rosalind</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/176622816" sameAs="Female Desire">Female Desire: Woman’s Sexuality Today</title>. <placeName>Aylesbury, UK</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124330254" sameAs="Paladin Press">Paladin</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1987">1987</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44324936" sameAs="Marta Danylewycz">Danylewycz, Marta</persName>. <title level="m">Taking the Veil: An Alternative to Marriage, Motherhood, and Spinsterhood in <placeName>Quebec</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="1840" to="1920">1840–1920</date></title>. <placeName>Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140384426">McClelland and Stewart</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName>Dibblee, Randall</persName>, and <persName>Dorothy Dibblee</persName>. <title level="m">Folksongs from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName></title>. <placeName>Summerside, PEI</placeName>: <orgName>Williams and Crue</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1973">1973</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><title level="a">Dr. Hugo’s Health Tablets For Women.</title> <title level="j">The Pioneer</title> <date cert="definite" when="1905-01-07">7 January 1905</date>, 8. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114857891" sameAs="Irene Gammel">Gammel, Irene</persName>. <title level="m">Confessional Politics: Women’s Sexual Self-Representation in Life Writing and Popular Media</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114857891">Irene Gammel</persName>. <placeName>Carbondale</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153672966" sameAs="Southern Illinois University Press">Southern Illinois UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1999">1999</date>. 1–10. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59083135" sameAs="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman, Charlotte Perkins</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312529818" sameAs="Women and Economics">Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relations between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution</title>. <date cert="definite" when="1898">1898</date>. <placeName>Berkeley</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148948307" sameAs="University of California Press">U of California P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName sameAs="Violet E. Goldsmith">Goldsmith, Violet E.</persName> <title level="a">Diary of Violet E. Goldsmith.</title> Accession no. 3381/1. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName>, <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/221109490" sameAs="Lucy Palmer">Haslam, Lucy Palmer</persName>. Journals and correspondence. Accession no. 4311. Palmer Haslam Family fonds. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName>, <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94797550" sameAs="Rebecca S. Hogan">Hogan, Rebecca</persName>. <title level="a">Engendered Autobiographies: The Diary as a Feminine Form.</title> <title level="m">Autobiography and Questions of Gender</title>. <placeName>London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/158876127" sameAs="Frank Cass and Co.">Frank Cass</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. 95–107. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><title level="j">Journal of the House of Assembly, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358" sameAs="Prince Edward Island">PEI</placeName>,</title> <date cert="definite" when="1862">1862</date>, Appendix A.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79410038" sameAs="Margaret Lord Gray">Lord, Margaret Gray</persName>. Journals of Margaret Pennefather Stukely Gray, daughter of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104455144" sameAs="John Hamilton Gray">Col. John Hamilton Gray</persName>, later Mrs. Artemas Lord. 39 vols. Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation Collection, Margaret Gray Lord fonds. Accession no. 3466/hf 78.63. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName>, <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35969463" sameAs="Edward MacDonald">MacDonald, Edward</persName>. <title level="m">If You’re Stronghearted: <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> in the <date cert="definite" from="1900" to="1999">Twentieth Century</date></title>. <placeName>Charlottetown</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127492352" sameAs="Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation">PEI Museum and Heritage Foundation</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2000">2000</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><title level="a">Modern Martyrs.</title> Advertisement. <title level="j">The Island Farmer</title> <date cert="definite" when="1914-03-25">25 March 1914</date>, 7. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91929241" sameAs="Shirley Neuman">Neuman, Shirley</persName>. <title level="a">Life Writing,</title> <title level="m">Literary History of <placeName>Canada</placeName>: Canadian Literature in English</title>. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54169528">W.H. New</persName> et al. <placeName>Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" sameAs="University of Toronto Press">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1990">1990</date>. 333–70. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110632386" sameAs="Alison Prentice">Prentice, Alison</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/62870806">Paula Bourne</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46979304">Gail Cuthbert Brandt</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119934297">Beth Light</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311217034">Wendy Mitchinson</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/246399844">Naomi Black</persName>. <title level="m">Canadian Women: A History</title>. <placeName>Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/167837026" sameAs="Harcourt Brace and Company">Harcourt Brace</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71397267" sameAs="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham, Sheila</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308616471">Hidden from History: 300 Years of Women’s Oppression and the Fight against It</title>. <placeName>Bristol</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153708803">Pluto Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1989">1989</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35803025" sameAs="Liz Stanley">Stanley, Liz</persName>. <title level="a">Self-made Woman.</title> <title level="m">Feminism and Autobiography: Texts, Theories, Methods</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109984323">Tess Cosslett</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7491199">Celia Lury</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/91878615">Penny Summerfield</persName>. <placeName>London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123500307">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2000">2000</date>. 40–60. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName sameAs="Emma Chadwick Stretch">Stretch, Mrs. Joseph (née Emma Ann Chadwick)</persName>. <title level="a">Diary and Account Book of Mrs. Joseph Stretch, Long River, <date cert="definite" from="1850" to="1860">c1850–60</date>.</title> Accession no. 2540/1. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/263169033" sameAs="Public Archives of Prince Edward Island">Public Archives and Records Office of Prince Edward Island</orgName>, <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/75419828" sameAs="David Weale">Weale, David</persName>. <title level="m">Them Times</title>. <placeName>Charlottetown, PEI</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125417773" sameAs="University of Prince Edward Island. Institute of Island Studies">Institute of Island Studies</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1992">1992</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        <bibl><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/48264025" sameAs="Steven Weiland">Weiland, Steven</persName>. <title level="a">Writers as Readers in Narrative Inquiry: Learning from Biography.</title> <title level="m">Up Close and Personal: The Teaching and Learning of Narrative Research</title>. <placeName>Washington, DC</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153428680">American Psychological Association</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2003">2003</date>. 199–214. Print.</bibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>Common Measure</head>
                    <byline><hi rend="italic"><q>Folk Poetry</q></hi> and the Scandal of Canadian Literature</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <hi rend="small-caps">
                            <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110237888" cert="definite">Gary Kelly</persName>
                        </hi>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <p xml:id="p817">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">What <ref target="#theme_or_topic">Canadian literature</ref> publishes and studies, most Canadians seldom read, unless for school or college. What most Canadians read and write, Canadian literature seldom studies, and most such studies come from outside Canadian literature. <ref target="#genre_poetry">An example is <ref target="#theme_or_topic">study of <q>folk poetry</q></ref> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/103982524" cert="definite" sameAs="Roger deV Renwick">Renwick</persName>, <persName sameAs="Pauline Greenhill" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/18627631">Greenhill</persName>), or poetry written by people of all kinds about their lives and concerns, for themselves, family, and friends, perhaps published with a church magazine, local newspaper, or <q>vanity press,</q> reflecting on and part of their creation of everyday life, of what we call <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p818">One such poet was LJ (identity withheld in deference to family). <ref target="#archival_location">The following account comes from her children, who hold her writings, which comprise several plastic covered notebooks of fair copies of poems, some prose journals, and a few single-sheet poems.</ref> The texts are transcribed here as found. LJ’s life and writings illustrate what Canadian literature, as their reading and writing, likely is for most Canadians. Born in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6169276">Trout Creek, Ontario</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1921">1921</date>, LJ lived most of her life in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName> and the last decade in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>, where she died in <date cert="definite" when="1978">1978</date>. <ref target="#class_issue">Her life had the vicissitudes often experienced by <q>ordinary</q> people of her class and generation, including <ref target="#education">early withdrawal from formal education for financial reasons, a later turn to evening-school and correspondence courses, and engagement in self-education and self-expression.</ref></ref> Lived partly in what culture critics condescendingly call <q>tabloidia,</q> LJ’s experience included serious illness, family breakup, failed relationships, a child out of wedlock, frequent changes of residence, <ref target="#violence">sexual harassment, domestic violence (including murder of a relative)</ref>, <ref target="#economics">low-quality dangerous housing, and poorly paid jobs.</ref> Like most, LJ followed the news and related her life to its representations of the world. Like most, LJ enjoyed popular arts, such as social dance, movies, radio, television, the occasional theatre play or musical, clothes-making, paint-by-numbers, and her writing. She drank little, never smoked, seldom swore, had few love relationships, <ref target="#religion">attended various churches intermittently</ref>, and had several close women friends. To understand her experience and world, she resorted to tea leaf reading, astrology, the Ouija board, and playing card prophecies; to apt traditional proverbs or self-made maxims; and to writing. Exemplifying what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108178108" sameAs="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</persName> describes as one of the <q>consequences of modernity,</q> her reading and writing participated in, reflected on, and expressed an ongoing remaking of herself and her life in relation to everyday local, national, and global issues of the day.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p819">She drew her formal repertory and diction from several sources that resonated with her interests. Those she recalled most fondly were from childhood and school (see <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Catherine Robson" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/117385338">Robson</persName>). <ref target="#intertextuality">She often recited <persName sameAs="William Wordsworth" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35723133">Wordsworth</persName>’s <title level="a">The Solitary Reaper.</title> This poem’s idea of the lowly and transient rendered permanent and inspiring, or heart-borne, likely shaped LJ’s idea of what poetry should be, and she often used this verse form. Another favourite was <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95207986" sameAs="Robert Louis Stevenson">Stevenson</persName>’s <title level="m">A Child’s Garden of Verses</title>; seriously ill when young, she often recited <title level="a">The Land of Counterpane,</title> where a child creates an imaginary world. Memorized from the same volume was <title level="a">My Shadow.</title> <ref target="#theme_or_topic">This poem’s theme of companionship with oneself, involuntary but empowering, was a recurring theme in LJ’s poetry.</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p820">
                        <ref target="#genre_music">Formal and thematic models also came from her favourite popular songs, which, like most people, she used to understand both feelingly and critically her own experience, especially emotions and relationships (see <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/45965317" cert="definite" sameAs="Susan D. Crafts">Crafts</persName>, <persName>Cavicchi</persName>, and <persName>Keil</persName>). For example, <title level="a">Mr. Wonderful,</title> title song of the <date cert="definite" when="1956">1956</date> Broadway musical starring <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/54184962">Sammy Davis Jr.</persName> (one of LJ’s favourite artists along with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12394764" cert="definite">Bing Crosby</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34642861">Nat King Cole</persName>), addresses the mystery of attraction: <q type="block"><lg type="stanza"> <l>Why this feeling? Why this glow?</l> <l>Why the thrill when you say Hello?</l> <l>It’s a strange and tender magic you do</l> <l>Mister Wonderful, that’s you.</l> </lg>(<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85378455" cert="definite" sameAs="Jerry Bock">Bock</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35790321" sameAs="Lawrence Holofcener">Holofcener</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100400827" cert="definite" sameAs="George David Weiss">Weiss</persName>)</q> Another favourite, <title level="a">Smoke Gets in Your Eyes,</title> was best known from the <date cert="definite" when="1935">1935</date> film <title level="m">Roberta</title>, featuring <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/9888263">Fred Astaire</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114114463" cert="definite">Ginger Rogers</persName>. It addresses betrayal and loss. Her attachment for this song seems related to her husband’s infidelity and abandonment of her soon after the birth of their child. A later favourite, the <date cert="definite" when="1956">1956</date> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64913773">Jerry Vale</persName> hit, <title level="a">You Don’t Know Me,</title> seems to reflect on her love for her husband. It begins: <q type="block"><lg type="stanza"> <l>You give your hand to me</l> <l>And then you say hello</l> <l>I can hardly speak</l> <l>My heart is beating so</l> <l>And anyone can tell</l> <l>You think you know me well</l> <l>But you don’t know me.</l> </lg> (<persName sameAs="Cindy Walker" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/9107221" cert="definite">Walker</persName> and <persName sameAs="Eddy Arnold" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32182471">Arnold</persName>)</q> <ref target="#intertextuality">For many people, a personal memory archive of popular song, like a scrapbook of cuttings and ephemera, was literature in and for everyday life.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p821"> <ref target="#economics">LJ was a reader but, unable to afford books, owned few apart from the highly popular Reader’s Digest condensed books, hand-me-downs from her father’s second wife, also a reader.</ref> Though LJ’s poetry and life resemble those of bestselling Canadian <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/52059451" cert="definite">Edna Jaques</persName> from an earlier generation, there is no evidence LJ encountered Jaques’s poetry or distinguished it from other newspaper and magazine <q>folk poetry.</q> In the <date cert="speculative" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date>, LJ bought a battered second-hand family Bible, had it cheaply rebound, recorded her family tree there, and at times read daily in it, a symbol of social continuity and stability she aspired to rather than experienced. She owned a cookbook, seldom opened, also symbolic: work fatigue left energy for cooking little beyond fried basics. <ref target="#health_issue">In the 1970s, suffering chronic heart disease but leery of the public health care introduced a decade earlier, she acquired popular health books along with various nostrums.</ref> She followed the news, subscribing at times to the populist Canadian <title level="j">Liberty</title> magazine and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> <title level="j">Telegram</title> newspaper. <ref target="#class_issue">She didn’t use public libraries, perhaps like many feeling that, with museums and galleries, they were not for people like her.</ref> Like most, she enjoyed the play of everyday language, humorously twisting common words, phrases, and names. <ref target="#non-book_media">She got her first television set, a defective castoff, in the <date cert="speculative" from="1955" to="1959">late 1950s</date>; her favourite programs, as with most North Americans then, were <title level="m">I Love Lucy</title> and <title level="m">The Lawrence Welk Show</title> . In the <date from="1960" to="1969" cert="speculative">1960s</date>, like millions of others she took up paint-by-numbers.</ref> </p>
                    <p xml:id="p822">
                        <ref target="#genre_poetry">She seldom showed her writing but made no secret of it and referred to it proudly as <q>My poetry.</q> What survives resembles her favourite poetry of childhood and school and popular songs of youth and adulthood. This poetry was unlike the modernist poetry produced by Canadian and similar literatures in LJ’s lifetime, which proclaimed <q>difficulty</q> and <q>experiment</q> and later developed a corresponding specialist academic critical discourse, both in flight from the vulgar and mass culture and designed to form literary vanguards, coteries, and professional elites (<persName>Longabucco</persName>) and restrict access to them. <ref target="#textual_strategies">The poetry LJ drew on purposefully reworked the historic popular poetic idiom comprising common measure and its variants and a <q>purified</q> or selected vernacular, the same appropriated by <persName sameAs="William Worsworth" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35723133">Wordsworth</persName></ref> (taking his lead from contemporary women poets) for a poetic revolution that he meant to effect a national cultural uplifting. In content, LJ’s poems, like the majority of personal lyric poetry of the past two centuries, was from her own life and usually <q>occasional,</q> or prompted by specific and specified events.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p823"><ref target="#manuscript_history">Most of LJ’s surviving poems are dated from the <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> but include a few earlier ones apparently copied from memory: earlier work was likely lost in her many moves across city and country.</ref> The earliest, dated <q><date cert="probable" when="1938">Approx 1938</date>,</q> is a jingle, <title level="a">Ivory Soap,</title> likely inspired by magazine and radio contests of the time. It opens: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>I like gentle Ivory soap</l> <l>For every cleaning purpose</l> <l>It gets right in and digs out dirt</l> <l>Then leaves a shining surface.</l> </lg> </q> Another, <title level="a">My Dream, </title>dated <q><date when="1940-12" cert="definite">Dec. 1940</date></q> (she was nineteen) follows popular love songs in sentiment and phrasing. It may have expressed early love for her future husband: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>What makes me think of you all through the day?</l> <l>In loneliness it’s you I can’t forget.</l> <l>…</l> <l>To feel your tender hand in mine</l> <l>is one desire</l> <l>That no one knows.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>All this means much to me, far more</l> <l>Than human tongue can tell.</l> <l>In life I am quite satisfied to have but you</l> <l>To love so well.</l> </lg> </q> <ref target="#genre_music">In popular song and grand opera, such lyrics are animated by music, and LJ may have had a tune in mind. Further, personal appropriation of phrases from popular song validates private feelings.</ref> This poem may also have been part of a verse exchange: with it LJ kept a signed poem from her future husband, entitled <title level="a">My Girl.</title></p>
                    <p xml:id="p824">The act of writing structures experience critically: after her failed marriage and the birth of a child by another man, came this, dated <date cert="definite" when="1950">1950</date>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>I have a little stream,</l> <l>I made it through the years,</l> <l>For every little drop of water</l> <l>Used to be my tears.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Some were tears of joy</l> <l>And some were tears of sorrow</l> <l>And some were tears I cried inside</l> <l>For what might come to-morrow.</l> </lg></q> <ref target="#genre_poetry">As often in <q>folk poetry,</q> light rhythm and tone counterbalance strong feeling.</ref> </p>
                    <p xml:id="p825"><ref target="#theme_or_topic">Perhaps because of her circumstances, motherhood as resistance and struggle formed a major element in LJ’s poetized self-identity.</ref> <title level="a">Mother Love,</title> dated <date when="1950" cert="definite">1950</date>, expresses feelings for her <q>love-child</q>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>I have a lovely little girl,</l> <l>Her hair is blonde with not much curl</l> <l>But every little lock of hair</l> <l>Has a heart string tied up there…</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>She has the biggest soft-brown eyes.</l> <l>Her kisses fill me full of sighs</l> <l>Then little feet take her away</l> <l>And leave me empty all the day.</l> </lg> </q> <ref target="#intertextuality">The poem, especially the close, echoes <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Robert Louis Stevenson" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95207986">Stevenson</persName>’s <title level="a">Land of Counterpane,</title> but filled with loss rather than the child <q>giant’s</q>power in Stevenson’s poem. <ref target="#textual_strategies">Again, frames used by popular poets and song writers were adapted to personal experience and expression, asserting the personal in a public and <ref target="#theme_or_topic">popular discourse and culture</ref>, here validating what would have been widely condemned at the time as an illicit love and its consequence.</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p826">Some years after both children had left home, she wrote this, dated <date when="1974-12-07" cert="definite">December 7, 1974</date>, about her first child, whom well-educated friends of her husband had wanted to adopt after he had left her, to give the child an <q>appropriate</q> education and upbringing: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>God gave to me a son,</l> <l>He chose me as a mother,</l> <l>If I was good enough for God</l> <l>Why can’t I please my brother?</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>I loved him from the start</l> <l>This child so full of beauty,</l> <l>No matter where the future led</l> <l>To raise him was my duty…</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>And now I’m far away.</l> <l>I’ve left those years behind me.</l> <l>My son (now a full grown man)</l> <l>Could what may have been, have changed thee?</l> </lg> </q> <ref target="#class_issue">The struggles of lone parenthood merged with struggles and frustrations of everyday working-poor life, as in <title level="a">Waiting,</title> dated <date cert="definite" when="1951">1951</date>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Here I am a waiting</l> <l>In another line.</l> <l>Seems as though I’m doing this</l> <l>Nearly all the time.</l> <l>For every time I pay a bill</l> <l>It always seems to be</l> <l>That half a dozen other folk</l> <l>Are just ahead of me.</l> </lg> </q></ref><ref target="#intertextuality">This recalls the sound and shape of <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Robert Louis Stevenson" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95207986">Stevenson</persName>’s <title level="a">My Shadow,</title> but its use of vernacular also shoulders such <q>literary</q> poetry as that of American modernist <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66611608">Lorine Niedecker</persName></ref>. A continuation about waiting for buses is dated <date cert="definite" when="1975-11-09">November 9, 1975</date>, twenty-four years later. LJ often re-opened a poem to update it with the daily living that it engaged with.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p827"><ref target="#theme_or_topic">Her poems about ecology and the environment converge a public political concern emerging in the <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> with a lifelong personal concern for what she saw as the crowds, dirt, and confusion of the city—or the parts of cities she could afford to live in</ref>. <title level="a">Waste</title> is dated <date cert="definite" when="1975-10-31">October 31, 1975</date>, and begins: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>We like to turn the tap on</l> <l>And wash the waste away;</l> <l>The particles of food</l> <l>And dirt from children’s play.</l> <l>All these things go down the drain</l> <l>With water clear and fresh.</l> <l>But where do they land up?</l> <l>Do they only make a mess?</l> </lg> </q> The poem calls for solutions: <q> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Surely we can think ahead</l> <l>And figure out a theme</l> <l>So that waste goes back again</l> <l>To aid in Nature’s scheme.…</l> <l>And maybe we should go again</l> <l>To houses on the hill</l> <l>So lakes and rivers will be clean</l> <l>And with fish again will fill[.]</l> </lg> </q> A countering group of poems concerns small, free, or cheap daily pleasures such as the beach, a cup of tea, a warm bath, a warm bed. <title level="a">See the Sea,</title> dated <q>Wed <date when="1975-03-05" cert="definite">March 5, 1975</date>,</q> probably refers to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5993124">Kitsilano beach, Vancouver</placeName>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Water is the thing to see</l> <l>For without it there couldn’t be</l> <l>Ships to sail, fish to swim,</l> <l>A place of peace for you and me…</l> </lg> </q> A day later she added: <q> <lg type="stanza"> <l>A rainbow flashed across the foam</l> <l>As sunshine on the beaches shone.</l> <l>It warmed us. We were refreshed</l> <l>From salty breezes that were blown.</l> </lg> </q> <ref target="#close_reading">Though LJ’s poems often emphasized her solitariness, here, as in many other poems, there is an imagined and inclusive company of <q>we</q> and an imaginary companion <q>you.</q> Simple comforts are celebrated in several pieces, such as <title level="a">A Cup-a,</title> dated <date cert="definite" when="1974-12-07">December 7, 1974</date>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>When you’re having troubles</l> <l>And you don’t know what to do</l> <l>Sit down and have a cup-a</l> <l>And think your problems through.</l> </lg> </q></ref> <ref target="#genre_poetry">Resembling an advertising jingle or greeting card rhyme, this poem illustrates the productive dialogue between personal poetry and commercial verse forms</ref>. </p>
                    <p xml:id="p828">Like many other poets, she also wrote about the problems and pleasures of writing. When troubled at night she found that writing soothed her for sleep: a number of poems have dates such as <q>Midnight</q> or <q>4 a.m.</q> <title level="a">The Poetry of My Delight,</title> dated <date when="1972-02" cert="definite">February 1972</date>, associates the struggle of living with the struggle of writing: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>At six a.m. I wake and lie</l> <l>And cannot sleep and wonder why</l> <l>As many thoughts go flying by</l> <l> Much disturbed am I.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>At seven o’clock I rise and write</l> <l>The poetry of my delight</l> <l>Because I cannot sleep to-night</l> <l>For something isn’t right.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l> Many thoughts run through my head</l> <l>Of things I’ve done and things I’ve read</l> <l>But thoughts of things that should be said</l> <l>Were heavier than lead.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>The words of life come from within</l> <l>And flow like magic when they begin</l> <l>But if we dare to capture them</l> <l> Outside forces intervene…</l> </lg> </q></p>
                    <p xml:id="p829"><ref target="#education">By the <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date>, both her children had got through university thanks to summer jobs, living at home, and the recently instituted <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> student loan program. <ref target="#class_issue">LJ’s poem <title level="a">Wealth of Knowledge,</title> dated <date cert="definite" when="1975-02-06">February 6, 1975</date>, shows that, whatever its benefits, education, as with many working-class families, separated her—and her writing—from her children and their world of knowledge, including <q>Canadian literature</q></ref></ref>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>There is a book shelf on my wall</l> <l>That’s filled with books both large and small</l> <l>But I have not yet read them all</l> <l>For I am known to stall.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>The experiences of life that I have led</l> <l> All go up into my head</l> <l>But one day they may be read</l> <l>After, or before I’m dead…</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l> We each must express in our own way</l> <l>The things that have happened from day to day.</l> <l> Some folks the piano play</l> <l>And some pictures paint to relate what they may.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l> What I enjoy is to write a rhyme</l> <l>With music there upon the line,</l> <l>Sometimes at a peculiar time</l> <l>At night, or when solitude is mine…</l> </lg> </q> Perhaps dissatisfied with her psychologistic closure, four days later (<date when="1975-02-10" cert="definite">February 10</date>) she added a stanza of spiritually questioning: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>Does it not then seem to be</l> <l>That more than one life is lived by me</l> <l>And the rest of mankind so that we</l> <l>Experiences may teach what we cannot see?</l> </lg> </q></p>
                    <p xml:id="p830">Overall, her concern in these <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> poems, even when dealing with large issues such as pollution, social conflict, or the economy, was with small everyday challenges and pleasures, overcoming or arranging, which, like writing a poem, engaged the creativity that constitutes everyday living, making a life from available materials. Here, for example, is <title level="a">The Worker,</title> dated <date when="1975-01-28" cert="definite">January 28, 1975</date>, when she was at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157027150">Canada Post</orgName>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>I work part time at a job that I enjoy.</l> <l>I’ve seen mistakes when a man becomes a boy</l> <l>When the pressures of a job makes someone lose his senses</l> <l>And the damage that creates is really quite tremendous.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>We study and we try hard to make their program function,</l> <l>A machine can only do so much and then it starts a munching.</l> <l>It munches on the letters and it spits out all the stamps</l> <l>Or pens that sometimes come inside are chewed up, then it jams.</l> </lg> <lg type="stanza"> <l>We mostly pull together as a group of willing workers.</l> <l>Still no matter where you work there will always be the shirkers.</l> <l>The job pays well. I really can’t complain.</l> <l>Yet industry does make mistakes and who or what’s to blame.</l> </lg> </q> A fourth stanza is dated <date cert="definite" when="1975-02-09">February 9, 1975</date>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>We climb up the mechanical stairs ’cause they’re not operating,</l> <l>And pick up parcels from the floor when the round table can’t contain them.</l> <l>For ten minutes each evening, we have no time to wait</l> <l>Up in our cafeteria, where we vie for coffee and cake.</l> </lg> </q> <ref target="#politics">A final stanza is dated <date when="1975-11-06" cert="definite">November 6, 1975</date>: <q type="block"> <lg type="stanza"> <l>We picket the post office when our members are on strike</l> <l>A few come in the evening or in the black of night.</l> <l>Because I am a worker it seems the thing to do.</l> <l>If you are a worker won’t you come and picket too?</l> </lg> </q></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p831">Here is writing used as most people use it, for its most important purpose—as ethnomethodologists (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108536033" sameAs="Harold Garfinkel">Garfinkel</persName>, <persName sameAs="Alec McHoul" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2537401" cert="definite">McHoul</persName>) would insist—creating everyday life day by day. <ref target="#nationality_issue">Here is Canadian literature in the fullest sense, the literature of most Canadians, creating their own imaginary and reality, for themselves.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p832">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                            <ref target="#critique_of_canon">Since the Romantic era, <q>national</q> literatures have been fabricated to depreciate, marginalize, and displace such people’s literatures in the interests of coalitions of professional, business, political, and social elites who strive to impose their imaginary and reality as <q>national</q> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/12428950" sameAs="Martha Woodmansee">Woodmansee</persName>). Certain discursive and disciplinary practices have been taught in schools and colleges, professionalized in academia, funded by the state, and deployed in cultural media to promote elites’ <q>national</q> literature at the expense of the people’s.</ref>
                        </ref>
                        <ref target="#methodology">
                            <ref target="#intellectual_history">Despite policy-driven cultural pluralization and poststructuralist theorizing of recent decades, prominent among these practices remain literarism, or the notion that <q>literary value</q> or <q>quality</q> inheres in texts and that it is what <q>matters</q> about them; textism, or the notion that meanings inhere in texts; and telepathism, or the notion that meanings are encoded by authors in texts and decoded and internalized by readers. Texto-telepathism has been around for centuries in various forms, but its most influential version today is the Franco-American neo-Hegelianism traceable to <persName sameAs="György Lukács" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46764285">Lukács</persName>’s <date cert="definite" when="1923">1923</date> argument that mass culture <q>commodities</q> <q>massify</q> their <q>consumers.</q> This view was adapted and passed on by many across <placeName>Europe</placeName> and the Americas through the twentieth century, including such often cited figures as <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/13017" sameAs="Alexandre Kojève" cert="definite">Kojève</persName> (<date cert="speculative" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> and <date cert="speculative" from="1940" to="1949">1940s</date> <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName>); <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95247377" sameAs="Theodor Adorno">Adorno</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14771315" sameAs="Max Horkheimer" cert="definite">Horkheimer</persName> (<date cert="speculative" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> to <date cert="speculative" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2921044">Germany</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001">United States</placeName>); <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" cert="definite">Hannah Arendt</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100236274">C. Wright Mills</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66467430" cert="definite">Erich Fromm</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36921579">Herbert Marcuse</persName>, and others (<date cert="speculative" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> and <date to="1969" from="1960" cert="speculative">1960s</date>, United States) (<persName sameAs="Andrew Jamison" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108305312">Jamison</persName> and <persName sameAs="Ron Eyerman" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24681618" cert="definite">Eyerman</persName> ch. 2); <persName sameAs="Guy Debord" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44297675">Debord</persName> and the Situationists ( <date to="1969" from="1960" cert="speculative">1960s</date>, France); <persName sameAs="Richard Hoggart" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109123740">Hoggart</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68998327" cert="definite">Stuart Hall</persName> (though modified; <date cert="speculative" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> to <date cert="speculative" from="1980" to="1989">1980s</date>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167" cert="definite">Britain</placeName>); <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108273432">Daniel Bell</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98486723">Judith Butler</persName>, and others (<date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> to <date to="1999" from="1990" cert="speculative">1990s</date>, United States); <persName sameAs="Robin Blaser" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17240199" cert="definite">Blaser</persName> and <persName sameAs="Frank Davey" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5029235">Davey</persName> (<date to="1969" from="1960" cert="speculative">1960s</date> to <date to="1999" from="1990" cert="speculative">1990s</date>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>); and <persName sameAs="Ariel Dorfman" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95177323">Dorfman</persName> (<date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3895114" cert="definite">Chile, Latin America</placeName>). In their apocalyptic narrative, culture is being overwhelmed and democracy distorted by the <q>mass culture</q> produced by agents of the dominant classes or <q>capital,</q> encoding their ideological, political, and economic interests in <q>products</q> to be decoded and passively internalized by <q>consumers</q> (Davey 16). Poststructuralists claimed to dispel texto-telepathism but actually occulted it, refashioning literarism in the interests of a cadre of academic <q>experts.</q><q>Reading in the classroom</q> (<persName cert="definite" sameAs="Alec McHoul" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2537401">McHoul</persName>), a highly specialized though diversified and conflicted kind of reading that is by no means paradigmatic, still dominates <q>literature</q> in academia and the upmarket media. It relies on the argument that, despite the <q>emancipation</q> from <q>dominant reading</q> (dominator’s reading) supposedly effected by <q>theory</q> (usually standing for [neo-Hegelian] <q>critical theory</q>), there remains a <q>preferred,</q> <q>exemplary,</q> or <q>resistant reading,</q> in fact usually the professor’s or professional critic’s reading.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p833">
                        <ref target="#historical_oppression">Social changes made elites and their <q>national</q> literatures more diverse, inclusive, self-critical, and contested while excluding most people and most reading and writing and while access to the <q>national</q> literature and arts remains restricted by factors from unequal education to cultural and social prejudice.</ref>
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">
                            <ref target="#canon_formation">Construction of a Canadian literature was undertaken in earnest relatively late, after the <listEvent> <event> <label>Second World War</label> </event> </listEvent>, as (among other things) the response of Canadian elites and the institutions they dominated to greater demand for higher education, to increased immigration and social diversity, to exacerbated regional differences, and to the resulting perceived need for an ostensibly unifying and indigenous <q>national</q> culture to distinguish Canadian elites from others and from most Canadians, justifying their power and privileges. This culture, unlike LJ’s literary sources, could be neither popular and imported (mainly from the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001">United States</placeName>) nor elite and imported (from <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167" cert="definite">Britain</placeName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName>, and the United States).</ref>
                            <ref target="#critique_of_canon">Critique of such <q>national</q> literatures is under way but, like the organized institution of a Canadian literature, has been late reaching <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, and operates within a relatively closed world defended by versions of literarism. Canadian literature continues, with much government support, to write, publish, teach, archive, research, promote, and read what most Canadians don’t read or write and hardly know about (<persName sameAs="Frank Davey" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5029235">Davey</persName> 101–02). Scholars and critics continue referring to the <q>influence</q> of Canadian literature on the <q>national consciousness</q> (among many, see <persName cert="definite" sameAs="W.J. Keith" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32010086">Keith</persName> <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date> 2:67), though, by a frequently cited criterion, a work of Canadian literature is a <q>bestseller</q> if it sells five thousand copies (<persName sameAs="Rebecca Wigod" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104290343">Wigod</persName>; <persName sameAs="Diane Gedymin">Gedymin</persName> and <persName sameAs="Susan Driscoll" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/1799418" cert="definite">Driscoll</persName> 42–43). Canadian media’s <q>bestseller</q> lists are rigged to reflect their targeted advertising demographic’s self-image (<persName sameAs="Scott MacDonald" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106101861">MacDonald</persName>). <ref target="#economics">Accurate sales figures show that most Canadians’ reading originates outside Canada, isn’t written by Canadians or about Canada, and is similar to what most people read in the United States (174–77).</ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p834"><ref target="#nationality_issue">As a necessary counterpart, Canadian literature largely ignores, disdains, mutilates, or occasionally appropriates what most Canadians read and write. Many Canadian writers with huge global sales are unknown to Canadian literature. Marshall (Margaret) Saunders’s international bestseller, <title level="m">Beautiful Joe</title> (<date when="1893" cert="definite">1893</date>) with sales well over a million, and one of LJ’s favourite lifetime books, has received almost no attention from Canadian scholars and critics. <ref target="#archival_location">The late <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71392045">Arthur Hailey</persName>, naturalized Canadian, praised by <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110344377" cert="definite">Robertson Davies</persName> and whose papers are deposited in the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122308641">University of Toronto Library</placeName></ref> (<persName sameAs="John Shoesmith" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305203136" cert="probable">Shoesmith</persName>), enjoyed world sales of 170 million; I found one study of his work by someone in Canadian literature. World sales of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8212381" cert="definite">Janette Oke</persName>’s <q>inspirational romances</q> approach twenty-five million, but at a recent meeting of forty-odd literature professors, including <q>Canadianists,</q> in Oke’s home province of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102">Alberta</placeName>, not one had heard of her, nor had the books-page editor of a major urban newspaper in the same province. <ref target="#violence">A few song lyrics by globally popular and respected Canadian artists such as <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56703476" cert="definite">Leonard Cohen</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85454013">Joni Mitchell</persName> are included in literature anthologies, severing words from music, text from performance and audience, in aesthetic violence and social disregard.</ref> <ref target="#intellectual_history">Until recently, on the rare occasions when Canadian literature considered what most Canadians read and write, alarmed disdain prevailed, as in the special issue on <q>Popular Culture</q> in <title level="j">Canadian Literature</title> (Spring <date cert="definite" when="1986">1986</date>); though francophone scholars and critics showed both serious interest and more respect, as in the <date when="1982" cert="definite">1982</date> issue of <title level="j"><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Études littéraires</hi></title> on <q><hi xml:lang="fr-CA">La Consommation littéraire de masse au <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6325494">Québec</placeName>.</hi></q> <q>Book history,</q> print culture studies, <q>audience studies</q> (<persName sameAs="S.Elizabeth Bird" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/162462824" cert="definite">Bird</persName>), daily-life poets and editors, and others have begun to loosen the neo-Hegelian hegemony, as chapters of the <title level="m">History of the Book in Canada</title> (<date cert="definite" from="2004" to="2007">2004–2007</date>) and <persName sameAs="Tom Wayman" cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98293283">Wayman</persName>’s anthology <title level="m">Paperwork</title> demonstrate. But few in Canadian literature, and more recently cultural studies, take an interest in what most Canadians read, except when it can illustrate <q>massification</q> or be construed as <q>resistant</q> or <q>countercultural.</q> The few studies of the kind of poetry most Canadians write distinguished it as <q>folk poetry</q> from the <q>bardic</q> poetry and folksong of Romantic <q>national</q> cultures. This pioneering <date cert="speculative" from="1980" to="1989">1980s</date> work was outside Canadian literature and has since been far outstripped by research on oral, minority, marginal, or non-Western poetry that can be positively valorized within and in the interests of academia as <q>traditional,</q> <q>communitarian,</q> <q>resistant,</q> <q>countercultural,</q> and so on</ref></ref> (<persName sameAs="Maria Damon" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43496891" cert="probable">Damon</persName> and <persName sameAs="Ira Livingstone" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/213192856" cert="definite">Livingstone</persName>; <persName sameAs="Danielle Fuller" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/15049126">Fuller</persName>).</p>
                    <p xml:id="p835">Rejecting literarism enables us to understand literature as democratic art, not the writing and reading of a few, reflecting and promoting their interests and restricted to those able to afford prolonged special training, but the cultural right of all and the practice of many or most, with its own poetics and politics. <ref target="#critique_of_canon">Rejecting texto-telepathism enables us to understand Canadian literature as anything read or written by someone reading or writing as a Canadian, however defined.</ref> Against texto-telepathism, <persName sameAs="Roy Harris" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41864503" cert="definite">Harris</persName>’s <q>integrational linguistics</q> insists that communication is the active and collaborative creation of meanings in particular instances by and between people. And against literarism, <persName sameAs="Alec McHoul" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2537401">McHoul</persName>’s <q>effective semiotics</q> (74–85) insists that meanings do not inhere in <q>texts</q> but are created by readers in instances that are always unique but equal. As LJ put it, <q type="block"> <l>We each must express in our own way</l> <l>The things that have happened from day to day.</l> </q></p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95247377">Adorno, Theodor</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14771315">Max Horkheimer</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/181849136" cert="definite">Dialectic of Enlightenment</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124914324">Herder and Herder</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" cert="definite">Arendt, Hannah</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/204103423">The Origins of Totalitarianism</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/167837026" cert="definite">Harcourt Brace</orgName>, <date when="1951" cert="definite">1951</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108273432">Bell, Daniel</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/307971574" cert="definite">The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: Basic Books, <date cert="definite" when="1976">1976</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/162462824">Bird, S. Elizabeth</persName>. <title level="m">The Audience in Everyday Life: Living in a Media World</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123500307">Routledge</orgName>, <date when="2003" cert="definite">2003</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Blaser, Robin</persName>. <title level="a">The Recovery of the Public World.</title> <title level="m">Reflections on Cultural Policy: Past, Present and Future</title>. Ed. <persName>Evan Alderson</persName>, <persName>Robin Blaser</persName>, and <persName>Harold Coward</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823" cert="definite">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <orgName>Wilfrid Laurier UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1993">1993</date>. 17–38. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85378455" cert="definite">Bock, Jerry</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/35790321">Larry Holofcener</persName>, and <persName>George David Wiess</persName>. <title level="a">Mr. Wonderful.</title> <date when="1956" cert="definite">1956</date>. Song lyrics. <title level="s">AZLyrics</title>. Web. <date cert="definite" when="2013-10-06">6 October 2013</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98486723" cert="definite">Butler, Judith P</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308000221">Subjects of Desire: Hegelian Reflections in Twentieth-Century France</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127175063" cert="definite">Columbia UP</orgName>, <date when="1987" cert="definite">1987</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37200549">Corse, Sarah M.</persName> <title level="m">Nationalism and Literature: The Politics of Culture in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> and the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">United States</placeName></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2653941">Cambridge</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127979069" cert="definite">Cambridge UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/45965317">Crafts, Susan D.</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41042263" cert="definite">Daniel Cavicchi</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/23336585">Charles Keil</persName>. <title level="m">My Music: Explorations of Music in Daily Life</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4838633" cert="definite">Middletown, CT</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131639570">Wesleyan UP</orgName>, <date when="1993" cert="definite">1993</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/43496891" cert="definite">Damon, Maria</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/213192856">Ira Livingstone</persName>, eds. <title level="m">Poetry and Cultural Studies: A Reader</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4914570" cert="definite">Urbana</placeName>:<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122554477"> U of Illinois P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2009">2009</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5029235" cert="probable">Davey, Frank</persName>. <title level="m">Reading Canadian Reading</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235">Winnipeg, MB</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/136390480" cert="definite">Turnstone Press</orgName>, <date when="1988" cert="definite">1988</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44297675">Debord, Guy</persName>. <title level="m"><hi xml:lang="fr-FR">La Société du spectacle; la théorie situationniste</hi></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="probable">Paris</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126773634">Buchet/Chastel</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1971">1971</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/95177323" cert="definite">Dorfman, Ariel</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34460281">Armand Mattelart</persName>. <title level="m">How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic</title>. Trans. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92008540" cert="definite">David Kunzle</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: International General, <date when="1971" cert="definite">1971</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34501210">Fleming, Patricia</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/273864527" cert="definite">Yvan Lamonde</persName>, eds. <title level="m">History of the Book in Canada</title>, 3 vols. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" cert="definite">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" from="2004" to="2007">2004–07</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66467430">Fromm, Erich</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/177832430" cert="definite">Escape from Freedom</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/267060317">Holt, Rinehart, and Winston</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1941">1941</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/15049126" cert="definite">Fuller, Danielle</persName>. <title level="m">Writing the Everyday: Women’s Textual Communities in Atlantic Canada</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName> and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5992500" cert="definite">Kingston</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819">McGill-Queen’s UP</orgName>, <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108536033" cert="definite">Garfinkel, Harold</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/306907310">Studies in Ethnomethodology</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159368920" cert="definite">Prentice-Hall</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1967">1967</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Gedymin, Diane</persName>, and <persName>Susan Driscoll</persName>. <title level="m">Get Published!: Professionally, Affordably, Fast</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4254679" cert="definite">Bloomington</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/277425225">iUniverse</orgName>, <date when="2010" cert="definite">2010</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108178108" cert="definite">Giddens, Anthony</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310265293">Modernity and Self-identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2653941" cert="definite">Cambridge</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/143396152">Polity Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/18627631" cert="definite">Greenhill, Pauline</persName>. <title level="m">True Poetry: Traditional and Popular Verse in Ontario</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName> and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5992500" cert="definite">Kingston</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819">McGill-Queen’s UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1989">1989</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68998327">Hall, Stuart</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314097461" cert="definite">The Popular Arts</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144550791" cert="definite">Hutchinson</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1964">1964</date>. Print.</bibl>
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                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head> Recuperating Oblivion in The Displaced View (1988)</head>
                    <byline>Midi Onodera’s Intercultural Feminist Experimental Cinematic Polyphony</byline>
                    <docAuthor>Sheena Wilson</docAuthor>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p> Midi Onodera is a well-recognized award-winning Toronto-based Canadian filmmaker.<note place="end"> 1 This article is loosely based on an earlier version that appeared in my doctoral dissertation, <title level="a">“Paradigms Lost and Re-membered: The Case of Japanese Canadian Experience in Canadian Media, Cinema, and Literature.”</title></note> The numerous films that she has written and directed in her more than thirty-year career have been screened at venues such as the Andy Warhol Museum, the International Festival of Documentary and Short Films, the Rotterdam International Film Festival, the Berlin International Film Festival, the National Gallery of Canada, and the Toronto International Film Festival.<note place="end"> 2 The start date of Onodera’s career is ambiguous. However, she produced her first film in high school, in 1979.</note> </p>
                        <p> When Onodera wrote and directed the intercultural feminist experimental film <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> (1988), it marked a shift away from the subject matter of her earlier work, which was largely focused on sexual identity. Her experimental documentary style in this film explores auto/biographical subjects and filmmaking practices as a means to disrupt dominant narratives of Japanese-Canadian histories and identities. The subject of the film is the intergenerational story of three Japanese-Canadian women represented visually by Onodera, her mother, and her grandmother. Their stories revolve around various moments of displacement resulting from immigration, wartime relocation (commonly referred to as <q>internment</q><note place="end"> 3 <q>Internment</q> is a term that is culturally understood and often used to refer to the relocation camps. It was actually not the term used during the Second World War, because it is against the Geneva Convention to detain citizen without a trial and Japanese Canadians were not accorded due process of law. As Roy Miki points out, <q>Even if the government were to ignore that rule—under the War Measures Act it could perhaps justify such action—it would have paid the costs of building what would then be <q>internment camps,</q> and would also have provided food and clothing to the internees, as the United States did for Japanese Americans</q> (<title level="m">Redress</title> 141). In contravention to international law, Japanese Canadians paid for the cost of their confinement. In this chapter, <q>internment camps</q> is sometimes used to indicate the <q>relocation sites.</q></note> or <q>evacuation</q><note place="end"> 4 Roy Miki explains that the term <q>evacuation</q> was originally a euphemism coined by the Canadian government that <q>helped to translate the inherent racism of its policies for Japanese Canadians into the language of bureaucratic efficiency</q> (<title level="m">Redress </title>51). The term is used by many Japanese Canadians (and by Onodera in the film) to indicate the wartime and postwar injustices enacted by the government. These include, but are not limited to, mass uprooting and forced relocation, dispossession, dispersal and deportation. However, the term <q>evacuation</q> is problematic on many levels, including the fact that it suggests an eventual return, which, as Miki has pointed out, was not part of the government plan.</note>), or from being visibly <q>other,</q> woman, or queer. While a self-referential relationship between sexuality and ethnic identity remains, <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> focuses on identity issues that constitute 1980s experimental and intercultural video-film making as a means to complicate, in productive ways, the representation of Japanese-Canadian history and women’s relationships to politics and community. Onodera’s use of experimental feminist intercultural film techniques creates not only intergenerational and intracommunity transformations, it also challenges white dominant viewers to question their own relationships with and responsibilities toward historical accounts and to non-white Canadians represented in the film. Furthermore, as an intercultural film, <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> exposes what is knowable in addition to revealing what can never be recovered. That which was silenced was also, in some cases, forgotten—lost to the archive. Using the dynamics of the image and narrative fantasy, Onodera re-represents spaces of oblivion: those elements of a fragmentary history that have been permanently erased from the cultural community memory. Thus, Onodera’s narrative proposes that the missing her-stories must be imagined into a new vision (revision) of identity: personal, familial, and communal. </p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Intercultural Mediations</head>
                        <p> <q>Interculturalism</q> provides a useful and productive means of engaging with Onodera’s film, since <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> creatively addresses the complexities of living in and interacting with a diverse society. Why <q>inter</q> as opposed to <q>multi,</q> given multiculturalism’s privileged status in Canada? Multiculturalism is useful to the degree that it recognizes the plurality constitutive of Canadian society, but to term Onodera’s work as multicultural implies a certain agenda linked to the Official Languages Act (1969), the Multicultural Policy (1971), and the Multiculturalism Act (1988), which her film exceeds and even defies in certain respects. As Phil Ryan details in <title level="m">Multicultiphobia </title>(2010), multiculturalism in the Canadian context is interpreted in a number of different and sometimes conflicting ways: as an ideology, an empirical social condition, a government policy, a social practice, and a character attribute (7). Interculturalism, by contrast, is a theoretical paradigm that foregrounds the potential for positive transformation and reinvention through the interaction of two or more cultures. The interpretation of multicultural policy by some analysts aligns it with an intercultural mandate. Ryan, for example, writes that <q><q>full participation in Canadian society</q>; <q>creative encounters and interchange among all Canadian cultural groups</q>; language acquisition: all these expose the individual to new ideas and new people. Clearly, the integration envisioned by multicultural policy <hi rend="italic">must </hi>affect people’s way of life</q> (46, emphasis in original). However, as I and others have argued elsewhere, the lived reality of a multicultural Canadian nation predates any state policy or act, and state multiculturalism as it has been written into the nation has been critiqued for being limited to spectacular performances of ethnocultural heritage that fetishize and essentialize specific cultural practices—song, dance, and culinary multiculturalism.<note place="end"> 5 For more details, see W. Anselmi and Sheena Wilson, 2009.</note> These scripted manifestations of ethnicity function to homogenize each ethnocultural group that is identified as <q>minor</q> and to undermine a more engaged understanding of diverse cultural identities and languages as part of, and not marginal to, <q>Canadian</q> English–French national identity. Multiculturalism—as it is culturally expressed—has been critiqued by scholars such as Daniel Coleman, Janine Marchessault, Laura U. Marks, and W. Peter Ward for establishing white nativist Anglo-dominant identity constructions as the norm against which more recent ethnocultural identity tropes have been juxtaposed. As Ward argues in his book <title level="m">White Canada Forever </title>(1990), Canadians <q>have clung tenaciously to the myth of the ethnic mosaic: the belief that the nation evolved more or less harmoniously as a multicultural society, and the related assumption that this was and is a desirable condition</q> (x). He maintains that despite a tenuous commitment to multiculturalism in Canada, there has been a historical focus on building an Anglo-Canadian nation (particularly in British Columbia in the first half of the twentieth century). <q>It would seem that the limits of tolerable diversity have been much more narrow than today we commonly believe</q> (x). In Canada, the <q>hot rhetoric of racism</q> has changed, but the message <q>is clear to most observers. Racism still pervades</q> (xix).</p>
                        <p> Interculturalism—historically linked to theories of multiculturalism but distinct from Canadian state multiculturalism—provides one avenue to attempt to address state multiculturalism, which has been critiqued for its foundation in a white-centrist racist politic that (despite producing some limited positive outcomes) has institutionalized and normalized discrimination by confirming the centre via an identification of which members of the citizenry define the margins.</p>
                        <p> Intercultural film, based on intercultural theories, is characterized, according to film scholar Laura U. Marks, <q>by experimental styles that attempt to represent the experiences of living between two or more cultural regimes of knowledge, or living as a minority in the still majority white, Euro-American West</q> (3). In Onodera’s case, more specifically, this regime is white Euro-Canada. Onodera was researching and creating her film <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> within the 1980s sociopolitical context, wherein Japanese-Canadian community leaders were working to negotiate a redress settlement and apology. Also during this time, the federal government was discussing the Multiculturalism Act, which was passed in 1988—the year of the film’s release. Marks identifies intercultural film’s usefulness in creating exchange and transformation between various minor discourses (and not only as a hierarchical engagement between dominant and minority discourses). In the case of <title level="m">The Displaced View</title>, Onodera uses intercultural film techniques to explore non-hierarchical but strained inter- and intracommunity relations. Of course, one strategy determined by leaders of the redress movement was to create a cohesive community narrative to resist long-standing representations of Japanese Canadians as either enemy aliens (pre-war and during the Second World War) and/or as model citizens (postwar). However, these master narratives failed to fully acknowledge the diversity within Japanese-Canadian communities that was based on differences in class, politics, religion (Buddhist, Shinto, Christian), <hi rend="italic">ken</hi>-ties (regional cultural and linguistic affiliations to community members who immigrated from the same <hi rend="italic">ken</hi>, prefectural <hi rend="italic">heimat</hi> in Japan), as well as regional affiliations that developed in Canada, and generational differences that develop over time between the <hi rend="italic">issei</hi>, <hi rend="italic">nisei</hi>, and <hi rend="italic">sansei</hi>. In their most simplistic renditions, the terms <q>issei,</q> <q>nisei,</q> and <q>sansei,</q> refer respectively to the first generation (those who immigrated to Canada), the second generation (born in Canada), and the third generation. However, this generational division (first, second, third) becomes more convoluted when one considers that depending on the period of immigration, a nisei and a sansei might be of different immigrant-generations, yet be of the same age. Therefore, a nisei and sansei might share certain commonalities based on their age and their experiences as Canadians, while their viewpoints might differ because of their family histories and their own relationship to Japan, Japanese language, and Japanese culture.<note place="end"> 6 To further complicate these community nuances and generational differences, families who immigrated to Canada at different periods of Japanese history—namely, the Meiji period (1868–1912) when there was greater focus on collectivity and building the modern nation, as opposed to during the Taishō period (1912–1926) when Western concepts such as individual rights and democracy were influencing the shape of Japanese political and cultural life (Hane 220)—would, in many cases, maintain different Japanese-Canadian values and identities. Furthermore, some second-generation Japanese-Canadian children were sent back to Japan for their education, while others were educated in Canada, which also had an influence on their various world views. Then there were those Japanese Canadians who married newly immigrated issei, which impacted family dynamics. The variations in experience transform exponentially based on individual experiences and the ways that different communities developed in relationship to other Canadians.</note> The instigation of a redress movement in the late 1970s and early 1980s had heightened awareness of this intracommunity diversity. Contrary to the homogenizing effect of existing narratives, Onodera uses 1980s intercultural feminist video and film techniques in <title level="m">The Displaced View </title>to expose, at least in part, intracommunity and intercommunity diversity and to then move to construct intracultural and intercultural understanding—first, between generations of Japanese Canadians, and also with a non-Japanese-Canadian audience.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Experimental Techniques</head>
                        <p> To expose the multiplicity of intracommunity Japanese-Canadian perspectives, Onodera uses numerous intercultural experimental cinematic techniques. Strikingly, she employs a female polyphonic voice-over narrative, as opposed to the traditional male voice of documentary film. In addition, she uses English and Japanese language both orally and as a visual semiotic layered onto the film itself. She also creates scripted composite characters played by real women, not actors. And these characters are based on archival research and interviews with Japanese-Canadian women across the country. Furthermore, her invention of fantastic narratives becomes a means to reconcile the erasure of history necessary to manifest a story—a film—about three generations of Japanese-Canadian women. Onodera explores multiple interstices where cultural perspectives—namely, generational, gendered, and racialized—collide. Onodera represents how generational viewpoints are informed by both temporal-specific issues as well as the varying relationships each of them has to Japanese language and culture. She also exposes the contrast between Japanese women’s histories versus dominant white Canadian discourses that had already been circulating for several decades about the events and policies of the Second World War—and depicts the long-term ramifications of these histories. The onscreen character of Onodera reflects transformations that result from the memory work Onodera, as director, undertook to create the film, which illustrates the potential for film to create new intercultural dynamics.</p>
                        <p> Onodera’s avant-garde filmmaking practices use the viewfinder to present various perspectives, displaced from one another, but collectively part of a complex community narrative. In her representation of issues specific to Japanese-Canadian women and to the experiences of being an ethnic minority displaced either by immigration, forced relocation, or the experience of being <q>other</q> in white Canada, Onodera makes a <q>new</q> set of identities, <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">à la</hi> Bhabha,<note place="end"> 7 Bhabha proposes that the <q><q>‘newness’</q> of migrant or minority discourse has to be discovered <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="la-150">in medias res:</hi> a newness that is not part of the <q>progressivist</q> division between past and present</q> (325, emphasis in original). He suggests that <q>the <q>foreign</q> element that reveals the interstitial; insists in the textile superfluity of folds and wrinkles; and becomes the <q>unstable element of linkage,</q> the indeterminate temporality of the in-between, that has to be engaged in creating the conditions through which <q>newness comes into the world</q></q> (326).</note> that result from the telling of what it means to be a visible body born into displacement simply by existing in a white Canadian context, regardless of whether whiteness is mythic or manifest. Furthermore, she plays with the medium of film in ways that are consistent with documentary forms of autobiographical portraiture and second-wave feminist filmmaking techniques that simultaneously represent female realities new to the screen and disrupt the illusions of truth that documentary, non-fiction, truth-telling film genres still carry—and carried, particularly at the film’s historical moment.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Which View is Displaced?</head>
                        <p> The English title of the film is <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> but the accompanying Japanese title reads <q>Issei, Nisei, Sansei.</q> For bilingual (English- and Japanese-speaking) viewers, the title immediately places narrative emphasis on the complex generational perspectives and the dislocation of the generations from one another, all within the context of multiple other displacements. This reimagining is a complicated process that Onodera illustrates by emphasizing the complexities of both the forced relocation(s) as well as the resulting generational disjunctures.<note place="end"> 8 The <hi rend="italic">s</hi> in <q>relocation(s)</q> is to acknowledge the complexity of multiple displacements both during the war and as a result of the policies to mandate dispersal and deportation after the war.</note> The specific reference to the generations gives added nuance to the English title, which is read as one displaced view—<hi rend="italic">the</hi> displaced view—shared by the three generations, in relationship to the mainstream. However, <title level="m">The Displaced View</title>, within the framework of both the Japanese and English titles, reflects the different loci of the three narrators as embodiments of different generational perspectives, each of whom is displaced from the other. <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> explores two kinds of generational divides that lead to a lack of communication: the more straightforward linguistic divide of the issei (first generation) grandmother and the sansei (third generation) granddaughter, and the complex lack of understanding between the nisei (second generation) mother and her sansei (third generation) daughter. And, all of this must be considered within the context of multiple temporal and spatial displacements.</p>
                        <p> Historically, immigration represents an initial displacement. Then there are the social dislocations that have resulted from government policies: during the Second World War, this included the forced removal of approximately twenty-three thousand Japanese Canadians from the West Coast to detention centres, road camps, tuberculosis sanatoriums, farms in the Interior, and <q>internment</q> camps. For the issei, the end of the war signaled a third major displacement because they were, in many cases, then forced to relocate from these original sites of confinement to elsewhere—usually, settlement east of the Rockies or deportation to Japan (euphemistically referred to as <q>repatriation</q>). No Japanese Canadian was legally allowed to return to the West Coast until April 1, 1949, and for those that opted to go back home, this was yet another displacement. And a return home to the West Coast implied starting again, given the liquidation of property that had been orchestrated by the government. These dislocations are largely part of the lived experience of the issei and nisei. However, all three generations share the displacement of the visible body from white Canada. In the film, Onodera parallels her own experience of this alienation by the hegemonic culture with the othering that she simultaneously experiences in relationship to her ancestral language, culture, and history, and the othering that she experiences as a lesbian in a straight-dominant world.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Historical Context of the Film’s Release</head>
                        <p> <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> was screened in Toronto on July 22, 1988 as part of a two-day festival entitled Hot Night in July: Video &amp; Film by &amp; about Lesbians of Colour (Bociurkiw). The previous day, July 21, 1988, Canada had passed the Multiculturalism Act, whose aim was to make amendments to strengthen the position of non-English, non-French, and non-Aboriginal citizens. Two months later, on September 22, 1988, Japanese Canadians received formal recognition for the injustices enacted against them as a result of Second World War government policies.</p>
                        <p> The redress campaign leading up to this moment was part of a historical period focused on identity-politics (gender and ethnicity, as well as <q>race</q> as a social construct) that had become increasingly part of social and political discourse starting in the 1960s in Canada and around the world. This identity discourse was an outgrowth of ideas proposed by major intellectual thinkers such as Frantz Fanon, Hélène Cixous, Julia Kristeva, Luce Irigaray, Audre Lorde, and Michel Foucault, followed in later years by the work of Judith Butler, Sherry Turkle, Trinh T. Minh-ha, Gayatri Spivak, Constance Backhouse, Charles Taylor, and Will Kimlycka, to name a few. In Canada, the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism was established in 1963, and, in 1969, it would result in the establishment of an Official Languages Act. In 1971, the Multiculturalism Policy was passed. This legislation confirmed the unique status of Aboriginal peoples and the status of English and French languages in Canada. The Canadian Broadcasting Company promoted this policy as a <q>bold step [that] charted the path to a vibrant and evolving cultural mosaic premised on mutual respect for Canadians of all backgrounds and ancestry.</q> Some Canadians, however, critiqued the contradictory nature of a policy that declared Canada to be both bilingual and also multicultural, given the central role of language to culture. In addition to ongoing discourses around language and cultural rights in Canada, Japanese Americans had begun to organize a redress campaign, and, throughout the 1970s, the idea of a Japanese-Canadian movement gained momentum. By 1976, the National Redress Committee in Toronto had begun to officially discuss redress. By 1977, the Reparations Committee was formed and political positions on redress were being co-constructed and negotiated within Japanese-Canadian communities and in the Japanese-Canadian press—the <title level="j">New Canadian</title> and the <title level="j">Canada Times</title>.</p>
                        <p> The project of mediating a Japanese-Canadian history was taken up anew, against a backdrop of historically biased and problematic representations from mainstream radio, television, and print sources that were largely favourable to government rhetoric and void of Japanese-Canadian perspectives. In <title level="m">Of Japanese Descent: An Interim Report</title> (1945), an earlier propaganda film by the National Film Board, the relocation centres are redefined by the narrator as <q>towns</q>; likewise, he reinscribes into the national historical account the multiple racist wartime policies as part of more general liberal democratic practices of policing. In this film, funded by the British Columbia Security Commission, Japanese-Canadian identity undergoes reinvention as part of a government plan for postwar integration. The film visualizes the inceptions of a future multicultural discourse that privileges white Canadian normativity (Pendakis and Wilson). Even in Pierre Berton’s more sympathetic 1970s television production, <title level="m">Exodus of the Japanese</title>, the comments and perspectives of the two Japanese Canadians who appear in the film, Mrs. Tanaka and Harry Nobuoka, are framed by a 1970s Trudeau-era multicultural narrative that acknowledges the racially motivated injustices of past governments, while claiming that the Trudeau-era government has resolved racism. Racism is narrated as historical; meanwhile, the episode simultaneously racializes Canadian residents and citizens of Japanese heritage as <q>the Japanese</q> (as per the title) and reinforces an ethnic binary whereby visible minorities are positioned in relationship to an imagined white Canadian society, which is blind to its own hegemonic privilege. In the 1975 <hi rend="small-caps">NFB</hi> documentary, <title level="m">Enemy Alien</title>, Mrs. Horiouchi, an elderly Japanese-Canadian woman who appears in the film, never speaks for herself but is used, instead, as visual evidence to add credibility to the perspective presented by the male voice-over narrator.</p>
                        <p> By the late 1970s, there were also an increasing number of non-fiction print publications from a variety of perspectives: Ken Adachi’s <title level="m">The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese Canadians</title> (1976), Barry Broadfoot’s history entitled <title level="m">Years of Sorrow, Years of Shame: The Story of Japanese Canadians in World War II 1877–1977</title> (1978), and the Japanese Canadian Centennial Project’s <title level="m">A Dream of Riches</title>. Ann Gomer Sunahara’s book <title level="m">The Politics of Racism</title> (1981), released the same year as <title level="m">Obasan</title> (1981), provided a historically researched account of the racist motivations behind wartime and postwar policies aimed at forever resolving the <q>Japanese problem</q> in Canada (Sunahara 13). In 1982, <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> television produced the documentary <title level="a">A Call for Justice</title> as part of the national news and information program <title level="j">The Journal</title> and in response to the call of the redress movement. According to Miki, one of the former leaders in the movement and a historian of Japanese-Canadian redress, what stands out about this documentary is that it includes the perspective of Japanese Canadians in ways that allow for the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>’s <q>tacit endorsement of some form of redress for what are acknowledged as injustices</q> (<title level="m">Redress</title> 142). By the mid-1980s, the Japanese-Canadian redress movement had gained momentum in the media and had become part of the popular consciousness of Canadians. Maryka Omatsu, former redress activist and lawyer, writes that by <q>1984 editorials across the country had begun to take up the issue and to advise the Trudeau government that <q>Japanese Canadians have waited long enough for compensation; they should have to wait no longer</q></q> (97). The continuous media attention given to the matter of the campaign and ensuing settlement throughout the 1980s—as several multiculturalism ministers, some of whom included Jim Fleming, David Collenette, Jack Murta, Otto Jelinek, and David Crombie, tried to negotiate a settlement with Japanese Canadians—had created an awareness of Japanese-Canadian history. This cultural and political climate established the need and, in some cases, inspired a desire for Japanese Canadians, Onodera included, to discover and voice their individual, familial, and communal histories.</p>
                        <p> <title level="m">The Displaced View</title>, as one of the early texts in the tradition of narrating Japanese-Canadian women’s histories that include stories of immigration and internment, has become part of a larger contribution to community auto/biography, both literary and cinematic. Other influential texts in this category include its literary predecessor and the aforementioned <title level="m">Obasan</title> by Joy Kogawa, which I have argued elsewhere is <q>the palimpsest over which all Japanese-Canadian texts—literary, cinematic, and otherwise—are articulated</q> (<title level="m">Joy Kogawa</title>, 21). Another writer who has made significant contributions, although from another perspective almost two decades after Kogawa, is Kerri Sakamoto, with her two novels <title level="m">The Electrical Field</title> (1998) and <title level="m">One Hundred Million Hearts</title> (2003), and her film <title level="m">Obāchan’s Garden</title> (2001). Onodera’s <hi rend="italic">The Displaced View </hi>was chronologically the next creative text of significance after Kogawa’s <hi rend="italic">Obasan </hi>to provide such significant insight into Japanese-Canadian perspectives and women’s views in particular. All these creative texts by Kogawa, Onodera, and Sakamoto share the common narrative practice of uncovering and discovering family histories, for which the events of the Second World War are part of larger more complex stories. This is in contrast to many accounts from the dominant discourse that focus almost exclusively on the historical narration of wartime events—namely, the internment (as this term has been popularly applied to camp life)—thereby containing Japanese-Canadian history in ways that do not allow for continually developing Japanese-Canadian histories and identities.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Intercultural Film: Re-Constituting Community and Memory</head>
                        <p> As an intercultural project, the film negotiates itself between several layers of meaning: that which is known, that which has been imagined, and that which cannot be added to the re-membering of Japanese-Canadian communities or collective memory either because it has been permanently forgotten or because it was never understood or known. Experimental filmmaking techniques, such as the construction of a narrative using family photographs, home video footage, and formal interviews (in this case as the foundation to the script), all work to create a <q>less plot driven and more synchronically organized presentation</q> common to what Jim Lane describes as autobiographical portraiture (94). These techniques, in particular the female voice-over narrative, are also consistent with Onodera’s second-wave feminist filmmaking practices that aim to create a space to represent Japanese-Canadian women. As an archival recovery project, the film is intended to preserve knowledge and her-story/ies. The three female characters in <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> each have an autonomous voice: they are not, as has been the case in early representations of Japanese-Canadian history by the dominant discourse (<hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>, <hi rend="small-caps">NFB</hi>, government rhetoric), merely the objects of anthropological investigations by white Canadian men/film­makers. Each female character recounts a story unique to her generation and is, therefore, partially representative of a more collective female Japanese-Canadian experience; together these characters reconstitute one possible past onto which other women can graft potential futures.</p>
                        <p> The experimental technique of constructing a polyphonic voice-over allows for a cohesive narrative while still providing the cinematic flexibility to represent a wide range of female Japanese-Canadian perspectives. The onscreen characters played by Onodera, her mother, and her grandmother, visually represent composite persona that Onodera, as screenwriter and filmmaker, created based on extensive research trips and personal experience. As part of the background work of writing this screenplay, Onodera travelled across Canada to conduct interviews with first generation (issei), second generation (nisei), and third generation (sansei) Japanese Canadians. While Onodera’s own mother visually represents the sansei mother, another nisei woman reads the voice-over. Onodera’s grandmother reads and acts her role, but is still following a script. Onodera’s screen character is perhaps the most auto/biographical in that it represents her personal story of defending her sexuality, in addition to issues that she shares with other women of her generation. None of these characters can be accepted as fully auto/biographical in their own right, but each should instead be considered as more generally representative of her generation and of the ways that personal experiences shared by many Japanese-Canadian women have intersected with social and political events.</p>
                        <p> Functioning as a polyphonic community auto/biography, <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> records the unveiling of wartime events to a younger generation through a dialogue with history and with older community and family members. This cross-temporal and cross-generational communication takes place during multiple intervals: initially, it occurs during the research and interview stage, and it subsequently transpires via the medium of cinema itself, and then as part of the film’s reception. As the film’s director, Onodera creates a venue to explore the motivations and actions of the older generations, which she concedes are explicable, given the historical context, though not always forgivable from her generational perspective. Namely, Onodera struggles to understand the lack of issei and nisei resistance against systemic oppression: the pervasive attitudes of resignation and acceptance that sustained individual and community silence after the war.<note place="end"> 9 Given the historical tendency to homogenize <q>the</q> Japanese-Canadian community/perspective/attitude/politics of redress, it is important to acknowledge, of course, that, as with any community, there was a heterogeneity of reactions during and after the war, and some people did speak out. Muriel Kitagawa is one such example. Her writings, both personal and public, have been collected and published by Roy Miki in the book <title level="m">This is My Own: Letters to Wes &amp; Other Writings on Japanese Canadians, 1941–1948</title> (1985).</note> Ultimately, however, Onodera’s narrative voice-over expresses her growing understanding, as a sansei, of the issei and nisei. This growing comprehension is represented through Onodera’s onscreen matrilineal relationships with her mother and grandmother.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Issei–Sansei: Grandmother–Granddaughter Relationships</head>
                        <p> <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> traces the intercultural video project of using film itself as a medium to communicate between generations and beyond language barriers. At the time of this film’s production in the mid-1980s, the redress movement was exacerbating existing generational tensions, further complicating the need for Japanese Canadians to find a common voice to represent their collective wishes; generational divides, among other differences, made the unification of a community voice seem nearly impossible at certain moments during the redress era. Japanese Canadians often held drastically different opinions about what redress should aim to accomplish and how those goals should be achieved (Miki <title level="m">Redress</title>; Omatsu). One hurdle to be overcome was that, as previously mentioned, the generations had radically variant perspectives, and, in some cases, the difficulty of communicating these views was exacerbated by the linguistic caesura that had taken place in Japanese-Canadian families and communities after the war. Many Japanese Canadians stopped speaking Japanese in the postwar era. This was in part the result of assimilationist government policies that dispersed Japanese Canadians across the country in an attempt to resolve the <q>Japanese problem,</q> as it had been labeled during the war. This linguistic discontinuity simultaneously disrupted the transmission of heritage culture and largely silenced the issei. The silencing of individual, family, and communal histories allowed for official interpretations of history to dominate, unchecked, during the postwar period and into the 1970s. Then, with the redress movement, personal, familial, and community stories began to emerge.</p>
                        <p> It was within this sociocultural and political climate that Onodera created <title level="m">The Displaced View</title>. One of the avant-garde innovations of this film, given its historical moment of production, is the director’s decision to have the issei grandmother speak in Japanese. The sansei narrator’s inability to understand and communicate with her grandmother is not narrated but rather experienced by the viewer: the English speech is subtitled in Japanese. However, the reverse is not true: Japanese speech is not subtitled in English, which identifies the Japanese-speaking issei grandmother as the target audience. At the outset of Onodera’s film, there exists a chasm between the grandmother and the granddaughter because they do not share a genealogical continuity: a mother tongue. In this sense, the passage of genealogy was lost with the historical denial of the immigrant grandmother’s minority language and female voice. Onodera’s filmmaking techniques attempt to undo the grandmother’s multilayered othering—as elderly-ethnic-female—by the hegemonic white-Anglo culture that alienates her.</p>
                        <p> Marks argues that experimentation with techniques is integral to intercultural films given that intercultural work offers other, different, and new ways of knowing and representing the silences of the archive, the traumas of the past, and the dislocations from culture and language, and that from the efforts of this memory work, experimental techniques are developed—<hi rend="italic">newness</hi> <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">à la</hi> Bhabha—comes into being on screen (5). Many experimental film artists in the mid-1980s were making <q>explorations of language and representation at a time when academia was seized by semiotic theory:…many began making primarily queer work.…When broader cultural interests (or, narrower academic interest) turned to questions of racial and ethnic identity, many artists shifted their work to address these concerns</q> (4). While Onodera’s use of Japanese subtitling in <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> distances non-Japanese-speaking viewers, it also situates the non-Japanese speaker in the position of the sansei, who struggle to understand the older generations, especially the issei. In so doing, Onodera aims to encourage cross-cultural listening. She explains, <q>That’s what I do a lot of the time with my grandmother: sometimes it works, sometimes it doesn’t</q> (qtd. in Waring 18). Onodera wants and expects audiences to feel both frustrated, as she often has, but also to listen for an intercultural communication beyond language—what she refers to as <q>a sort of basic or pure communication</q> (qtd. in Duran 8). This technique of subtitling the English and not the Japanese audio is an intercultural experiment to test the potential for film to act as a conduit of communication across previously irreconcilable breeches between individuals and communities, represented onscreen by the three female characters, each of whom have specific generational, cultural, and linguistic perspectives.</p>
                        <p> Within the context of ongoing debates associated with the contradictory natures of bilingualism and multiculturalism, Onodera’s focus on language can be read as both a semiotic system and a form of political resistance. These subtitles in <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> allow not only for communication between the filmmaker and the first generation, represented by her grandmother, but they also layer the celluloid with a visible Japanese aesthetic that brings into relief exactly what Onodera has lost. Marks maintains that in intercultural film a process of mourning is part of the work of interrogating the traumas of the past. The resulting <q>grief may be individual or widely shared, but in these films and tapes it becomes a collective experience</q> (5). In the Japanese-Canadian historical context, the causes for grief are multiple. However, Onodera, as sansei, represents a grief that results from her break with Japanese language—the ancestral mother tongue—and therefore culture. The film exposes the pain that this linguistic alienation causes her, both in terms of the impact on the relationship with her grandmother, the first generation (issei) more generally, and in terms of Onodera’s own sense of identity as a Japanese-Canadian woman. Despite being a third generation Canadian, Onodera is largely received by white Canadians as <q>Japanese.</q> She expresses her frustrations with the discrepancy between perception and reality, as well as her shame at being misidentified. She feels both the upset at being considered <q>other</q> in her native nation-state, Canada, and the poignant loss of the linguistic knowledge that is, in part, the result of her family’s and the larger Japanese-Canadian communities’ postwar desire to be identified as loyal Canadians and model citizens—an ambition to belong that seemed the promise of suppressing one’s Japaneseness. However, the film reveals that it was a false promise. Onodera’s character explains, <q>I met an old man who said <q>too much Japanese stuff. That’s over.</q> I remember my mom saying just because you’re Japanese that doesn’t mean you are different from anyone else. She said that for quite some time. If that were true, why did she have to keep reminding me?</q> The film narrative exposes all that has been lost and forsaken in an effort to belong, only to document how prejudiced assumptions are sustained into the present. Onodera’s character describes her struggles as someone who does not conform to rigid identity paradigms of either Japanese or Canadian: <q> <p>A few years ago I decided to learn Japanese. I wanted to talk to you [her grandmother] properly. I quit after two classes. Just because I look Japanese everyone expects you to know the language.</p> <p><q>How long have you been here? You have such good English.</q></p> <p><q>I can only speak English.</q></p> </q> Furthermore, the use of Japanese subtitles becomes part of the film’s resistance against the fact that Onodera’s mother—as the synecdoche of the nisei generation—has forever acted as the family translator. In this role, her mother has been the mediator and the barrier, allowing for communication but impeding direct contact with the grandmother’s generation and by proxy the family culture and history.</p>
                        <p> Onodera’s directorial choice not to translate the Japanese of the grandmother into English forces the non-Japanese-speaking viewer to reflect on Onodera’s displacement from her grandmother, as well as her ancestral language, history, and culture. An outsider within her own family dynamic, Onodera is shut out from any nuanced understanding of the older generations and therefore has the perspective of a perpetual child. This technique foregrounds for viewers how the filmmaker’s relationship with her grandmother has been mediated—both literally, through translation, as well as metaphorically—by her nisei mother, in much the same way that many Japanese-Canadian family and community interactions (including the complicated community debates that went on in the 1980s regarding redress) have relied on nisei intervention to smooth intergenerational understanding, linguistic as well as world views, political perspectives, and cultural attitudes.</p>
                        <p> Onodera reclaims the power of direct communication through video and film. Via her control of the medium, she can bypass her mother’s interventions to speak directly with her grandmother. As such, this experimental film is a tool for cross-cultural and even cross-temporal exchange. Onodera’s directorial choices—to speak to the grandmother directly through subtitles and to have the grandmother speak in unmediated and untranslated Japanese—place this representation in stark contrast to the appropriation of Japanese-Canadian voices and stories in other earlier television and film productions. In this sense, the film is an attempt to reestablish lost voices, lost genealogies, and the fissure between grandmother and granddaughter.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Nisei–Sansei: Mother–Daughter Relationships</head>
                        <p> <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> also records the transformation in Onodera’s understanding of her nisei mother that is a direct outcome of the intercultural video techniques employed in the filmmaking process. Onodera opens <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> by making the following claims: <q>My love and respect for my grandmother lead me to ask the questions. I have begun to understand my mother better through the answers.</q> While the mother character in the film speaks English, like many nisei, she has never used that language to defend herself publicly or to resist oppression. Onodera’s character struggles to reconcile herself to a mother who has been unwilling to fight for her rights: <q>I don’t understand why she didn’t fight back, stand up for her rights. I realize the time and the struggle are different, but that doesn’t allow me to forgive her.</q> Unable to relate to the non-politically engaged mother character, Onodera’s character imagines that she has gained her strength from her grandmother.</p>
                        <p> Initially, Onodera is highly critical of her mother’s generation: <q>I’ve heard you [mother] say that the evacuation was a good thing. <hi rend="italic">It made the Japanese assimilate more. It took them out of the ghetto.</hi> Do you really believe that, or are you still trying to justify the pain?</q> At the outset, Onodera’s character, equating her resistance against heteronormative standards and racist injustices, cannot fathom the issei and nisei acceptance of the past and of government policies that assured assimilation. Fearful of reawakening the past, many issei and some nisei, depending on their age and attitude, advocated the mantras of <hi rend="italic">shikata ga nai</hi>, indicating resignation (<q>it couldn’t be helped</q>) and <hi rend="italic">enryo</hi>, restraint. However, by the end of the film, the narrative has traced Onodera’s path to understanding that it has been unfair on her part to compare her own struggle to assert her sexuality with her mother’s lack of defence of her ethnicity, when, in fact, Onodera herself has failed to assert herself as Japanese Canadian: <q>Like my mother I’ve denied my history for so long, pretending to be white.</q> By 1988, Onodera had already directed several films focused on her lesbian identity. This intercultural film, however, becomes her ethnic <q>coming out</q> film in two senses: in it, she comes out as a lesbian to her own ethnic community, and the film itself also allows her to explore and assert herself as Japanese Canadian. <q>Because I had to fight for my sexuality, I ended up protecting my culture.</q> Onodera articulates that the process of filmmaking has made her increasingly aware of her differences within difference—of the role of her ethnicity in relationship to her sexuality. By the end of the film, one identity is no longer subsumed by the other.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Intercultural Narrative Fantasy: Reclaiming a Genealogy</head>
                        <p> <title level="m">The Displaced View</title> records Onodera’s sometimes unsuccessful struggle to reassemble her maternal history, an elusive goal that she identifies as an ongoing task. The gaps and silences Onodera encounters and then represents in the film itself are consistent with the process of memory work that Marks identifies as integral to intercultural film, given that the filmmakers are typically addressing difficult histories. Like other intercultural video and filmmakers who undertake <q>traumatic investigations,</q> Onodera’s narrative discovers <q>personal and family memories, only to create an empty space where no history is certain…The story suspends in order to contemplate this emptiness, which is narratively thin but emotionally full</q> (Marks 5). Through a better understanding of her mother and grandmother, the narrator of the film seeks to know herself, her matrilineal parentage, and her Japanese-Canadian identity more thoroughly. To achieve this, Onodera resists easy conclusions. She asks the following questions: <q>Am I a Japanese Canadian, or a person <q>of Japanese descent</q>? Passing as. In the closet when. I am guilty of playing it safe.</q> Admitting that it has been easier to deny her heritage than to confront it, she has existed in a liminal space, floating between signifiers.</p>
                        <p> Where there has been no story, Onodera has fantasized a matriarchalfigure, creating for herself a genealogical history. Framed by tangible wishes and transformed fairy tales, the absence of a spoken history creates the space for an imagined family story. Onodera’s film is one of the first Japanese-Canadian films to use this technique, which is later applied by other filmmakers.<note place="end"> 10 For example, in Kerri Sakamoto and Rea Tajiri’s film <hi rend="italic">The Strawberry Fields </hi>(1997), Luke rejects the option of searching for his birth parents and prefers, instead, the fantasy that he has created by relying on images and ethnic stereotypes constructed by the mass media. His girlfriend, Irene, criticizes him for his inability to face his own past: “You can’t face the truth. You cut out pictures from the magazines and pretend they are real” (<hi rend="italic">The Strawberry Fields</hi>). In the docu-drama <hi rend="italic">Obāchan’s Garden</hi> (2001) by Linda Ohama, the messages of the great-granddaughter resonate with those of Midi Onodera. The <hi rend="italic">yonsei</hi> (fourth generation) great-grandchild imagines that the family has descended from the imperial palace, and that she might find out that she is a princess, once her obāchan’s (grandmother’s) secrets are revealed.</note> In the absence of any knowledge of her grandparents’ past, the narrator as a young child fantasized that her grandmother and grandfather were the old man and his wife in <hi rend="italic">The Crane Wife </hi>fairy tale. Onodera uses this story as a framing device and imagines her grandmother to be the wife of the benevolent woodcutter:</p>
                        <p>There is still so much I don’t know about you, my grandmother: <hi rend="italic">Bāchan</hi>. Information guarded from me, simply because I never asked. I didn’t need to. A Japanese fairy tale. You became the old woman living in a small village with <hi rend="italic">Jiichan</hi>: the childless couple. <hi rend="italic">Jiichan </hi>was the one who freed the snow crane from the trap. For his act of kindness, you were rewarded with a visit from a young girl. You gave her food and shelter, and in return she wove beautiful fabric of exquisite design. Then one day, her secret was discovered. But, I made up that past for you.</p>
                        <p>In an attempt to recapture yet another history and a more complex understanding of her grandmother’s early life, Onodera embarks on a train voyage into the BC Interior to identify former sites of confinement (internment camps). This exploration becomes more specifically a metaphysical journey of reflection—the deconstruction and reinvention of history and identity. When Onodera goes in search of the internment camps scattered across BC, they are not situated on the maps—spatial oblivion—and she does not know what she will find: “Everyone told me not to be disappointed, but I didn’t need the physical evidence to validate history. I wanted to find the part of you [my grandmother] that I imagined in myself, the part of you that my mother had denied me, but I was almost afraid of what I might discover.” On her trip, Onodera is struck by the realization that there is little physical evidence remaining of the injustices done to her family and the Japanese-Canadian community in general throughout the 1940s. In many cases, nothing identifiable denotes the locations of the unmapped sites that nature has since reclaimed; the mainstream nation bears no scars.</p>
                        <p>Nature’s reclamation of these physical spaces parallels the “naturalization” of the de facto obliviation of Japanese-Canadian communities caused by government policies during and after the war. In this sense, Canada, with its mythopoeisis of the natural landscape, is able to re-absorb any societal glitches that have occurred and absolve the nation of responsibility for historical injustice. Japanese Canadians, however, need no physical marker of wartime discrimination for it to continue to exist as a wound in their psyche and lived reality. Onodera’s voyage to Sandon, Slocan City, and New Denver unfurls the concept of the internment camp as a mythical place/space, erased from the landscape, just as family histories had been erased for several decades between the war’s end and the redress period. This sequence resonates with the tropes of silence and the discovery of family history that permeate Kogawa’s <hi rend="italic">Obasan</hi>.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">The Displaced View</hi>, like that novel, acknowledges its status as a text, a narrative construct, a fallible medium through which one potential (never absolute) version of history and one interpretation of truth can be reconstructed. This experimental film follows Onodera’s journey back to an identity that requires partial reinvention. Through this process, the sansei narrator is replacing her childhood fantasies about her grandmother’s biography with another potential story, invented for viewers, by the character of the grandmother. Still, the new version does not represent a concrete account, verifiable by places and facts. It too relies on the grandmother character’s failing memories and interpretations of her personal history.</p>
                        <p>The grandmother’s story, founded in lived experiences, is potentially less impressive than the fairy tale Onodera has told herself for her entire life, but by replacing the fairy tale with the bits of information that she gleans about her grandmother’s past through the filmmaking process, the narrator is able to create a <hi rend="italic">new</hi>, more nuanced her-story. In its avant-garde use of historical invention, the film creates a dynamic mythopoeia, subject to change and metamorphosis that encompasses not only the wartime situation but also the narration of the issei’s arrival to Canada, as it links to the identities of the issei’s daughter and granddaughter. In this context, the grandmother’s identity is not frozen in time, limited only to affirming the family’s link to Japan; nor are community identities fixed as a result of traumatic experiences resulting from unjust and racist policies and legislations.</p>
                        <p>Between the various generational views of the grandmother, mother, and daughter, supplemented by family pictures and historical documents, exists a story—suspended between the images that remain, the places that remain, and the people who testify to their varying points of view on what happened during and after the war. Onodera also exposes the difficult reality that some facts are too difficult to recall: in some cases what was silenced was also forgotten. Using the dynamics of the image, Onodera re-represents the space of oblivion—those elements of the fragmentary history that have been permanently erased from the cultural community memory. In so doing, the film’s narrative makes explicit that facts do not equate to “truth.” A meta-narrative is not possible for reasons linked not only to the fallibility of memory but to generational politics and perspectives. In some cases, and to varying degree, silence was the status quo after the Second World War. Ultimately, however, through the process of intercultural filmmaking, Onodera comes to a better understanding of her mother and grandmother’s politics of silence. Functioning as a polyphonic community autobiography, the film’s narrative proposes that silenced and missing history/stories must be imagined into a new vision (revision) of identity—personal, familial, and communal.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p>Potential Futures</p>
                        <p>As the film comes to an end, Onodera closes the frame stories but identifies the search for the family history and ethnic identity, linked the recovery of oblivion, as a work in progress. As director, she wisely avoids providing simplistic answers that recuperate diverse Japanese-Canadian experiences into mainstream narratives of economic success and/or assimilation, as earlier white filmmakers had typically done. Instead, she interrogates the historical outcomes that speak to the larger sociopolitical ethos of the period, and the contradictions and complexities inherent in determining a multicultural future for the country. Despite the fact that Onodera was creating a film focused on ethnocultural identity during a moment of heightened awareness of multicultural issues, she ironically found it even more difficult, in some cases, to find funding for the film. Onodera was confronted with the negative implications of multicultural funding in ways that made it clear that multiculturalism gives attention to Canadian diversity within a paradigm that still privileges the view of the dominant culture(s) and homogenizes ethnocultural interests in order to disenfranchise the minority groups it claims to empower (Marchessault 20). In <hi rend="italic">The Displaced View</hi>, Onodera was working to represent a complexity of Japanese-Canadian perspectives that ran contrary to tidy homogeneous ethnocultural identity paradigms. Furthermore, despite the fact that asserting ethnocultural identity is cohesive at many levels with multicultural politics, the redress movement positioned Japanese Canadians (and therefore Onodera’s project) in opposition to the state.<note place="end"> 11 For this, Onodera was, on one occasion, denied access to a cultural event put on by Caravan and sponsored by government money budgeted to support multicultural initiatives because the subject of Japanese-Canadian women was perceived of as overtly political (Waring 26). Onodera also believes she was denied government funding (naming the Ontario Film Development Corporation, as one example) because of a lack of desire to fund experimental films (25) and because of concerns that her film would not conform to “a middle class, heterosexual, apolitical format” demanded of artists using multicultural funding dollars (“Reconsidering”). In 1991, in the <hi rend="italic">Yellow Peril: Reconsidered</hi>, curated by Paul Wong at Vancouver’s Or Gallery (May 10–June 8, 1991), Onodera observes that, in some cases, filmmakers of colour “have become so preoccupied with racial and cultural differences that artistic concerns come second to our visible presence” (“Reconsidering”).</note></p>
                        <p>In <hi rend="italic">The Displaced View</hi>, Onodera avoids succumbing to the funding imperatives that have resulted from the institutionalization of cultural difference and has instead written new identities that resist stagnant Japanese-Canadian identity representations that exist only in relationship to internment—an overly simplified term that does not encompass all the various policies and civil/human rights abuses enacted against the Japanese-Canadian wartime community. This film was a response to previous cinematic texts that had represented a history of racist government policies as aberrations, rather than fully acknowledging the degree to which these events are part of what has constituted the formation of the Canadian nation. Stagnation of identity at the moment of historical trauma, whether it be the initial immigration, or the events of the Second World War, or coming out as a lesbian, does not allow for a fluid and dynamic identity. Whether personal or communal, identities that are constructed solely around a particular event become fossilized. To historicize ethnicity at the moment of victimization is to recuperate it into status quo narratives of “enemy alien” and “other.” Furthermore, the mainstream narratives that evaluate Japanese Canadians according to a Protestant work ethic that values economic productivity, in general, claim that Japanese Canadians have recovered from the wartime injustices and the ramifications of those events, based on their economic successes after the war and their continued economic productivity. These narratives of the model minority fail to capture the complex consequences of a century of racist policies and social attitudes enacted on Japanese Canadians, starting soon after the first Japanese immigrant arrived to Canada in 1877.</p>
                        <p>Onodera reminds viewers of potentially negative cultural outcomes resulting from these practices—about how a lack of intergenerational communication can reduce the issei to mere representatives of family ethnicity, instead of incorporating ethnic identity as a comprehensive part of a lived reality, enriched by cultural diversity. <hi rend="italic">The Displaced View</hi>, by contrast, resists this impulse. The film articulates Onodera’s fears about losing her grandmother and her history/stories either to a failing memory or to the inevitability of death. It records her grandmother for posterity, but it also communicates with her and allows her to represent a complex new story and identity for the next generation that will not be possible from a nostalgic posthumous perspective—once Obāchan and all the issei women are gone. Onodera’s desire for her grandmother’s immortality articulates one of the predominant concerns of later Japanese-Canadian documentaries released in the 1990s: the fear of invisibility through a complex process of assimilation that begins with a loss of language and a lack of communication between generations, creating cultural gaps and an erasure of history. As the issei age and die, families begin to recognize that the issei are bearers of culture, language, and history, and when they die, so do the links to the family’s sense of ethnic identity. Grandmothers, and the symbolic role of the matriarch as a link to cultural heritage, become a trope in Japanese-Canadian family documentaries (community auto/biographies).</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p>Conclusion</p>
                        <p>The directorial focus of <hi rend="italic">The Displaced View </hi>is a cinematic narrative of resistance against the imposition of historical oblivion. By archiving fragments of the past and weaving them with a degree of fictionalized content necessary to establish a cohesive narrative, Onodera realizes her dream to communicate with her grandmother. Initially, this connection with the grandmother assumes an exclusion of the mother, which is eventually transformed into a stronger mother–daughter relationship. Onodera’s initial desire to speak to her grandmother without the intervention of her mother is reflected from the outset, with the dedication “For My Grandmother, Suno Yamasaki,” to the concluding scene. Onodera’s quest to communicate with her grandmother is creatively imagined by the fairy tale frame-story and visually represented by a Daruma doll.</p>
                        <p>A Japanese Daruma doll initially has blank eyes. When a wish is made, the first eye is painted. The second eye is filled in when the wish comes true. Onodera paints the doll’s first eye at the beginning of the film. In the film’s final moments, Onodera fills in the second eye and we hear her recounting to her grandmother what she has learned from her:</p>
                        <p>Through you I’ve gained the strength to be who I am, and somewhere along the line I’ve discovered my own, as well. In order for a person to grow, they say that you must confront your worst fear. In some ways mine hasn’t changed since childhood. I’m still afraid of losing you and I will always regret not being able to tell you what you mean to me.…That wish I have, of you living forever. I know it’ll come true. If your memory fails and you don’t remember who I am, I’ll remember, for the both of us, and when you die, we’ll remember.</p>
                        <p>However, the closure symbolized by the Daruma doll is the only narrative resolution the film claims to achieve.</p>
                        <p>Onodera’s community auto/biography does not propose an official history. She explains both the impossibility of one cohesive history and the possibilities born of an engagement with multiple and dynamic narratives: “It’s difficult to get your facts straight. Even in one family, everyone has a different story. Shikata ga nai. Shikata ga nai. There are questions that remain unasked.” Via an open-ended story, Onodera destabilizes the facts, transforms the failings of memory into a positive space for reinvention, resists the resignation of <hi rend="italic">shikata ga nai</hi>, and alludes to all that must still be discovered and the memory work still to be done.</p>
                        <p>The narrative does not seek to record a family history for posterity but rather to create one in absentia. By extension it also offers one potential visual iteration of Japanese-Canadian history, while simultaneously using the medium of experimental film to represent the impossibility of achieving a cohesive community narrative given the numerous displaced views, the heterogeneity common to every (ethnocultural) community. To finally understand her grandmother and then her mother, Onodera, the filmmaker, navigates back from the vocality of the redress campaign to the silence that had marked Japanese-Canadian postwar history. She places in evidence the individual and community struggles that were involved in the move from secrecy and silence to personal action, political action, and public acknow-ledgement. Onodera’s film, as an answer to this dynamic, emphasizes the necessity for intracommunity, intergenerational communication that starts with the sansei narrator’s deepened understanding (if not forgiveness) for her mother’s choices and world views. One proposed path toward understanding is a shared family story, co-constructed by whatever means available.</p>
                        <p>The film itself initiates an exchange with various demographics of viewers, both Japanese-Canadian and non-Japanese-Canadian. It catalogues Onodera’s personal transformations, the shifts that take place in her relationships with her mother and her grandmother (her genealogy), and the metamorphoses that she undergoes in relationship to her various communities: queer, Japanese Canadian, Canadian, and beyond. By the end of the film, Onodera’s own identity is newly transformed as plural and fluid, in a dynamic relationship to others, to time and across space—proposing similar possibilities for viewers, who dare to ask the “questions that remain unasked.” By addressing her own personal, familial, and community relationships and their correlation to larger Canadian political events during the Second World War and the redress campaign, Onodera effectively challenges the multicultural construction of her identity, as well as the hierarchical construction of ethnicity in Canada; she appeals to all viewers to question their relationship to others, to “other” histories and, in so doing, to render visible and fluid the whiteness of the Canadian nation.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div type="section">
                        <p>Works Cited</p>
                        <p>Adachi, Ken. <hi rend="italic">The Enemy That Never Was: A History of the Japanese Canadians</hi>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976. Print.</p>
                        <p>Anselmi, W., and Sheena Wilson. “Performative Radicalism in Contemporary Canadian Documentary Film.” <hi rend="italic">England: Film International </hi>7.1 (February 2009): 44–53. Print.</p>
                        <p>Berton, Pierre, narr. “The History We Lived Through: The Exodus of the Japanese.” <hi rend="italic">The Pierre Berton Show</hi>. CBC. 1970. Television.</p>
                        <p>Bhabha, Homi K. <hi rend="italic">The Location of Culture</hi>. Oxon: Routledge Classics, 2005. Print.</p>
                        <p>Blodgett, E.D. “Ethnic Writing in Canada: Borders and Kogawa’s <hi rend="italic">Obasan</hi>.” <hi rend="italic">Precarious Present/Promising Future? Ethnicity and Identities in Canadian Literature</hi>. Ed. Danielle Schaub, Janice Kulyk Keefer, and Richard E. Sherwin. Jerusalem: Magnes, 1996. 61–76. Print.</p>
                        <p>Bociurkiw, Marusia. “Two Hot Nights in July: Toronto’s First Look at Films &amp; Videos by Lesbians of Colour.” <hi rend="italic">XTRA</hi> 104, 15 July 1988. Midionodera.com. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Broadfoot, Barry. <hi rend="italic">Years of Sorrow, Years of Shame: The Story of the Japanese Canadians in World War II</hi>. Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1977. Print.</p>
                        <p>“A Call for Justice.” CBC. 1982. Television.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">The Crane Wife</hi>. Retold by Odds Bodkin. Illus. Gennady Spirin. London: Voyager, Harcourt, 2002. Print.</p>
                        <p>Coleman, Daniel. <hi rend="italic">White Civility: The Literary Project of English Canada</hi>. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2008. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">The Displaced View</hi>. Dir. Midi Onodera. McAno Film Artists, 1988. Film.</p>
                        <p>Duran, Francie. “…Words from a Sansei.” <hi rend="italic">SURFACE</hi> 1 November 1990: 7–9. Midionodera.com. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">Enemy Alien</hi>. Dir. Jeannette Lerman. NFB, 1975. Film.</p>
                        <p>Government of Canada. Minister of Justice. <hi rend="italic">Canadian Multiculturalism Act.</hi><hi rend="italic">R.S., 1985</hi>, c. 24 (4th Supp.) Justice Laws Website. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Hane, Mikiso. <hi rend="italic">Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</hi>. 2nd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1992. Print.</p>
                        <p>Japanese Canadian Centennial Project. <hi rend="italic">A Dream of Riches: The Japanese Canadians, 1877–1977</hi>. Vancouver: Japanese Canadian Centennial Project, 1978. Print.</p>
                        <p>Kitagawa, Muriel. <hi rend="italic">This is My Own: Letters to Wes &amp; Other Writings on Japanese Canadians, 1941–1948</hi>. Ed. Roy Miki. Vancouver: Talonbooks, 1985. Print.</p>
                        <p>Kogawa, Joy. <hi rend="italic">Obasan</hi>. Toronto: Lester and Orpen Dennys, 1981. Print.</p>
                        <p>Lane, Jim. <hi rend="italic">The Autobiographical Documentary in America</hi>. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 2002. Print.</p>
                        <p>“Making the Mosaic: Multiculturalism in Canada.” <hi rend="italic">Archives.cbc.ca</hi>. CBC, n.d. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Marchessault, Janine. <hi rend="italic">Mirror Machine: Video and Identity</hi>. Toronto: YYZ Books and CRCCII, 1995. Print.</p>
                        <p>Marks, Laura U. <hi rend="italic">The Skin of the Film: Intercultural Cinema, Embodiment, and the Senses</hi>. Durham, NC: Duke UP, 2000. Print.</p>
                        <p>Miki, Roy. <hi rend="italic">Broken Entries: Race, Subjectivity, Writing: Essays</hi>. Toronto: Mercury Press, 1998. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi xml:lang="fr-FR"><hi rend="Basic-Graphics-Frame"><graphic rend="frame-1" url="image/12147.png"/></hi></hi>. <hi rend="italic">Redress: Inside the Japanese Canadian Call for Justice</hi>. Vancouver: Raincoast Books, 2004. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">Ob</hi>ā<hi rend="italic">chan’s Garden</hi>. Dir. Linda Ohama. NFB, 2001. Film.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">Of Japanese Descent: An Interim Report</hi>. Dir. D.C. Burritt. Prod. Leon C. Shelly. NFB, 1945. Film.</p>
                        <p>Onodera, Midi. “A Displaced View: What Are We Reconsidering about the ‘Yellow Peril’?” <hi rend="italic">On Edge TV</hi>. Canadian Culture Online, 1991. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Omatsu, Maryka. <hi rend="italic">Bittersweet Passage: Redress and the Japanese Canadian Experience</hi>. Toronto: Between the Lines, 1992. Print.</p>
                        <p>Patton, Janice, and Pierre Berton. <hi rend="italic">The Exodus of the Japanese</hi>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973. Print.</p>
                        <p>Pendakis, Andrew, and Sheena Wilson. “Seeing the Nation Whole: Mid-Century Canadian Political Fantasy and D.C. Burritt’s <hi rend="italic"> Of Japanese Descent</hi> (1945).” Ed. Dean Irvine, Bart Vautour, and Emily Ballantyne. Essays on Canadian Writing. Forthcoming 2014.</p>
                        <p>Ryan, Phil. <hi rend="italic">Multicultiphobia</hi>. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 2010. Print.</p>
                        <p>Sakamoto, Kerri. The Electrical Field. 1st ed. Toronto: Knopf, 1998. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi xml:lang="fr-FR"><hi rend="Basic-Graphics-Frame"><graphic rend="frame-1" url="image/12151.png"/></hi></hi>. <hi rend="italic">One Hundred Million Hearts</hi>. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2003. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi xml:lang="fr-FR"><hi rend="Basic-Graphics-Frame"><graphic rend="frame-1" url="image/12153.png"/></hi></hi>, dir. <hi rend="italic">Ob</hi>ā<hi rend="italic">chan’s Garden</hi>. NFB, 2001. Film.</p>
                        <p><hi rend="italic">The Strawberry Fields</hi>. Dir. Rea Tajiri. Pathfinder Pictures; Phaedra, 1997. Film.</p>
                        <p>Sunahara, Ann Gomer. <hi rend="italic">The Politics of Racism: The Uprooting of Japanese Canadians During the Second World War</hi>. 1981. Ottawa: Ann Gomer Sunahara, 2000. <hi rend="italic">Japanesecanadianhistory.ca</hi>. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Ward, W. Peter. <hi rend="italic">White Canada Forever: Popular Attitudes and Public Policy Toward Orientals in British Columbia</hi>. 2nd ed. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s UP, 1990. Print.</p>
                        <p>Waring, Wendy. “The Luck of Daruma: an Interview with Midi Onodera.” <hi rend="italic">Fireweed</hi> 24 (1987): 16–26. <hi rend="italic">Midionodera.com</hi>. Web. 17 February 2012.</p>
                        <p>Wilson, Sheena. “Introduction: The Multiple Voices of Poiesis and Praxis—The Work of Joy Kogawa.” <hi rend="italic">Joy Kogawa: Essays on Her Works</hi>. Ed. Sheena Wilson. Montreal: Guernica, 2011. 9–42. Print.</p>
                        <p><hi xml:lang="fr-FR"><hi rend="Basic-Graphics-Frame"><graphic rend="frame-1" url="image/12156.png"/></hi></hi>. “Paradigms Lost and Re-membered: The Case of Japanese Canadian Experience in Canadian Media, Cinema, and Literature.” Diss. University of Alberta, 2006. Print.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div type="part">
                <head xml:lang="en-CA">Women in Movements...</head>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>Publishing and Women in Movement</head>
                    <byline>Changing the Game</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName>Louise Dennys</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <p xml:id="p875">I’ve had some very happy times in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>, not least when <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385421" cert="definite">Rudy Wiebe</persName> and I launched his now classic book written with <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4385437">Yvonne Johnston</persName>, <title level="m">Stolen Life: The Journey of A Cree Woman</title>, and somehow, due to Rudy’s unusual contacts in high and low places, we held a full-scale media book launch inside the prison for Native women. It was an important occasion, giving recognition to the women of the prison who participated in the full Native ceremony honouring one woman’s courage in telling her story. <ref target="#recognitions">It was also a transformative moment for women and a telling moment for me as a publisher since the book’s success nationwide and as a Governor General’s Award winner underlined our need to tell the stories of our country—not least through the eyes and experiences of women.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p876"><ref target="#theme_or_topic">Publishing, writing, and the power of new media</ref> are critical components in our fast-transforming world. <ref target="#nationality_issue">And in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> it is especially fast changing if you consider that only thirty-odd years ago, this country played almost no role on the international publishing stage, few of our writers were recognized globally, and all struggled to reach audiences beyond our borders. Today, myriad Canadian writers are acclaimed and honoured, translated in every country.</ref> To help picture how this came about, I will offer here a couple of stories about this change that I’ve witnessed personally. They both reflect the importance of imagination in achieving far-reaching change: they tell us something about courage, and how we effect change; and how we use our stories—whether in fiction, non-fiction, poetry, whether in print or electronically—to speak to others, and for others, to that end.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p877">The first story is about <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><q>publishing in movement</q></ref> and the second is about <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><q>women’s writing in movement.</q></ref> In the <date cert="speculative" from="1980" to="1989">1980s</date>, a conference titled <q>women in movement</q> would have had a specific feminist agenda—and with good reason. Those reasons need no naming today, and are not altogether gone. But in many parts of the world they still hold medieval sway. <ref target="#violence"><ref target="#technology">So I will bring us around at the end to a remarkable online campaign that I and a few friends helped create in <date cert="definite" when="2010-07">July 2010</date> to try to stop the death by stoning of a woman accused of adultery in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/130758">Iran</placeName>, <persName>Sakineh Ashtiani</persName>—which you will have read about, if the digital world is working!—because for me the threads come together in that final story.</ref></ref> <ref target="#nationality_issue">The first is a story about how and why Canadian writing suddenly leapt to prominence on the world stage during the <date cert="speculative" from="1970" to="1979">1970s</date> and <date cert="speculative" from="1980" to="1989">1980s</date>, rather like Venus leaping out of her shell onto the beach. The power and appeal of Canadian writing has grown so swiftly internationally since then that it’s taken us from being widely seen as a largely colonial backwater to the centre of the world stage, with a globally valued national literature. I’ve been lucky enough to have witnessed it, and to play a small part in the battles.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p878">Imagine it is <date when="1996" cert="definite">1996</date> and you are at the autumnal <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2925533">Frankfurt</placeName> Book Fair, which is the fast-beating heart of international publishing. The annual fair has been in existence since the fourteenth century, and publishers from all countries meet there each year to do the business of publishing. It’s a bazaar, a souk—thousands of excited publishers buying and selling the country-rights to their authors’ works. It’s the largest trade fair in that city of year-long trade fairs, with the automotive industry in second place—which is notable. <ref target="#nationality_issue">That year, I was there for one of the first great moments for Canadian new fiction. <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311377903" cert="definite">Knopf Canada</orgName> had just published four remarkable first novels in a literary program, the New Face of Fiction, which I’d created to support new fictional voices. <ref target="#recognitions">We were celebrating <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61710472">Gail Anderson Dargatz</persName>, who at that time worked and lived on a farm outside <placeName>Millett</placeName>, and was just taking the country by storm with her beautiful first novel, <title level="m">The Cure for Death By Lightning</title>, while <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32833814" cert="definite">Ann-Marie MacDonald</persName> was being feted for winning the Commonwealth Prize for the best work of fiction for her first novel, <title level="m">Fall on Your Knees</title>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61584279">Dionne Brand</persName> (who would become Toronto’s poet laureate) was being feted for her luminous first novel.</ref> In <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, we all know the depth of our writing talent; but to see the excitement at Frankfurt that year for these <q>unknowns</q> from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> was exhilarating. It was a scrum, with publishers from <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/1861060" cert="definite">Japan</placeName> to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2661886">Sweden</placeName> bidding for the rights of first-time novelists (though, it must be said, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85372278" cert="definite">Yann Martel</persName>’s experimental first novel <title level="m">Self</title> rather struggled to find publishers, but some did see in it the power of imagination that would soon produce <title level="m">Life of Pi</title>). <ref target="#intertextuality">Ten years later, when I returned to the <listEvent> <event> <label>Frankfurt Book Fair</label> </event> </listEvent>, publishers from thirty-six countries would gather to celebrate the simultaneous publication in all languages—a first in history—of one book, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>’s <title level="m">Penelopiad</title>, which was being heralded by the <title level="j">Sunday Times</title> as the most exciting retelling of Homer’s <title level="m">Odyssey</title> in generations</ref>; and later that week, I would find myself addressing another roomful of foreign publishers who had come together to celebrate <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56942779" cert="definite">Miriam Toews</persName> and the translations of her brilliant, dark, funny, endearing novel, <title level="m">A Complicated Kindness</title>. Much had changed in that one decade. <ref target="#recognitions">Today, newspapers in all parts of the world headline the appeal and power of Canadian writers, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68944521">Alice Munro</persName> is the <date cert="definite" when="2013">2013</date> Nobel laureate, but you’d be hard pressed to find headlines quoting a Canadian politician or referencing a major trade deal or important international situation in which Canada had played a role.</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p879">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">The fact is, for the most part, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>’s profile abroad is its culture. It’s an extraordinary success story. But it didn’t come about easily. It was only a short time ago that Canadian writers were struggling dismally to be recognized abroad. So it’s intriguing to look at <hi rend="italic">why</hi> Canadian writers have found such a welcome internationally. Was it the priceless early investments in the arts, province by province and federally, now largely mourned and buried? Was it simply made possible by the newly developed strengths of publishing businesses in Canada? Was it the undoubted merit of the writing? <ref target="#collaboration">It’s a combination of factors, of course, a partnership, in which the community, its citizens, its universities, its businesses, its politicians, have all played essential roles, many hands helping to nurture the shining results we see today in the books we read and love. Anybody who thinks that what has happened in Canadian publishing is the result of a handful of good writers appearing all of a sudden, out of the blue, has completely missed the investments of the last forty years.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p880">In <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>, when I was fortunate enough to come to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, publishing—books and magazines—was a small industry. Canada was still a cultural colony as far as <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName> was concerned, and a slightly backward northern state as far as the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">United States</placeName> was concerned. I mean that literally. <ref target="#nationality_issue">In international publishing contracts the English automatically claimed Canada as their territory, while the Americans simultaneously claimed us too. We were like a bone being fought over by two dogs. And they chose not to understand why Canadian publishers and writers found this irritating and stultifying for the development of our own ideas, our own businesses. A full two decades earlier, the lawyer-poet <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108944267">F.R. Scott</persName>, who understood the importance of giving the writers of the nation a voice, had struggled against this: Is Canada, he asked, to remain a hewer of wood and drawer of water for her richer and more powerful neighbours, first <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167" cert="definite">Britain</placeName> and then America forever? In <date cert="definite" when="1957">1957</date>, when the writer <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/114760114">Dave Godfrey</persName>, the founder of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/268199074" cert="definite">House of Anansi</orgName> along with the great poet <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150749702">Dennis Lee</persName>, famously asked the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/130333233" cert="definite">University of Toronto</orgName> when it would set up a course in Canadian Literature, he was told, <q>Maybe in ten years—if the right people die.</q> Well, some of the right people did die. But mostly, the writers wanted out, wanted their voices heard. <ref target="#intellectual_history">In the decade following Canada’s Centennial year, when a surge of cultural, nationalist feeling swept the country, a few inspired, inspiring alternative small presses dedicated to Canadian literature sprang up, run by the rebellious writers themselves to give voice to those feelingsin <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>, radical <orgName>NeWest Press</orgName> with <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79126936" cert="definite">George Melnyk</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/14864700">Douglas Barbour</persName> and then <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385421" cert="definite">Rudy Wiebe</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120613489">Robert Kroetsch</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110789564" cert="definite">Aritha van Herk</persName>; <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/18033617">Mel Hurtig</persName>, who later gave us our first national encyclopedia, went from bookseller to publisher; <ref target="#place_of_publication">in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5909050" cert="definite">BC</placeName>, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131660786">Talonbooks</orgName> and <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/158331342" cert="definite">Pulp Press</orgName>; in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943">Ontario</placeName>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/158199848" cert="definite">Coach House Press</orgName> (whose proud motto was <q>Printed in Canada by Mindless Acid Freaks</q>), which first published <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/111941870">Michael Ondaatje</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76350280" cert="definite">bp Nichol</persName>, and then, in <date cert="definite" when="1972">1972</date>, the House of Anansi published <title level="m">Survival</title>—which, to the astonishment of the twenty-three-year-old <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName> herself, became a major Canadian bestseller—a fierce, challenging, funny, activist essay that reflected the ferment of social and cultural ideas boiling up all around. These were the seedbeds of our new literary culture.:</ref> </ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p881">
                        <ref target="#economics">But while what was happening was irrepressible in its creative strength, very few writers could make a living or even sustain themselves on their writing. In <date when="1967" cert="definite">1967</date>, domestic sales of Canadian books were barely $200 million (by <date cert="definite" when="1997">1997</date>, they would be over $2 billion; to put that in perspective, ten years later, that had more than doubled). There were very few large Canadian publishing houses—above all, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140384426">McClelland and Stewart</orgName> with the charismatic Jack at the helm, and <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125405553" cert="definite">Clarke Irwin</orgName> with the teetotalling Clarkes and Irwins, and the indomitable Mrs. Clarke setting out to create a solid base for Canadian literature in schools.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p882">It was a tough battle that amazing generation fought, defying the odds—that generation before mine. An exciting time—marked, it seems when you talk to the protagonists, as much by a great deal of alcohol, fraught love affairs, and broken marriages as by good writing or publishing.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p883">But the books we loved, then as now, were those that showed us who we are, gave shape to our hearts, to the challenges and mysteries of life, and gave voice to the familiar places we call home: in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102">Alberta</placeName>, the incomparable and beloved <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115304988" cert="definite">W.O. Mitchell</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385421" cert="definite">Rudy Wiebe</persName>; in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943">Ontario</placeName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110405550">Timothy Findley</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110344377" cert="definite">Robertson Davies</persName>; in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6325494">Quebec</placeName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642" cert="definite">Nicole Brossard</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/79020626">Marie-Claire Blais</persName>.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p884"><ref target="#nationality_issue">But <date cert="speculative" from="1960" to="1989">through the sixties, seventies, and even the eighties</date>, the creative ferment wasn’t making its way outside our borders. The problem largely was that the power structure was colonial. The British publishers, like the Americans, who sold their own books into <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> for gain, had no interest in taking home the <q>colonial</q> literature of Canada. But the big world market was the blood that many of our writers craved—and also needed in order to make a living. Rare exceptions—such as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27203212">Lucy Maud Montgomery</persName>—had made it out of Canada in significant numbers.</ref> You could count on the fingers of one hand the writers whose books travelled: the young <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44317974" cert="definite">Margaret Laurence</persName> and younger <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68944521">Alice Munro</persName>; <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92466956" cert="definite">Mavis Gallant</persName> (living in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507">Paris</placeName>); <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97277621">Mordecai Richler</persName> (living in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName> then).</p>
                    <p xml:id="p885">I’ve been truly lucky to work with some of our finest writers, men and women, including <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/111941870">Michael Ondaatje</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56942779" cert="definite">Miriam Toews</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>, or internationally, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109406177" cert="definite">Toni Morrison</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4961254">Jeanette Winterson</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/101752435" cert="definite">P.D. James</persName>. But you can imagine a nerdy bookworm of twenty-two back then, as I was, arriving in the middle of all this fledgling cultural excitement. Growing up in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131">England</placeName>, I was completely unaware of Canadian writers, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142129514" cert="definite">Oxford</orgName> education notwithstanding. But I loved stories, and I took the first job I could get in a publishing house: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125405553" cert="definite">Clarke Irwin</orgName>. I began as a coffee girl and made the steep climb up the ladder to editorial assistant, and finally, just before I left, <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102778829">Bill Clarke</persName> made me an assistant editor. But at that age, movement is never fast enough. I wanted to publish the writers I liked, and to do it quickly. So I began my own small publishing house, with nothing to go on but the confidence of the innocent, a transcendent love of literature, a belief in the power of the book to help shape the world, and two brave authors who had failed to find a publisher and were both desperate enough and generous enough to sign up with a kid crammed into the dusty backroom of a second-hand bookstore.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p886">I was lucky to arrive then because the tough battles to make a mark within <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> had already been fought by that first brilliant wave of publishers and writers. My aggravation was that the doors of the wider publishing world were closed against us—often literally closed in our faces. It was hard to get an appointment in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName> or <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>, the centres of publishing then. It was dispiriting, sometimes humiliating. <ref target="#nationality_issue">But youthful passion needs very little in the way of sustenance, and I believed then, as now, that we have not only a unique Canadian voice but a voice that speaks uniquely to the world.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p887">
                        <ref target="#manuscript_history">One day I borrowed money from equally penniless but supportive friends to make the trip to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>—and went knocking on the doors of world publishing, clutching a manuscript by one of my two authors in the hope of finding a publisher for it there. I remember how terrified I was, when I actually stood in the doorway of the famous house of <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142395924" cert="definite">Alfred A. Knopf</orgName> on Fifty-Fourth Street. I’d never even been to New York before, but—ironically, considering I ended up twenty years later founding Knopf in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>—I’d decided I might as well start at the top. Of course I found out, having come all that way on borrowed funds, that the grand editor with whom I’d made an appointment had already cancelled it and passed me on to an underling. But I was lucky again. It was his young assistant’s first week too, and she saw my face—I was clearly about to burst into tears—and took pity on me: we went out and had many drinks in the Oyster Bar on her boss’s tab, and she went back clutching the manuscript and convinced the grand editor to read it, and <ref target="#response_formal">shortly thereafter our Canadian-Czech writer <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/83176668">Josef Škvorecký</persName> had an American deal for his novel <title level="m">The Bass Saxophone</title>, which would soon be acclaimed by the <title level="j">New Yorker</title> as <q>the greatest jazz novel ever written.</q></ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p888">That was a scene repeated a few months later in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743">London</placeName>, when the venerable house of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/266360169" cert="definite">Hogarth Press</orgName>—founded by <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Virginia Woolf" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2534183" cert="definite">Leonard Woolf</persName>—called on <date cert="definite" when="--10-25">Christmas Day</date> to accept a manuscript I’d dropped off by the poet <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/90886338">Richard Outram</persName>. And so on. Early forays to open doors, the beginning of a concerted effort by a handful of determined young publishers and supportive writers, and by the early festivals such as the <listEvent><event><label>International Authors’ Festival</label></event></listEvent> at <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/7870801" cert="reasonably certain">Harbourfront</placeName>. Until, in <date cert="definite" when="1984">1984</date>, when I led the first Canadian Publishing Trade Mission to London, the headline about the event, in the business section of the London <title level="j">Times</title> read, to our great delight, <title level="a">The Empire Strikes Back.</title> The Brits had got the message.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p889">
                        <ref target="#economics">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">Today, Canadian literature is published, sold, read, acclaimed, and taught around the world. I must be clear: most writers do not shine in the sun but work in obscurity and exist on poverty-level incomes. But never before have our domestic book sales had the potential to be so high, with our expectation for a major hardcover bestseller not being the 5,000 copies that it was just ten years ago, but more like 15,000 or 20,000 or even 60,000 or 80,000 in Canada. Internationally, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56942779" cert="definite">Miriam Toews</persName>’s <title level="m">A Complicated Kindness</title>, for instance, has sold over half a million copies. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32833814">Ann-Marie MacDonald</persName>’s <title level="m">Fall on Your Knees</title> is at well over two million, thanks to the power of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27226716" cert="definite" sameAs="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah</persName>. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85372278">Yann Martel</persName>’s luminous <title level="m">Life of Pi</title>, one of five Canadian novels to walk away with the Booker Prize, and has now sold almost 900,000 copies in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and over nine million around the world.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p890">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">Our stories, our arts—that is largely what people think of when they think of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>. People elsewhere see and understand Canada through our writers. We have a voice, an image, on the world’s stage that has broad benefits for our writers, our communities and cities, and unexpected political and business implications. <ref target="#technology">When it comes time for Canada to buy or to negotiate, the attitude towards Canada and the kind of people we are has been determined to a surprising extent by the projection of our culture abroad. In the digital borderless world, it will be more important than ever to find ways to cherish and sustain that, and easier to project it.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p891">So what is it in our society, in our values, that makes our writing—our fiction and our non-fiction—so appealing and sexy to the world at large? The answer, I think, lies somewhere off to the side.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p892">
                        <ref target="#response_informal">The novelist and essayist <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27994903" cert="definite">Pico Iyer</persName> called <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>’s literature <q>the most exciting in the English-speaking world,</q> and <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">he places the cause firmly in what he calls our <q>mongrel</q> society. He pointed out that many of the finest writers in English are now men and women with names like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29540187">Salman Rushdie</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29581388" cert="definite">Rohinton Mistry</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7605720">Anita Rau Badami</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/96951910" cert="definite">M.G. Vassanji</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/87194517">Chimamanda Adichie</persName>, <persName>Jumpha Lahiri</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/111941870">Michael Ondaatje</persName>.</ref> And that many of these writers come from Canada. The power of Anglo-Saxon literature has been taken over by a literature that springs from the old colonial margins.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p893">
                        <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">
                            <ref target="#nationality_issue">There’s something about our marginal, mongrel status that forms a particular type of writer whose sense of social justice and injustice, of humanity and inhumanity is keen. You become a particularly capable, acute observer if you live long in the margins. Ours is now a literature written by people from many diverse cultures that have been distilled into the Canadian culture. To draw from a lovely phrase of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98055768" cert="definite">Anne Michaels</persName>, our writers at their best <q>put together shattered pieces to make a stained-glass whole.</q> <ref target="#recognitions">Or, as <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385421">Rudy Wiebe</persName> said on receiving the Governor General’s Award for fiction, <q>It is only the stories we tell each other that will make us a true Canadian people.</q></ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p894">
                        <ref target="#intellectual_history">The historical lesson is plain: when we look at the greatness of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3169070" cert="definite">Rome</placeName> or <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/390903">Greece</placeName>, or <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/361058" cert="definite">Alexandria</placeName>, do we think of their business record? It is our writers, our artists, our scientists, and our philosophers—and sometimes their patrons—that make known the character of a nation. It is only the societies that have paid their dues to their arts that are remembered and glorified. But the rewards are not just in some far-off future. They begin in the present, when our own people as well as the world at large hears the voice of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> through its writers and its artists, sits up, pays attention, and comes knocking on our doors. As they are knocking today.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p895">If our writers are touching the centre of the world now, it is to some degree because we speak from knowledge of the margins—messy, intolerant, dominated and rebellious, confused and optimistic, as the margins are wont to be. As is much of the world today. And that understanding out of the margins, from the sidelines and the alleyways, brings us to the second story, because it is, I believe, the very thing that has been moving a certain aspect of women’s writing in a fascinating new direction.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p896">Let me start with reading you a quote from that wise, tough-minded woman, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia Woolf</persName>, in her essay <title level="a">A Room of One’s Own</title>—we think we know everything about her and then, like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>, she becomes prophetic in unexpected ways.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p897">
                        <ref target="#women_writing">
                            <ref target="#close_reading">Not quite one hundred years ago—<date cert="definite" when="1928">1928</date>—<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia Woolf</persName> exhorted mothers to provide their daughters with <q>money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction.</q> And what else could they do but write fiction? she asks, in that very cool, clever essay, since <q>the only training that a woman had…was…in the observation of character, in the analysis of emotion. Her sensibility had been educated for centuries by the influences of the common sitting room. People’s feelings were impressed upon her; personal relations were always before her eyes. Therefore, when the middle-class woman took to writing, she naturally wrote novels</q> (61). When Virginia looks around her: <q>I find no noble sentiments about…influencing the world to higher ends.…Do not dream,</q> she says wryly, <q>of influencing other people</q> (100). She hoped that women might attain that influence within a hundred years. <q type="block">For if we live another century or so and have five hundred [pounds] a year each of us and rooms of our own; if we can get out of the common sitting room, and have the habit of freedom and the courage to write exactly what we think; if we see human beings not always in relation to each other but in relation to reality; and the sky too, and the trees or whatever it may be in themselves; if we face the fact that our relation is to the world of reality and not only to the world of men and women, then the opportunity will come.… It calls for gigantic courage and strength. More than anything, perhaps…it calls for confidence in oneself.</q> (102, 31) Well, we’re there, and just ahead of her estimated century.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p898">
                        <ref target="#women_writing">
                            <ref target="#genre_non-fiction">There’s still an argument about it, but those who argue are those who like flogging dead donkeys. In <date when="2008-11" cert="definite">November 2008</date>, <title level="j">The Independent</title>(UK) titled a discussion piece about how there seems to be a lack of women non-fiction writers <title level="a">Why Don’t Women Write <q>Big Ideas</q> Books?</title> <persName>Julia Cheiffetz</persName>, a senior editor at <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129138489" cert="definite">HarperCollins</orgName>, not a position of minor influence, in a <date cert="definite" when="2008">2008</date> piece in the <title level="j">Huffington Post</title> called <title level="a">What the Hell, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/25481798">Malcolm Gladwell</persName>,</title> responded to the absence of women in Gladwell’s book <title level="m">Outliers</title>: <q>It’s hard to know whether women are better at telling stories than propagating ideas…or whether the intellectual audacity required to sell our hypotheses about the world simply isn’t in our genetic makeup.</q> But the tides of change have swept over her. While twenty, even fifteen years ago, the many manuscripts from women that crossed my desk were largely fiction. Even then much of the non-fiction was world-changing for readers in its power. From <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/4927694" cert="definite">Rachel Carson</persName> to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/90712053">Jane Jacobs</persName>, a great Canadian whom I published and counted a friend, we’ve been blessed with great non-fiction women writers. Their books have been gigantic building blocks for all humankind. But still, fifteen years ago I received comparatively few manuscripts by women that embraced <q>Big Ideas,</q> tackled head-on society’s major concerns, politics, economics, human rights, strove to influence and change the world directly and overtly. But today many of the most passionately raised voices in the world are women’s voices, dealing with broad human issues with sensibility, empathy, and activism, speaking in much needed voices and with much needed ideas. Give a woman a room and the next thing you know she’s taken the world.…<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109406177">Toni Morrison</persName>, whom I publish, said so beautifully in her <date cert="definite" when="1993">1993</date> Nobel lecture, <q>Tell us what it is to be a woman…what moves at the margin. What it is to have no home in this place. To be set adrift from the one you knew. What it is to live at the edge of towns that cannot bear your company.</q> Our mongrel nation understands the margins.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p899">
                        <ref target="#genre_non-fiction"><ref target="#textual_agency">In <date cert="definite" when="1999">1999</date>, I published one of the early world-changing Canadian non-fiction <q>Big Ideas</q> books, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98653009">Naomi Klein</persName>’s <title level="m">No Logo</title>, which has sold in about forty-five languages. A brilliant, rabble-rousing work for a whole generation, it tore the branding consumer culture to shreds and took on the misconceptions of globalization; many of those who took to the streets in protest in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montreal</placeName> and in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5809844">Seattle</placeName>, who camped outside the walls of <orgName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/162777858">Davos</orgName> in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2658434" cert="definite">Switzerland</placeName> for the economic summits, the workers who demonstrated in the streets of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/1701668" cert="definite">Manila</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3435910">Buenos Aires</placeName>, carried that book as their bible.</ref> I was Naomi’s editor; she was just twenty-six at the time, and I know many people initially told her that she should move on, that she was inadequately trained to the task, that she would be ignored by the experts in the field, that the world would not pay attention to her. <ref target="#formal_response">She followed <title level="m">No Logo</title> with <title level="m">The Shock Doctrine</title>, also a #1 bestseller in many countries, and hailed by the Nobel-winning economist <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32057966" cert="definite">Joseph Stiglitz</persName> as a book to be read by all economists who cared about the word they live in.</ref> <ref target="#non-book_media"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Virginia Woolf</persName> is an odd great-grandmother for <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98653009">Naomi Klein</persName>, but she would not have disapproved of her desire to influence and shed light on reality, or, as Naomi said in her own succinct way in an online video on <title level="m">Big Think</title>, <q>When you read strong analysis, clear analysis, it makes you feel better equipped; it’s sort of ammo. As an opinion writer, as a columnist, that’s my goal: helping people get more of those clicks of understanding.</q></ref> <ref target="#health_issue">Other books followed in my own working life—<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/64240365">Stephanie Nolen</persName>’s groundbreaking book on <hi rend="small-caps">AIDS</hi>, <title level="m">28</title>;</ref> and <ref target="#religion"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17470230" cert="definite">Irshad Manji</persName>’s <title level="m">The Trouble with Islam Today</title>. As a young woman in her early twenties living in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>, Manji decided to speak up for the generous moderate Islam that she passionately advocates for in her book. A brave move—she lives under a fatwa—but her book is read and debated around the world, forging a path for tolerance.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p900">
                        <ref target="#politics"><ref target="#gender_issue"><ref target="#religion">Another woman who has moved out of the margins and pulled down a fatwa on her head in so doing is <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100329178" cert="definite">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</persName>. She wrote in her bestselling <title level="m">Infidel</title> of her flight from a forced marriage as a child to a much older man (living in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>)—and in <title level="m">Nomad</title>, her inspiring <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date> book, she tells the story of her continuing journey to escape and find a new life. She is articulate, astonishing, beautiful, and unbelievably courageous. She has taken on the cause of eradicating female genital mutilation and fully knows she is writing inflammatory work, but tells me, when I worry for <hi rend="italic">her</hi> safety, that to inspire change on any level, she <hi rend="italic">must</hi> be as staunch as possible. She sees the plight of women and radical Islam as the most urgent problem on the planet, one that affects us all: she is not a feminist, she says, but a human being. There is, she says, <q>a horrific silence from the mainstream.</q> And note there is no unified political perspective or women’s perspective.</ref></ref> Ayaan and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98653009" sameAs="Naomi Klein">Naomi</persName> would not be political bedfellows, but they are nevertheless both critical important voices in the world debate.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p901">
                        <ref target="#education">In many parts of the world, however, <q>a room of one’s own</q> is still a secret room. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305136376">Azar Nafisi</persName>, in her bestselling book <title level="m">Reading Lolita in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/112931" cert="definite">Tehran</placeName></title>, about teaching Western literature in secret to her students, wrote: <q type="block">For nearly two years, almost every Thursday morning, rain or shine, they came to my house, and almost every time, I could not get over the shock of seeing them shed their mandatory veils and robes and burst into color. When my students came into that room, they took off more than their scarves and robes. Gradually, each one gained an outline and a shape, becoming her own inimitable self. Our world, in that small room, with its window framing my beloved Elburz Mountains became our sanctuary, our self-contained universe, mocking the reality of black-scarved, timid faces in the city that sprawled below.</q> (5–6)</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p902">
                        <ref target="#technology">
                            <ref target="#politics">
                                <ref target="#gender_issue">I want to end by telling you of a personal story of a fight for the rights of one woman, which brings us into the powerful world of electronic communication. In <date cert="definite" when="2010-07">July 2010</date>, <persName>Heather Reisman</persName>, who runs the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/160536848" cert="definite">Indigo</orgName> book chain, called me to say she had that morning read a plea from a twenty-two-year-old boy in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/130758">Iran</placeName>, begging the world to intervene to save his mother’s life, alleging her innocence. Forty-two-year-old <persName>Sakineh Ashtiani</persName> was in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/113646" cert="definite">Tabriz</placeName> prison and due to be executed that weekend by stoning for so-called adultery—buried up to her neck and then stoned to death by a gathered crowd. That day we created a small committee—women and men—<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305136376">Azar Nafisi</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17470230" cert="definite">Irshad Manji</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/119834922">Shirin Ebadi</persName>, the Nobel-winning Iranian lawyer whose book I had published, lawyers, and advisors—and started emailing. Within twenty-four hours, we had a website up with a petition to the regime. Within five days, we had sent off three hundred thousand signed petitions. Sakineh’s stoning was delayed, as the regime regrouped. Eight hard-working people managed to bring this barbaric, cruel practice to the news of every country—all through the new digital world of social media. A publishing friend in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3469034" cert="definite">Brazil</placeName> created a brilliant social media campaign he called Lula Liga: Lula call. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98020187" sameAs="Luiz Inacio Da Silva">President Lula</persName>, being in the middle of an election and bombarded by thousands of Brazilians calling on him to call <persName sameAs="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/84235616" cert="definite">President Ahmadinejad</persName> in Iran, reluctantly called and offered Sakineh and her family a home in Brazil. Ahmadinejad told him, in so many words, that he was a fool. Brazil responded by imposing sanctions on Iran. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/102308054" sameAs="Nicholas Sarkozy">Sarkozy</persName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382">France</placeName> became involved, and when the Iranian regime called his wife a prostitute, world politics changed yet again. <ref target="#violence"><persName sameAs="Sakineh Ashtiani">Sakineh</persName> was not stoned to death and is still alive. Yet she is still in prison. Many more women wait on death row to be stoned, and the world continues to appeal to the regime for compassion and for the abolishment of stoning and of adultery as a capital punishment.</ref></ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p903">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue">Transformative change is part of our legacy and our lifeblood in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>. Canadian writers have moved from the colonial margins to the very centre of world literature; and <ref target="#women_writing">women writers have taken their place in that centre, provoking change, as much as witnessing it.</ref> Our goal is to keep moving, to continue to address injustice, the meaning of life, and to celebrate its joys and sorrows. Whether that is pushing against racial, sexual, or political boundaries, whether it’s <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98653009">Naomi Klein</persName> raising her voice in the public forum or a group of women learning together in secret in a room of their own in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/112931" cert="definite">Tehran</placeName>, we move forward, we grow together through our need to participate in our own reality. As Canadians we know, just as writers in all fields know, that we must never stop struggling against those who would give us <q>no</q> for an answer or shut a door in our face, never stop struggling against the barriers that hinder our ability to dream aloud, to write, or paint, or make music, to challenge the darkness, and dream a humane society into being. And if we do it well, here in Canada, the world will listen.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Cheiffetz, Julia</persName>. <title level="a">What the Hell, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/25481798">Malcolm Gladwell</persName>.</title> <title level="j">Huffington Post</title>, <date cert="definite" when="2008-10-22">22 October 2008</date>. Web.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100329178" cert="definite">Hirsi Ali, Ayaan</persName>. <title level="m">Infidel: Ayaan Hirsi Ali: My Life</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311352319">Free Press</orgName>, <date when="2007" cert="definite">2007</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Nomad: From Islam to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">America</placeName>: A Personal Journey Through the Clash of Civilizations</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/149958803">Simon and Schuster</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2010">2010</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/98653009">Klein, Naomi</persName>. <title level="a">Why Do You Write?</title> <title level="m">Big Think</title>. N.d. Video. Web.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17470230" cert="definite">Manji, Irshad</persName>. <title level="m">The Trouble with Islam Today: A Muslim’s Call for Reform in Her Faith</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134878895" cert="definite">St. Martin’s Griffin</orgName>, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109406177" cert="definite">Morrison, Toni</persName>. <title level="a">The Nobel Prize in Literature <date cert="definite" when="1993">1993</date>, Toni Morrison.</title> Nobel Lecture, <date when="1993-10-07">December 7, 1993</date>. <title level="m">Nobelprize.org</title>. Audio recording. Web.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305136376">Nafisi, Azar</persName>. <title level="m">Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books.</title> <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/153153594">Random House</orgName>, <date when="2004" cert="definite">2004</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39385478">Woolf, Virginia</persName>. <title level="m">A Room of One’s Own</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24597381">Michèle Barrett</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134443168" cert="reasonably certain">Penguin</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1993">1993</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>
                        <q>To Get In Behind the Curtain</q>
                    </head>
                    <byline><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" cert="definite">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>’s Travels and Tales</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698">Patricia Demers</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <q type="block">A woman may be the most wonderful designer in the world and still not be able to write how she does it. She may be the most wonderful maker of apple pies in the world, but she cannot tell how she does it—a few apples and a little sugar. So I think that the training of a reporter is primarily important; a good power of observation may come next, and brains should be used if available.</q>
                    <p xml:id="p904">—<hi rend="italic"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" cert="definite">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>, <title level="a">Special Fields,</title> Triennial of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127764739" cert="definite">Canadian Women’s Press Club</orgName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5913490">Calgary</placeName>, <date cert="definite" when="1932">1932</date></hi></p>
                    <q type="block">I resent the smug manner with which some pseudo-farmers and politicians refer to themselves as <q>dirt farmers.</q> To me those are fighting words. That is supposed to be a slam at someone, but what other kind of farmer is there than the one who works in the dirt? The better use he makes of that dirt, the better farmer he is, the more he has to contribute to the food supplies of his neighbours in town.</q>
                    <p xml:id="p905">—<hi rend="italic"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" cert="definite">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>, <title level="a">Aggie Stag Banquet,</title> <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123938957" cert="definite">University of Manitoba</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1948">1948</date></hi></p>
                    <p xml:id="p906">
                        <ref target="#genre_journalism">On the occasion of the retirement of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" cert="definite">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> at the age of seventy-three as western editor of the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName> paper the <title level="j">Family Herald and Weekly Star</title> for over twenty-five years, the past president of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127764739" cert="definite">Canadian Women’s Press Club (<hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi>)</orgName>, <persName>Kennethe Haig</persName>, hailed her colleague as <q>that incredible Canadian</q> (<persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105628031" sameAs="J.S. Cram">Cram</persName> 7). The celebration took place in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235" cert="definite">Winnipeg</placeName> in early <date cert="definite" when="1953-01">January 1953</date>. <ref target="#women_writing"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Ellis</persName> had signed on formally in <date cert="definite" when="1913">1913</date> as a member of the <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi>, which, making history as well as news, claims <q>the longest continuous existence of any professional women journalists’ organization in the world</q></ref> (<persName sameAs="Susan Jackel" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104340152" cert="probable">Jackel</persName> 53), and renewed affiliation as a <q>continuous, active member</q> (<title level="m">Triennial Report of <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi></title>) until her death in <date cert="definite" when="1964">1964</date>. But she was much more than an affiliate. Ellis served as president of the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> branch of the <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi> in <date cert="definite" when="1919">1919</date> and, in many subsequent roles for this branch, arranged the first <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi> regional conference in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5913490">Calgary</placeName> in <date when="1920" cert="definite">1920</date>, served several terms as vice-president of the regional <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi>, and wrote a characteristically informal history of the <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi>, <title level="m">Pathfinders</title>, delivered as a talk at the biennial in Edmonton in <date cert="definite" when="1956">1956</date>. She was more than an organizer, too. The vast scope of her published and always personally coloured articles covers topics ranging from stock prices, farm fairs, prize-winning wheat, and farmer-entrepreneurs to learning to drive and change a tire in <date when="1916" cert="definite">1916</date>, camping in the Rockies, and visiting the fledgling <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148851887">Banff School of Fine Arts</orgName>. In addition to crisscrossing Western <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2800659" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> countless times on her <q>aggie</q> beat, she extended her field to observe Atlantic Canada, reporting on ox-pulls, haymaking, cod and lobster fisheries, and coal mining in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6091530">Nova Scotia</placeName>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5915564" cert="definite">Cape Breton</placeName>, and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName>, and ventured as far as <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5856195" cert="definite">Honolulu</placeName> where, being welcomed as the <q>Dean of Canada’s newspaper women</q> (<title level="a">Dean,</title> n. pag.), she sent back copy about Hawaiian cattle ranches, sugar cane harvests, floral industries, and the active <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5849346">Kilauea</placeName> and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5850299" cert="definite">Mauna Loa</placeName> volcanoes on the Big Island.</ref>
                        <ref target="#archive">
                            <ref target="#archival_location">The largely unmined Ellis Collection, willed to the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987">University of Alberta</orgName>, contains holograph manuscripts and typewritten manuscripts, two short stories, and the typescript of her journey from <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5882953" cert="definite">Aklavik, Northwest Territories</placeName>, in <date cert="definite" when="1922-06">June</date> and <date when="1922-07" cert="definite">July 1922</date>, entitled <title level="a">Down North,</title></ref>
                            <ref target="#non-book_media">along with 237 photographs, at least half of which were transferred through the technology of the day to coloured glass slides to illustrate her Journey to the Land of the Midnight Sun lectures across Canada and the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001">United States</placeName>. Watercolour artists with fine sable brushes welcomed the calotype technique of painting and glazing paper-based photographs, which allowed them precision in detailing facial and costume features (<persName sameAs="Heinz K. Henisch" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34517718">Henisch, Heinz</persName>, and <persName sameAs="Bridget A. Henisch" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5059847" cert="definite">Henisch</persName> 53). The coloured slides of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Ellis</persName>’s magic lantern shows captured <q>real life</q> (<persName sameAs="Steve Humphries" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8724447">Humphries</persName> 24) in novel ways.</ref>
                        </ref>
                        <ref target="#gender_issue">Photographs of and keepsakes from friends (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8184752">Emily Murphy</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71469079" cert="definite">Nellie McClung</persName>, Gertrude <q>Peggy</q> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58243727">Balmer</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33099133" cert="definite">E. Cora Hind</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/106175537">Violet McNaughton</persName> among them) add to the trove’s enlivened sense of the West in the first decades of the twentieth century, of a woman making her mark in a male-dominated field, and of the sustaining bonds among press women.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p907">
                        <ref target="#archive">Poring over the contents of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">the Ellis Collection</ref>, an archive <q>made from selected and consciously chosen documentation from the past and also from the mad fragments that no one intended to preserve and just ended up there</q> (<persName sameAs="Carolyn Steedman" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108483565" cert="definite">Steedman</persName> 68), has taught me many things about <q><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Miriam</persName>.</q> A woman of daring, wry humour, and tough-mindedness, a diarist, a writer of <ref target="#genre_non-fiction">non-fiction</ref> and <ref target="#genre_fiction">fiction</ref>, a promoter of rural life and agricultural communities, and a champion of press women who exemplifies their motto, <q>Every Stroke Upward</q> (<persName sameAs="Kay Rex" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/60800791">Rex</persName> 1), this incredible Canadian is also a person of mystery.</ref>
                        <ref target="#authorship">Despite the accessible tenor and subjects of her widely circulated publications and their marks of a strong, determined personality, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Ellis</persName> herself as an individual subject is less and less fathomable. Elusiveness is actually not the problem; it is, rather, the thread that connects the work of over four decades of the woman who wanted <q>to get in behind the curtain</q> (<title level="a">Down North,</title> 64), but chose not to lift the veil on her own life.</ref>
                        <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">The more I considered the feasibility of resurrecting a figure about whom so little has been written (with the exception of excerpts from the <date cert="definite" when="1922">1922</date> diary introduced by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16849236">Lisa LaFramboise</persName>, and slight mention in studies by <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67709635" cert="definite">Grant MacEwan</persName>, Kay Rex, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37094775">Marjory Lang</persName>) and about whom so many unanswered, or unanswerable, or impertinent questions persist, the less comfortable I became with the self-styled role as revisionist or un-coverer. <ref target="#women_writing">On the contrary, it seems important to establish a place in literary studies for the press woman not as a mere hack, bereft of the trimmings of non-linear narration, extended metaphorical allusions, or récherché diction.</ref></ref>
                        <ref target="#manuscript_history">After a necessarily brief biographical sketch, I plan to get in behind the curtain of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Ellis</persName>’s once widely circulated copy to concentrate on the hidden art of her unpublished work: <title level="a">Down North</title> and the two short stories, <title level="a">Alone</title> and <title level="a">A War Bride’s Return.</title></ref>
                        <note xml:id="n36" place="end">For an annotated, illustrated edition of <title level="a">Down North</title> and a selection of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>’s fiction and journalism, see <title level="m">Travels and Tales of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>: Pioneer Journalist of the Canadian West</title>, ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698" cert="definite">Patricia Demers</persName> (<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545">U of Alberta P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2013">2013</date>). <ref target="#non-book_media">For photographs, coloured glass slides, and items from the Miriam Green Ellis Collection, visit the web exhibit hosted by the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145357867">Bruce Peel Special Collections Library</orgName>: www.library.ualberta.ca/specialcollections.</ref></note>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p908"><ref target="#education">Born in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5133823" cert="definite">Richville, New York</placeName>, of Canadian parents, who returned to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and the paternal farmstead near <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5887943" cert="definite">Athens, Ontario</placeName>, where this only child went to school, she later attended <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150055466">Bishop Strachan School</orgName> in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName> and graduated from the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125576743">Toronto Conservatory of Music</orgName> with an <hi rend="small-caps">ATCM</hi> (Associate of the Toronto Conservatory of Music) diploma. The Green family’s move to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1904">1904</date> was followed by her marriage to <persName>George Ellis</persName> in <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124267011" cert="definite">All Saints Anglican</orgName> in <date cert="definite" when="1905">1905</date>. Inspector of Schools for Edmonton from <date cert="definite" from="1906" to="1908">1906 to 1908</date>, Ellis, a graduate of Athens High School and <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126355495">Queen’s University</orgName>, attended the inaugural <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" cert="definite">University of Alberta</orgName> convocation in the Strathcona Oddfellows’ Hall in <date cert="definite" when="1908">1908</date>, seated next to the minister of education, A.C. Rutherford. George Ellis resigned his position in <date when="1909" cert="definite">1909</date> to pursue graduate work with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis">Miriam</persName>’s accompaniment, likely in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4887398">Chicago</placeName>.</ref> The next appearance of Miriam in any archive is her role in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113335" cert="definite">Prince Albert, Saskatchewan</placeName>, where, in <date cert="definite" when="1912">1912</date>, she started and managed the girls’ hockey team of the Prince Albert Collegiate Institute, where George was principal. Ladies’ hockey was very popular in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141242">Saskatchewan</placeName>, with <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6119109" cert="definite">Regina</placeName> boasting its first ladies’ team as early as <date cert="definite" when="1896">1896</date>, and the Prince Albert Tumblers in action in <date when="1907" cert="definite">1907</date> (<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314805436" sameAs="Brenda Zeman">Zeman</persName> 252–53). Based on reports in the <title level="j">Prince Albert Daily Herald</title>, Miriam acquired a considerable reputation as a curler. <ref target="#genre_journalism">She also began writing for this local paper, though the lack of bylines makes her contributions impossible to trace. She reported on the <date when="1915" cert="definite">1915</date> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6119109" cert="definite">Regina</placeName> meeting of the <orgName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140850328">Women Grain Growers</orgName>, a <q>splendid organization, which stands above all for cooperation</q> (<title level="a">Women Grain Growers,</title> 11), and their mounting campaign for suffrage for the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>-based monthly <title level="j">Woman’s Century</title>. For a short time, she was a staffer at the <title level="j">Regina Leader-Post</title> before joining <persName>Frank Oliver</persName>’s <title level="j">Edmonton Bulletin</title>, reporting on the legislature, various churches, sports, and agriculture.</ref> Miriam’s year as Edmonton president of the <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi> was characterized not only by her preparation of <q>Bohemian refreshments</q> for the <q>soiree[s]</q> (<title level="a">John D. Hunt is Honor Guest,</title> n. pag.) but also by an engagement with a larger community; speakers and invited guests for the year included <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/53043072" cert="probable">Father Drummond</persName> of the <orgName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134818360">Jesuit College</orgName>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235" cert="definite">Winnipeg</placeName> press woman <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33099133">E. Cora Hind</persName>, whom Ellis introduced as <q>being called on to do the work of three men for half a man’s salary</q> (<title level="a">Press Club Entertains,</title> n. pag), Dean of Agriculture <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37283888" cert="probable">E.A. Howes</persName>, and Acting President <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/85389257">William Kerr</persName> of the University of Alberta, aesthetic dancer <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29511349" cert="definite">Ruth St. Denis</persName>, Premier <persName>Charles Stewart</persName>, and mountaineer <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/72912733" cert="reasonably certain">Mary Jobe</persName>.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p909"><ref target="#archive">Newspaper articles, correspondence, and typescripts provide some details, but curious gaps or omissions, her distinctive leitmotif, remain.</ref> George enlisted as a major in the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147669419">Canadian Expeditionary Force</orgName> in <date cert="definite" when="1915">1915</date>. According to his personnel record, he was <q>dismissed in <date when="1916" cert="definite">1916</date> for misconduct</q> (Veterans Affairs, RG 150 Accession <date cert="definite" from="1992" to="1993">1992–93</date> / 166), an unexplained term, and returned to Eastern <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943">Ontario</placeName>, to the Leeds County area of his birth. From <date cert="definite" from="1922" to="1938">1922 until 1938</date>, he taught at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144201557">Lisgar Collegiate Institute</orgName> in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817" cert="definite">Ottawa</placeName>, while <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam</persName> lived in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> and, later, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235">Winnipeg</placeName>. No record of a divorce exists. Reporting on all sorts of conventions and often appearing in breeks, Miriam always signed her writing Miriam Green Ellis, yet no obituary or memoir of Miriam mentions George or the childless marriage. <ref target="#intertextuality">In speaking to the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/137125507" cert="definite">University Women’s Club</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141256">Saskatoon</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1945">1945</date>, she borrowed a description from <q>her favorite book, <title level="m">Winnie the Pooh</title></q> to compare herself to Rabbit’s relations: <q>I am the last little relation following the procession and sometimes getting lost</q> (<title level="a">Watching Other People Farm,</title> 18–19). Whether this is an ironic retrospective or tongue-in-cheek candour from a recognizable though discreet personality, who never <hi rend="italic">seemed</hi> lost, is arguable.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p910">A reading of her typescript <title level="a">Down North</title> along with the 249 small pages (3.5" x 6") of typed daily diary entries, index of names, and demographic information relating to her <date when="1922" cert="definite">1922</date> journey to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5882953">Aklavik</placeName> testifies to <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s purposiveness, curiosity, and determination. Having failed to convince editor <persName>Frank Oliver</persName> of readers’ interest in reports of such a trip, with typical boldness she granted herself a leave of absence. She travelled by train to Waterways, the terminus of the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102" cert="definite">Alberta</placeName> and Great Waterways Railway, south of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5955895">Fort McMurray</placeName>, and then by river steamer down the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5887923" cert="definite">Athabasca</placeName>, crossing the rapids by car at <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6150125">Smith Portage</placeName>, and proceeding by steamer north on the Mackenzie to Aklavik.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p911">
                        <ref target="#close_reading"><title level="a">Down North</title> is full of candid portraits, textual and photographic, of fellow passengers. With a hint of disbelief she describes <persName>Gladys Patterson</persName>, <q>a girl from <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2634219" cert="probable">Yorkshire, England</placeName>, going down to marry a chap at <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6693667">Norman</placeName></q> whom <q>she has not seen…since the war and of course has not heard from him since last Fall some time, but she does not seem to have any doubts in the matter</q> (4). At the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> train station she meets <persName>Bishop Grouard</persName>, the Oblate missionary who oversaw the immense vicariate of Athabasca-Mackenzie and brought the first printing press to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5887916">Athabasca</placeName> country. <q>He has been in the north for half a century and knows every white man and Indian right down to the Arctic.…He is well over eighty now but still carries on as active head of his big diocese</q> (4–5). Although not photographed, botany professor <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/217814317" cert="definite">Roland Holroyd</persName> from <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127183669">Pennsylvania State University</orgName> is initially an instructive source—<q>it will be interesting getting some first hand information about the plants and flowers</q> (4)—but soon proves a disappointment when he refuses or is unable to identify any vegetation. Her frustration with this reclusive passenger is evident when she comments on his attempted moustache, <q>a rather anaemic affair.</q> <q type="block">After weeks of sober living he has suddenly given way to smoking cigarettes, but he does it very genteelly, using a six-inch amber holder. We have warned him to be careful, as dear knows what would grow there if the wooly down were burned off. Poplar comes where spruce has been burned off, we tell him; maybe feather follows down.</q> (35) </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p912">Wishing that <q>our fat friend of the Botany department would part with some of the secrets of his profession</q> (44), she resorts to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/18710836" cert="probable">William McCalla</persName>’s <title level="m">Wild Flowers of Western <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName></title> as a more reliable guide. <ref target="#violence">Her sympathies are engaged for the young Inuit prisoner Alikomiak at <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5955898" cert="definite">Fort McPherson</placeName>, to be tried and eventually hanged for four murders: <q>The lad looks about sixteen but they say he is nineteen. He says that he did not mean to kill Doak but just shot to wound him and force retaliation</q> (43). On the return journey up south on the Mackenzie, an Inuit woman, Laura, who was being forced to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> to appear before Justice Murphy and possibly confined as insane for having beat her husband, claims <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s sympathy. <q>I suggested that perhaps the husband needed beating up</q> (57), she observes.</ref> She presents this portrait of Laura: <q>All day she sits or stands out on the side deck, rolling cigarettes and smoking. When she gets tired standing, she sits flat down on the floor with her legs straight out in front like a baby. That would be a new one to add to the <q>daily dozen</q> and warranted to strengthen the back</q> (59). Ellis is happy to report parenthetically that Laura was <q>found mentally all right and sent back, her worst fault seeming to be that she was an inveterate smoker and also drank when the opportunity offered</q> (57). <ref target="#health_issue">She encounters and relates tales of survival, like the Pittsburgh native who suffered gangrene, eventually amputated his own toes with a jackknife, and survived alone for over four months with only twenty-five pounds of flour that he mixed with snow, and who now does not want to leave the North.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p913">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">Thanks to <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s keen eye, <title level="a">Down North</title> is equally adept at documenting topographical conditions. Her text has prescient observations on the tar sands, <q>regular mountains of asphalt</q> (7), used at the time for superior road surfaces, as one day <q>going to mean millions of dollars to the country</q>; despite the opinion of the <q>cracker-box orators</q> (61) on board, <q>squelching one’s enthusiasms</q> that <q>it was <q>just some fool scratching round in the dirt</q></q> (7), Ellis maintains her <q>visions of another Klondyke</q> (8). She documents Native women’s importance in preparing hides, befriends Native families, notes features of dress, childcare, and diet, and records Native delight in taking pictures of the white visitors. As well as entering mission schools and churches and investigating operating room procedures, such as the one at <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5955953" cert="definite">Fort Simpson</placeName>, she relays considerable exuberance and vulnerability—in piloting the boat for thirty miles beyond <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5955793">Fort Chipewyan</placeName> and taking a daily swim in the Mackenzie, admitting to anxiety about mounting her first horse—<q>I cannot understand why they put the stirrups up so high</q> (65)—and, at <placeName cert="speculative" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4171709">Salt Springs</placeName>, a thirty-seven-mile journey inland, revealing the perils of a tenderfoot who deals with blistered feet.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p914">
                        <ref target="#close_reading"><ref target="#authorship">A strong-willed personality suffuses every page of <title level="a">Down North.</title> From the outset <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> chafes at her editor’s apparent lack of interest in her proposed trip to the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6942237" cert="definite">North Pole</placeName>, as this episode in early spring illustrates.</ref> <q type="block">One day I sat in the Premier’s office trying to get a <q>scoop</q> on the government policy in connection with the administration of the liquor laws, when I noticed on his desk a pamphlet from a transportation company, on which were the words <q>To the land of the midnight sun.</q> From where I sat in that big blue room, I could see the North Saskatchewan River, just then throwing off its winter bondage and shoving the great cakes of ice ignominiously on the shore to rot. The trees were showing life and the grass along the banks was getting green. It was the time the woods sent out their loudest call, and I lost all interest in the burning question of liquor laws.</q> (2) She also strikes a blow for women in breeks, but not without a shamefaced admission. Having <q>put on [her] knickers and big boots…with a defiant air,</q> Ellis is <q>anxious to see what was behind that screen of trees…to penetrate the leafy foliage</q> (7–8). For one time only she concedes to the captain’s directive <q>that he could not think of allowing me to leave the boat,</q> but quickly vows <q>that it won’t happen again</q> (10). Her oath packs conviction: <q>That man is about half as big as I am and I should just have taken him by the collar and thrown him overboard</q> (8). <ref target="#tone_or_style">Her trips ashore have a less pugnacious tone, showing an observant naturalist at work.</ref> The discovery of wild orchids, <q>the most exquisite things I ever saw,</q> remind her of <q>fairies’ graves</q> (17). Blue-eyed grass, lupines, tea berries, wild strawberries, and the omnipresent pink, rose, and purple drooping blossoms of the <hi rend="italic">Heydesarum mackenzii</hi> merit detailed description. So do the <q>never-ending</q> sunsets, <q>liquid light lying on the water</q> (37), <q>a bright rich amber, shading to yellow gold</q> (47). The prospect of a return journey along narrower and shallower rivers, unlike the majesty of the Mackenzie, occasions sadness: <q>it was like the slow unfurling of a great banner, and now we are rolling it up again till it will be just an uninteresting stick</q> (58). <q>Sick of being rushed</q> (64), Ellis rejoices in the reprieve of having missed the boat, meaning that their return is delayed for a few days.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p915"><title level="a">Down North, <date cert="definite" when="1922">1922</date>,</title> likely composed in the fall of that year and mined successively thereafter for newspaper articles, is a significant and singular contribution to women’s travel accounts dealing with Western <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> and the Arctic. Its distinctive immediacy emerging from <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s <ref target="#theme_or_topic">journalism</ref> experience, <title level="a">Down North</title> <ref target="#economics">also stands apart from the published records of earlier and contemporary women recreational adventurers or professional travel writers, who were supported by family wealth, industrial sponsors or employed, attending husbands.</ref> <ref target="#tone_or_style">The personal voice, occasional humiliation, and the encounter with a wide social spectrum separate <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s work from the amateur Victorian travelogues of the wives of serving or future Canadian governors-general detailing their cross-country visits with the elite of the Dominion: <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/57790387" cert="definite">the Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava</persName>’s <title level="m">My Canadian Journal, <date cert="definite" from="1872" to="1878">1872–8</date>: Extracts from My Letters Home</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1891">1891</date>) and the <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69729082"> Marchioness of Aberdeen</persName>’s <title level="m">Through Canada with a Kodak</title> (<date when="1893" cert="definite">1893</date>). Though incomplete (or at least un-concluded), Ellis’s account is fuller than the report of the American <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/26158485">Elizabeth Taylor</persName>, a self-taught botanist and collector for museums, who travelled down the Mackenzie in <date cert="definite" when="1892">1892</date> with the permission of the governor of the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139169065">Hudson’s Bay Company</orgName>, publishing brief essays two and five years later in <title level="j">Outing</title> and <title level="j">Travel</title>. In addition to Taylor’s timidity about Indian fellow travellers, <q>a rough wild set,</q> about whom she registers feeling <q>a little troubled in having [her] tent pitched so near</q> (Taylor, <title level="a">Lady’s Journey</title> 51), she fulfils the requirement of the travelling lady in recommending such <q>useful</q> articles as a checked skirt, blouse, felt hat, silk handkerchiefs, moosehide gloves, and <q>black cashmere stockings</q> (Taylor, <title level="a">Articles</title> 60). Ellis’s individual experience and first-person voice distinguish her work from the stereotypes and condescending tone of the essays and stories of Quebec-born <persName>Harriet Campbell</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104455562" cert="definite">Lady Jephson</persName>’s <title level="m">A Canadian Scrap-Book</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1897">1897</date>), and the fictional first-person narration of Bess Le Ford in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4945453">Norfolk</placeName>-born <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104489330" cert="probable">Frances Herring</persName>’s portraits of the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5909050">British Columbia</placeName> Interior, <title level="m">Canadian Camp Life</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1900">1900</date>).</ref> Later records of travel show considerably less travail than Ellis’s account.<ref target="#women_writing"> <persName>Jean Walker Godsell</persName>’s description of her <date cert="definite" when="1920">1920</date> honeymoon trip north as a Hudson’s Bay Company factor’s wife, in <title level="m">I was No Lady</title> (<date when="1959" cert="definite">1959</date>), sketches <q>God’s Wide Open Spaces where men were men and where white women were placed on pedestals since they were few in number and far between</q> (Godsell 2).<ref target="#writing_climate"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41462204" cert="definite">Clara (Rogers) Vyvyan</persName>’s <date when="1926" cert="definite">1926</date> journey by steamer, motor boat, and canoe to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5879092">Alaska</placeName> published thirty-five years later as <title level="m">Arctic Adventure</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1961">1961</date>), a carefully planned and guided trip, reflects the aspirations of a well-to-do, middle-aged Englishwoman and her female artist-companion as they read <persName cert="definite" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/96994048" sameAs="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</persName> to one another en route.</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p916">The journey most comparable to <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s is <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472" cert="definite">Agnes Deans Cameron</persName>’s arrival at <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093172">Fort Rae</placeName> in <date cert="definite" when="1908">1908</date>, recounted in <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/313938456">The New North</title> (<date cert="definite" when="1909">1909</date>), a text that Ellis’s informal history of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127764739" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi></orgName> reveals she knew.<ref target="#response_informal"> <q>That book came back at me like a boomerang,</q> <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> revealed to her <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> audience : <q>When I went down the Mackenzie in <date cert="definite" when="1922">1922</date>, the natives clammed up on me when I said I wanted to write about them. Seems Cameron had borrowed precious photographs and failed to return them, as promised</q> (Ellis, <title level="a">Pathfinders</title> 8).</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p917">Aside from competing claims about being the first to visit <placeName cert="speculative" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4407460">Salt Springs</placeName>, the biggest differences between these two accounts are their scope and tone. With each of its twenty-four chapters headed by a literary or biblical epigraph, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/313938456">The New North</title> is a precisely worded, photo-illustrated narrative of close to four hundred pages, recounting the journey of <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472" cert="definite" sameAs="Agnes Deans Cameron">Cameron</persName> and her niece, an accommodating typist, from <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4887398" cert="definite">Chicago</placeName> to the North, via stagecoach, scow, steamer, and paddle-wheeler, with a return terminus in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6183235">Winnipeg</placeName>. <ref target="#technology">The text directly links <q>a photographic first to a technology of textual representation—the typewriter</q> (<persName sameAs="Wendy Roy" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49528545" cert="definite">Roy</persName>, <title level="m">Maps</title> 212).</ref> <ref target="#authorship">Although not all the photographs were taken by <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472" cert="definite" sameAs="Agnes Deans Cameron">Cameron</persName> or Miss <persName>Jessie Cameron Brown</persName>, it is quite possible, as <persName sameAs="Wendy Roy" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49528545" cert="definite">Wendy Roy</persName> suggests, <q>that <orgName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/144163434">Underwood</orgName> either donated the typewriter or helped to fund the trip and was rewarded by having its corporate name prominently displayed</q> (<title level="a">Primacy,</title> 73).</ref> Cameron (<date cert="definite" from="1863" to="1912">1863–1912</date>) was not officially a press woman; rather, as a teacher for twenty-five years and the first woman high school principal in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6174041" cert="definite">Victoria</placeName>, she had run afoul of the school board trustees and been dismissed. Journalism in Chicago and the trip north, along with its resultant lectures in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167">Britain</placeName> and the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">United States</placeName> promoting immigration, provided her livelihood before her untimely death. <ref target="#response_formal">In the opinion of Anglican missionary Archdeacon <persName>Charles Whittaker</persName>, <title level="m">The New North</title> was <q>an intricate compound of fact and fiction</q> (<persName sameAs="I.S. MacLaren" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29681604">MacLaren</persName> and <persName sameAs="Lisa LaFramboise" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16849236" cert="definite">LaFramboise</persName> xxix).</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p918">
                        <ref target="#tone_or_style">Instead of splitting hairs over truth claims separating the journalist and the educator, a more revealing yet delicate comparison involves the tone of both accounts. Acutely conscious of her role as instructive authority over curious observer, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472" cert="definite" sameAs="Agnes Deans Cameron">Cameron</persName> is quick to impart anthropological lessons. <q type="block">Among Mackenzie tribes no Yellow-Knife, Dog-Rib, or Slavi starved while another had meat, no thievish hand despoiled the cache of another. A man’s word was his bond, and a promise was kept to the death. Not all the real things of life are taught to the Cree by the Christian. Courage is better than culture, playing the game of more importance than the surface niceties of civilisation, to be a man now of more moment than to hope to be an angel hereafter.</q> (Cameron 199) In contrast to <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s awestruck directness, the vision of sunset at the Ramparts, the entrance to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5955840">Fort Good Hope</placeName>, provokes a Romantic effusion from Cameron, in which duelling emphases on aloneness and impressive pronouncement frame the scene. <q type="block">Awed and uplifted, our one wish is to be alone; the vision that is ours for one hour of this Arctic night repays the whole summer’s travel. The setting of the picture is that ineffable light, clear yet mellow, which without dawn and without twilight rises from the flowing river to starless heavens, and envelopes the earth as with a garment—the light that never was on sea or land. We could not have chosen a more impressive hour in which to pass the portal into the Arctic World.</q> (Cameron 206) While the differences in length and aim between a typescript and a published volume might challenge the feasibility of this comparison, what emerges as significant are the palpable contrasts in tone between the teacher at ease in lecturing and the journalist pursuing human interest.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p919">
                        <ref target="#genre_short_story"><persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s two short stories, another unique offshoot of the journey north, have no parallel in the subsequent work of other women travellers.</ref>
                        <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity"> These narratives probe Native–white relations with a remarkable willingness to see and articulate both sides of the emotionally fraught issues of identity and belonging. A tautly narrated exploration of dissociation, <title level="a">Alone</title> follows the thoughts and escape routes of a hunted man wanted for murder ten years earlier. Moving from the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5933499">Crowsnest Pass</placeName> to the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6090345" cert="probable">Nahanni River</placeName> in the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6091069">Northwest Territories</placeName>, it highlights the man’s terror of uncertainty, his realization of betrayal from so many others, and the surprising sympathy his death evokes in the Native girl he has abducted.</ref>
                        <ref target="#characterization"> For Carson, the man on the run, fear is an embodied presence: <q>But fear, ingrowing and unceasing, gripped him in its coils, like the devilfish, its victim. As time passed, its clutches grew stronger and stronger, till he wondered how much longer he could withstand the vicious monster</q> (1).</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p920">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">The domestic and emotional details <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> introduces to her portrait of this terrifying grip create a poignant sense of estrangement and alienation.<ref target="#characterization"> With the passage of years, Carson’s promise to his childhood sweetheart in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6269131" cert="definite">England</placeName>, <q><q>Have your sheets and tablecloths all hemmed, and I will be back for you in two years</q></q> (3) and his plans for a home <q><q>with no rent to pay to greedy landlords</q></q> (4) fade to impossibility. As he risks journeys to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName> and <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3621911" cert="definite">San Francisco</placeName>, his attempt to track down the double-crossing prospector, his supposed partner, shows the gullibility to which loneliness has reduced him and confirms that his stake and money are both lost. The shocking act of abduction testifies to Carson’s desperation and muddled thinking: <q>he must have her for his own; if her people pursued, as they doubtless would, he would fly with her. He had eluded the police for ten years; he could elude them too</q> (19–20). However, <title level="a">Alone</title> is not a rape narrative, nor does it illustrate what we would today call the Stockholm Syndrome. <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> succeeds in complicating both victim and perpetrator. Though terrified and unable to communicate, the girl realizes that <q>this man did not mean to hurt her</q> (21). As the narrator explains for her, <q>an Indian maiden could read the tenderness in his eyes, yearning blue eyes so unlike those of the indifferent men of her tribe</q> (20). Despite escaping to the far side of the river, the girl screams, runs, and wades into the river to try to stop the raft on which Carson, who has abandoned hope, is careening toward the rapids. Managing to pull his lifeless body to shore, she cradles his head and lies down by his side. <q>In death, he was not alone</q> (24).</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p921"><title level="a">A War Bride’s Return</title> may have been prompted by <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s silent question about <persName>Gladys Patterson</persName>’s blithe happiness en route to marry her long-separated fiancé. <ref target="#race_and_ethnicity">In her story, <ref target="#characterization">the sheltered English war bride arrives in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> to start a romantic new life of genteel farming, only to be shocked and horrified by the realization that her beloved Canadian husband, whom she nursed back to health in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3017382" cert="definite">France</placeName>, is Native. The bride’s immediate revulsion, her change from love to hate, and refusal to listen to any explanation are strong indictments of prevailing prejudices. The contrast between Rose’s professed love and readily <q>upturned lips</q> (Chap. 2, 1) at the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> train station when the couple is reunited at last and her silent petulance hours later casts doubt on all her declarations. The subtlety of the narrative inheres both in the warm relationship between the husband and his mother, who has educated him and kept the subsistence farm going in his absence, and the delayed disclosure about true parentage. Although Ellis works hard to air the views and desires of both sides of this doomed partnership, she spends most time dissecting John’s interior dilemma and ambivalence, <q>torn between his duty to his mother and his love for his wife</q> (Chap. 2, 5). Rose constantly questions, extracting protestations of fidelity and explanations about a beloved collie: <q><q>You do love me, do you not?</q></q> and <q><q>Was there another girl, John?</q></q> (Chap. 1, 4), <q><q>Who is Flossie? You talked of her all night in your sleep</q></q> (Chap. 2, 3). <q>Afraid that Rose would not understand</q> (Chap. 2, 5) and <q>shiver[ing] in dread at the outcome</q> (Chap. 2, 1), John makes the effort to see matters from Rose’s uninformed and judgemental perspective: <q>He was not ashamed of it, but how would it seem to an English girl who knew nothing of Indians except such as she had read in Cooper’s novels. But, he defended himself again, he could not tell her of himself without seeming to cast a slur on that mother, who had done so much for him</q> (Chap. 2, 1).</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p922">
                        <ref target="#characterization">The unnamed Mother reads Rose’s language perfectly: <q><q>No, she will never understand. I saw the look of horror in her eyes when she saw me</q></q> (Chap. 3, 2). For her part, Rose recoils in revulsion: <q><q>Don’t touch me. I hate you…I wish I might have died before this happened</q></q> (Chap. 3, 5).</ref>
                        <ref target="#sexuality">Possibly echoing the situation of separation in her own life, <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s principals do not get together, yet the current of sexual tension carries through to the final line. The former bride, who is using her stenographer’s salary to start her own chicken business in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>, decides <q>to invest in hens</q> but <q>she would not get a cock till later on</q> (Chap. 5, 9).</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p923">Why would work so vivid in its emotional insights, so attuned to the cadences of speech, and so knowledgeably anchored in an Albertan or Arctic setting remain unpublished? What shines through in all <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>’s work are the candour, admiration for resourcefulness, and fighting spirit of the writer. She was not an observer who kept her distance, but an understanding listener eager to support the underdog. Ironically, despite Ellis’s wide recognition—a farmer at <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4111410">Fort Smith</placeName> recognized her from the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> Exhibition and a Californian student at the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148851887" cert="probable">Banff School</orgName> remembered her from the International Stock Show at <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/4887398">Chicago</placeName> thirteen years earlier—she remains a figure of considerable mystery. <ref target="#genre_journalism">The typescript of her journey to <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5882953" cert="definite">Aklavik</placeName> provided material for over forty newspaper articles.</ref> <ref target="#genre_fiction">Fiction may have been a more tentative undertaking for <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName>; she may have been stung by rejection or chosen not to consult or prevail on her friend <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71469079">Nellie McClung</persName> for a literary contact.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p924"><ref target="#characterization">This temperamental fighting spirit, however, does not align her with the contemporary fictional journalist Aleta Dey, the eponymous heroine of <ref target="#genre_novel"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58106266" cert="definite">Francis Marion Beynon</persName>’s largely autobiographical <date cert="definite" when="1919">1919</date> novel</ref>. Pacifist and suffragist, Dey suffers and dies for her principles. She constantly accuses herself of weakness: <q>Why did I find myself apologetic when I did not agree with the majority? When I was given a mind that questioned everything, why was I not given a spirit that feared nothing?</q> (Beynon 66). </ref>Combining both a questioning attitude and a fearless brio, <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> never believed that <q>the wings of [her] soul had been clipped in [her] infancy</q> (Beynon 66).</p>
                    <p xml:id="p925"><ref target="#gender_issue">While it may seem easy to categorize <persName cert="definite" sameAs="Miriam Green Ellis" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis</persName> as fleeing from the perceived boredom of a music teaching career and a failed marriage into the sorority of press women, I think it is important to see beyond these stereotypes. Boldly claiming and ultimately owning the male turf of the aggie beat, resorting to no coy nicknames, not isolating herself as a <q>Lone Scribe</q> (<persName sameAs="Marjory Lang" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37094775">Lang</persName> 22) but rather seizing the advantage of the <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5882953" cert="definite">Aklavik</placeName> trip to negotiate a new position, Ellis experienced the enabling power of a female constituency and exercised genuine resourcefulness in the sometimes hostile terrain of the newspaper world. Yet she recognized with some regret, in the years following the <listEvent><event><label>Second World War</label></event></listEvent>, that the need for the solidarity of a women-only association was waning.</ref> In many ways she is a liminal figure, valuing the pluck of <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi> pioneers and exulting in her own mobility. <ref target="#tone_or_style">Her conversational style, so distinct from the didactic literariness of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472">Agnes Deans Cameron</persName>, nevertheless blends clarity and opacity, as this public personality protects the secrets of a private individual.</ref></p>

                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/69729082" cert="definite">Aberdeen, Marchioness of Aberdeen [Ishbel Gordon]</persName>. <title level="m">Through <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> with a Kodak</title>. Introduction <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5099934" cert="definite">Marjory Harper</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939" cert="definite">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1994">1994</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58106266" cert="definite">Beynon, Francis Marion</persName>. <title level="m">Aleta Day</title>. Introduction <persName cert="speculative" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/70263026">Anne Rich</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/170596537">Virago</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1988">1988</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472">Cameron, Agnes Deans</persName>. <title level="m">The New North: Being Some Account of a Woman’s Journey through <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> to the Arctic</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129012558">D. Appleton and Co.</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1910">1910</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105628031">Cram, J.S.</persName> <title level="a">Retiring Editor Honored.</title> <title level="j">Family Herald and Weekly Star</title> <date cert="definite" when="1953-01-15">15 January 1953</date>, 7+. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698">Demers, Patricia</persName>, ed. <title level="m">Travels and Tales of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>: Pioneer Journalist of the Canadian West</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545" cert="definite">U of Alberta P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2013">2013</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/57790387">Dufferin, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava</persName>. <title level="m">My Canadian Journal, <date cert="definite" from="1872" to="1878">1872–78</date>: Extracts from My Letters Home Written While Lord Dufferin was Governor-General</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581" cert="definite">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/129012558">D. Appleton and Co.</orgName>, <date when="1891" cert="definite">1891</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Ellis, Miriam Green</persName>. <title level="u">Aggie Stag Banquet.</title> <date cert="definite" when="1948-11-11">11 November 1948</date>. TS. Miriam Green Ellis Collection, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145357867">Bruce Peel Special Collections Library</orgName>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" cert="definite">University of Alberta</orgName>, box 12, folder 3.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="u">Alone.</title> TS. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 2, folder 3.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="u">Down North.</title> TS. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 3, folder 2.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Pathfinders</title>. <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127764739">Canadian Women’s Press Club</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1956">1956</date>. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 2, folder 10, item 12.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="u">Special Fields.</title> Triennial CWPC, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5913490">Calgary</placeName>, <date when="1932" cert="definite">1932</date>. TS. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 12, folder 1, item 4.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="u">A War Bride’s Return.</title> TS and MS. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 2, folder 4.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="u">Watching Other People Farm.</title> <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/137125507" cert="definite">University Women’s Club</orgName>, <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141256">Saskatoon, Saskatchewan</placeName>. <date cert="definite" when="1945-01-15">15 January 1945</date>. TS. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 12, folder 3, item 1.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">The Women Grain Growers of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141242" cert="definite">Saskatchewan</placeName>.</title> <title level="j">Woman’s Century</title> <date when="1915-03">March 1915</date>, 11. <title level="m">Feminism and the Periodical Press, <date cert="definite" from="1900" to="1918">1900–1918</date></title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22431333">Lucy Delap</persName>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/42053707" cert="definite">Maria DiCenzo</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29835952">Leila Ryan</persName>. Vol. 1. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/123500307">Routledge</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date>. 431. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName>Godsell, Jean W.</persName> <title level="m">I Was No Lady: The Autobiography of a Fur Trader’s Wife</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147668915">Ryerson Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1959">1959</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/34517718" cert="definite">Henisch, Heinz K.</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/5059847">Bridget A. Henisch</persName>. <title level="m">The Painted Photograph, <date from="1839" to="1941" cert="definite">1839–1941</date>: Origins, Techniques, Aspirations</title>.<placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5216774" cert="definite"> University Park, PA</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/128204260">Pennsylvania State UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1996">1996</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104489330">Herring, Frances E</persName>. <title level="m">Canadian Camp Life</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76226527" cert="probable">T.F. Unwin</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1900">1900</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8724447" cert="probable">Humphries, Steve</persName>. <title level="m">Victorian <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2635167">Britain</placeName> Through the Magic Lantern</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/138432217" cert="definite">Sidgwick and Jackson</orgName>, <date when="1989" cert="definite">1989</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104340152">Jackel, Susan</persName>. <title level="a">First Days, Fighting Days: Prairie Presswomen and Suffrage Activism, <date cert="definite" from="1906" to="1916">1906–1916</date>.</title> <title level="m">First Days, Fighting Days: Women in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6065171" cert="definite">Manitoba</placeName> History</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/22310733">Mary Kinnear</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6119109" cert="definite">Regina, SK</placeName>: Canadian Plains Research Center, <date cert="definite" when="1987">1987</date>. 53–75. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/104455562">Jephson, Lady [Harriet J. Campbell]</persName>. <title level="m">A Canadian Scrap-Book</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643743" cert="definite">London</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/307461693" cert="definite">Marshall Russell and Co.</orgName>, <date when="1897" cert="definite">1897</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><title level="a">John D. Hunt is Honor Guest at Women’s Press Club Soiree.</title> <title level="j"><placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768">Edmonton</placeName> Bulletin</title><date cert="definite" when="1919-02-03">3 February 1919</date>. <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142985570" cert="definite">Provincial Archives of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102">Alberta</placeName></orgName>, Accession no. 74. 56 / 9.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16849236">LaFramboise, Lisa</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>, <date cert="definite" from="1881" to="1964">1881–1964</date>.</title> <title level="m">The Small Details of Life: Twenty Diaries by Women in Canada</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/65826544">Kathryn Carter</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126595939">U of Toronto P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2002">2002</date>. 301–22. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/37094775" cert="definite">Lang, Marjory</persName>. <title level="m">Women Who Made the News: Female Journalists in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="1880" to="1945">1880–1945</date></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montreal</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5992500">Kingston</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819" cert="definite">McGill-Queen’s UP</orgName>, <date when="1999" cert="definite">1999</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67709635">MacEwan, Grant</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>: The Lady with the Notebook.</title> <title level="m">…And Mighty Women Too: Stories of Notable Western Canadian Women</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141256" cert="definite">Saskatoon, SK</placeName>: <orgName>Western Producer Prairie Books</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1975">1975</date>. 169–74. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29681604" cert="definite">MacLaren, I.S.</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16849236">Lisa LaFramboise</persName>, eds. Introduction. <title level="m">The Ladies, the Gwich’in, and the Rat:Travels on the Athabasca, Mackenzie, Rat, Porcupine, and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6185811">Yukon</placeName> Rivers in <date when="1926" cert="definite">1926</date>.</title><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545" cert="definite">U of Alberta P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. xv–xlix. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName>, Dean of <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>’s Newspaper Women, Visiting Here.</title> <title level="j"><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5856195" cert="definite">Honolulu</placeName> Star-Bulletin</title> <date when="1950-05-10">10 May 1950</date>, n. pag. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/293858561">Miriam Green Ellis</persName> Collection, box 14, folder 6. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><title level="a">Press Club Entertains in Honor of Miss <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33099133">Cora Hind</persName>.</title> <title level="j"><orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125420416" cert="definite"><placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName> Journal</orgName></title> <date when="1919-04">April 1919</date>, n. pag. <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142985570" cert="definite">Provincial Archives of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102">Alberta</placeName></orgName>, Accession no. 74. 56 / 9. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/60800791" cert="definite">Rex, Kay</persName>. <title level="m">No Daughter of Mine: The Women and History of the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127764739">Canadian Women’s Press Club</orgName> <date cert="definite" from="1904" to="1971">1904–1971</date></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865" cert="definite">Toronto</placeName>: <orgName>Cedar Cave Books</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1995">1995</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>Roy, Wendy. <title level="m">Maps of Difference: Canada, Women, and Travel</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montreal</placeName> and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5992500">Kingston</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819" cert="definite">McGill-Queen’s UP</orgName>, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Primacy, Technology, and Nationalism in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/63010472">Agnes Deans Cameron</persName>’s <title level="m">The New North</title>.</title> <title level="j">Mosaic</title> 38.2 (<date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>): 53–79. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/108483565" cert="definite">Steedman, Carolyn</persName>. <title level="m">Dust: The Archive and Cultural History</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5101717">New Brunswick, NJ</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/126856852" cert="definite">Rutgers UP</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2002">2002</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2034037">Taylor, Elizabeth R.</persName> <title level="a">Up the Mackenzie River to the Polar Sea: A Lady’s Journey in Arctic America</title> and <title level="a">Articles Found Useful on My Mackenzie River Trip.</title> <title level="m">The Far Islands and Other Cold Places: Travel Essays of a Victorian Lady</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/18562584" cert="definite">James Taylor Dunn</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5045360">St. Paul, MN</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159730660" cert="definite">Pogo Press</orgName>, <date when="1997" cert="definite">1997</date>. 50–62. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><title level="m">Textual Document Canadian Expeditionary Force Personnel</title>. RG 150 Accession <date cert="definite" from="1992" to="1993">1992–93</date> / 166, box 2882-40. Record of Major George Ellis. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><title level="m">Triennial Report of <hi rend="small-caps">CWPC</hi></title>, <date cert="definite" from="1959" to="1962">1959–62</date>, n. pag. <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/142985570" cert="definite">Provincial Archives of <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5883102">Alberta</placeName></orgName>, Accession no. 74. 56 / 6. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/41462204">Vyvyan, Clara</persName>. <title level="a">Lady Vyvyan’s Arctic Adventure.</title> <title level="m">The Ladies, the Gwich’in, and the Rat: Travels on the Athabasca, Mackenzie, Rat, Porcupine, and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6185811">Yukon</placeName> Rivers in <date cert="definite" when="1926">1926</date></title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/29681604" cert="definite">I.S. MacLaren</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/16849236">Lisa LaFramboise</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/5946768" cert="definite">Edmonton</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545">U of Alberta P</orgName>, <date when="1998" cert="definite">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120994989" cert="probable">Zeman, Brenda</persName>. <title level="m">88 Years of Puck Chasing in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6141242">Saskatchewan</placeName></title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6119109" cert="definite">Regina, SK</placeName>: WDS Associates and Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame, <date cert="definite" when="1983">1983</date>. Print.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="fr-CA">
                    <head>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName>
                    </head>
                    <byline>La force de penser (chaque jour)</byline>
                    <docAuthor>
                        <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125077482" cert="definite">Maïté Snauwaert</persName>
                    </docAuthor>
                    <p xml:id="p926">
                        <ref target="#recognitions"><ref target="#genre_novel">Depuis le succès public et critique de son roman <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314361719" cert="definite">Le ciel de Bay City</title> <note xml:id="n37" place="end">Le roman a remporté au <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047" cert="definite">Québec</placeName> le Grand Prix des Libraires, le Prix du livre de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName> et le Prix littéraire des collégiens.</note>en <date when="2008">2008</date> (réédité à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName> en <date when="2009">2009</date> chez <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124188151" cert="definite">Sabine Wespieser</orgName>), <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName> est devenue une figure de proue de la relève littéraire québécoise<note xml:id="n38" place="end">Je fais par là référence à une nouvelle génération de maisons d’édition créées à Montréal depuis les années <date when="2000">2000</date> : <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150401T145554-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Héliotrope<?oxy_comment_end?>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140017679" cert="definite">Les Allusifs</orgName>, <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311379569" cert="definite">Le Quartanier</orgName>, <orgName><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150331T181911-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Le Marchand de Feuilles<?oxy_comment_end?></orgName>, <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150331T183353-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Alto<?oxy_comment_end?>, <?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150331T183323-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Le Lézard amoureux,<?oxy_comment_end?> qui s’illustrent, outre par la nouvelle génération d’auteurs qu’elles publient, par un soin particulier apporté au graphisme. Un article du journal étudiant <title level="j">Quartier libre</title> a ainsi titré <title level="a">Nouvelle vague dans l’édition québécoise</title> (<persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457123" cert="definite">Mercier</persName>, <date when="2009" cert="definite">2009</date>).</note>.</ref> Son œuvre critique est aussi saluée, notamment avec l’essai <title level="m">Condamner à mort. Les meurtres et la loi à l’écran</title>, récipiendaire du prix de l’Académie des Lettres du Québec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100193815" cert="definite">Victor-Barbeau</persName> en <date when="2006" cert="definite">2006</date>.</ref>
                        <ref target="#non-book_media">
                            <ref target="#technology">
                                <ref target="#genre_issue">Cependant, au croisement de l’œuvre littéraire et de pensée, ne séparant pas l’une de l’autre, son écriture s’est mise à essaimer <hi rend="italic">autrement</hi> avec la création par sa maison d’édition montréalaise, Héliotrope, du <ref target="#theme_or_topic">blogue <ref target="catherinemavrikakis.com">catherinemavrikakis.com</ref></ref>. Les textes qui y sont parus ont été republiés à l’automne <date when="2010" cert="definite">2010</date> sous la forme d’un livre désigné comme <q>e-carnet</q> et intitulé <title level="m">L’éternité en accéléré</title>. Enfin, Catherine Mavrikakis a créé pour le site Internet <title level="m">Radio-Spirale</title><note xml:id="n39" place="end">http://radiospirale.org/emission/revez-pour-moi.</note>, émanation du magazine culturel montréalais <title level="j">Spirale</title>, une émission de radio alternative, <title level="m">Rêvez pour moi</title>, produite sous forme de conversations dans lesquelles elle demande à ses invités de lui raconter leurs rêves.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p927">
                        <ref target="#technology">Je veux faire l’hypothèse que, par ces nouveaux formats, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName> ne s’efforce pas seulement, techniquement, d’emprunter les moyens de son temps, mais propose de façon plus intéressante <ref target="#theme_or_topic">une réflexion sur le contemporain</ref> comme co-énonciation, co-responsabilité et méditation sur le temps d’une vie. <ref target="#close_reading">J’appuierai mon investigation sur trois textes publiés sur le blogue. <ref target="#politics">Le premier, intitulé <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T102047-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Nos rêves les plus fous<?oxy_comment_end?></title>, critique la propagande populiste de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27972425" cert="reasonably certain">John McCain</persName>, construite sur la figure de <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">Joe the plumber</hi> et l’idée d’un rêve partagé par tous.</ref> Le second, <hi xml:lang="en-CA"><title level="a">Back-slide with Michael</title></hi>, met en jeu une défense de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27092134" cert="definite">Michael Jackson</persName> en tant qu’ex-icône culturelle tombée dans une disgrâce que même sa mort n’a pu racheter. <ref target="#motif">Enfin, je me pencherai sur la réflexion que propose Mavrikakis de la notion de vie, réflexion qui court en filigrane tout au long de ces chroniques et s’incarne dans un texte en particulier, nommé <title level="a">Moments fragiles</title>.</ref></ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p928">
                        <ref target="#theory">Commentant la chronique de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Marguerite Duras</persName> publiée dans le quotidien français <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T103822-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list"?>Libération<?oxy_comment_end?></title> au cours de <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/291016508" cert="definite">L’'été 80</title>, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19993184" cert="definite">Arnaud Bernadet</persName> écrit que l’auteure y opère une <q>subjectivation de l’actualité</q> (28). Autrement dit, le caractère contingent du temps chronique, aveugle et indifférent, s’y voit tout à coup personnalisé par l’écriture — non seulement parce que l’auteure choisit tel ou tel événement dans la masse d’informations que lui offre le monde, mais aussi parce que, l’écrivant, elle en fait <ref target="#theme_or_topic">la matière de sa propre vie</ref>. <ref target="#politics">Or la force de ce que Marguerite Duras a ainsi appelé <q>le seul journal de [s]a vie</q> (<title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310928603/" cert="reasonably certain">La vie matérielle</title> 11) vient de ce que dans ces <q>papiers d’un jour</q><note xml:id="n40" place="end">C’est le sous-titre de l’un de ses recueils de textes écrits pour les journaux, <title level="m">Outside 1. Papiers d’un jour.</title></note>se nouaient la dimension de l’événement politique à la fois éloigné et poignant qui se déroulait pendant qu’elle écrivait — <listEvent> <event> <label>exemplairement les grèves des ouvriers de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/3099434" cert="definite">Gdansk</placeName></label> </event> </listEvent> — et celle quotidienne du spectacle de la plage, où chaque jour s’intensifiait la tendresse d’une monitrice de colonie de vacances pour l’un des jeunes enfants.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p929">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">Sur le blogue de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName>, catherinemavrikakis.com, il n’en va pas autrement. <ref target="#politics">Un événement auquel nous assistons tous, une <q>actualité</q> à la fois insignifiante dans sa banalité et potentiellement grave dans son contenu politique, mais dont nous sentons que le jour va l’emmener, les semaines l’oublier, tout à coup est retenu par l’auteure pour la résonance qu’il vient produire en elle, écho d’autres événements, ou ranimant en elle des souvenirs. Ainsi, dans un texte intitulé <title level="a">Nos rêves les plus fous</title>, Mavrikakis écrit : <q type="block"> <p xml:id="p930"><q><hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">We all have the same dream as Joe the plumber</hi></q>. C’est ce que le candidat républicain à la présidence des <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001" cert="definite">États-Unis</placeName> martèle dans ses grands rassemblements. Nous aurions tous le même rêve, le rêve américain, de Joe, de celui qui ne veut pas payer d’impôts, qui rêve que sa business fonctionne bien et que sa vie s’écoule sans heurt dans sa banlieue blanche. Nous aurions tous ce rêve-là.</p> <p xml:id="p931">Moi, je le confesse, je ne rêve pas de cela. (<title level="a">Nos rêves</title> 135)</p> </q> Contre le rêve de <hi xml:lang="en-CA">Joe the plumber</hi>, contre le rêve de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/49226219" cert="definite">Goebbels</persName> aussi que, dans un élargissement politique de la réflexion, elle rappelle ensuite, Mavrikakis choisit en finale le rêve de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/100170140" cert="definite">Martin Luther King</persName>. Mais ce qu’elle montre surtout, c’est que le rêve ne saurait être rêvé collectivement. C’est seulement ensuite, par le choix de chaque singularité d’épouser la singularité d’un autre, qu’il peut se faire espace commun. Car ce qui réside dans le rêve est, fondamentalement, idiosyncrasique, et c’est ce qui fait du rêve justement le dernier espace de résistance contre les idéologies — du moins faudrait-il le préserver comme tel. Plaqué sur d’autres contre leur gré ou bien à leur insu, le rêve n’est plus que propagande : il se fait rêve de dominer jusqu’aux rêves des autres, alors qu’on ne peut rêver que par soi-même.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p932">
                        <ref target="#genre">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">
                                <ref target="#technology">Le travail du blogue est de cette dimension : se faire le support évanescent — mais qui dure — des pensées d’un instant ou d’un jour, offertes en partage pour que leur singularité rencontre une autre singularité, non pas imposées, mais circulant avec une liberté plus grande que par le livre, que par les journaux. À l’instar du rêve rêvé par chacun, dont on ne devrait jamais oublier ce qu’il a d’intime, la page Internet d’écrivain se présente comme le lieu ultime de résistance au grand ordre imposé du monde, et notamment à l’ordre imposé par <q>l’actualité</q> — qui n’est jamais choisie que par quelques-uns.</ref>
                            </ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p933">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">
                            <ref target="#theory">Ainsi l’auteure remarque-t-elle, au sujet d’une perte de foi dans la notion d’ <q>esprit collectif générationnel</q>  que lui inspire la mort de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27092134">Michael Jackson</persName>, qu’elle  <q>ne fonde plus [s]es propos sur le mensonge d’une communauté qui a une même époque à consommer</q> (<hi xml:lang="en-CA"><title level="a">Back-slide</title></hi> 25). Pourtant, vieillir et écrire au jour le jour, c’est reconnaître qu’il est <q>arrivé un temps de ma vie où il m’est devenu évident que je ne suis pas beaucoup plus que l’époque qui m’a formée</q>: <q>Je vois combien je suis réduite au moment où j’ai pensé que tout était possible</q> (28), ces années 80 où l’auteure avait vingt ans. Il est alors difficile d’assumer une position de recul vis-à-vis de son époque tout en s’en réclamant en partie dépositaire, de porter sur elle un regard critique sans la renier unilatéralement, de faire corps avec son temps sans nécessairement être solidaire de sa génération. <ref target="#history"><q type="block">Si mes cours portaient sur le Moyen Âge ou encore le <hi rend="small-caps"><date from="1800" to="1900">XIX</date></hi><hi rend="Superscript">e</hi> siècle, je pourrais […] parler, engoncée dans mes propos, au nom d’un temps qui dépasse le temps. Mais alors que je m’attache à travailler sur ce que certains appellent non sans mépris et bêtise <q>l’extrême contemporain</q>, je m’aperçois que ce qui m’excite encore dans ce que j’enseigne, c’est de montrer à des étudiants des textes qui, en quelque sorte, n’appartiennent pas encore tout à fait à l’Histoire, mais qui font plutôt écho à ma petite histoire, à ma <q>vie minuscule</q> qui reste la seule chose que je peux léguer ou encore donner à entendre. (25–26)</q> Ainsi, écrire sur le chaque jour, <hi rend="italic">subjectiver</hi> l’actualité, c’est accepter qu’une icône galvaudée comme Michael Jackson, en mourant, fasse mourir avec lui une partie de ce que nous avons été, en deçà de ou par delà toute pertinence culturelle.</ref> Parce que la vie, pour se continuer, a à ne pas se renier. Parce qu’il a été le contemporain d’un désir qui n’était pas seulement le sien de ne jamais mourir. <q type="block"> <p xml:id="p934">Le temps est immensément cruel pour ceux et celles qui survivent à leur jeunesse. […] Et la cruauté des années réside dans ma propre humiliation, dans la ressemblance que je me découvre aujourd’hui avec <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27092134">Michael Jackson</persName>.</p> <p xml:id="p935"><ref target="#history">Or, c’est précisément d’humiliation qu’il est question dans l’enseignement de ce qui constitue le contemporain, ou le pas très ancien […] malgré ma volonté de rendre compte le plus objectivement d’une époque, établir une anthologie du présent ou du passé immédiat relève irrémédiablement du goût, du choix intime, de l’exhibition de soi et de son temps comme mortel. </ref>(29)</p> </q> Saisir <hi rend="italic">son temps comme mortel</hi>, c’est aussi saisir sa vie dans son caractère fugitif, au présent, et de ce point de vue l’écriture du blogue constitue une ponctuation du monde. <ref target="#genre">Le discours qu’il propose du chaque-jour ou du chaque-instant opère à la fois une conversion de l’empirique en matière à penser, mais aussi met en évidence le tissage de nos vies.</ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p936">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">
                            <ref target="#theory">Dans un texte intitulé <title type="a">Moments fragiles</title>, l’exemple du père du petit Eloi menant son fils à l’école chaque matin, mais qui un jour tout à coup pas comme les autres lui déclare qu’il l’aime, attire notre attention sur le fait que la vie est à reconquérir chaque jour, qu’elle est une conscience à saisir ou ressaisir, non un état naturel ou donné. <q type="block">Tous les matins, j’entends le père d’Éloi dire au revoir à son fils. […] Mais ce matin, le père d’Éloi […] a ajouté ce <q>je t’aime</q> qui m’a fait tressaillir. Il y a, il est vrai, dans tout au revoir à nos proches, une forme de déclaration d’amour secrète, cryptée, que parfois l’intonation révèle un peu. En disant à l’aimé : <q>Au revoir, bonne journée!</q> , nous lui donnons la permission de passer quelques heures sans nous, et nous maîtrisons un peu l’angoisse de la perte possible, de la mort qui se love, comme une traître, même dans les petites séparations.(116–117)</q> Peur de la séparation, peur de la mort qui n’est pas l’apanage des mères, mais de quiconque voit le temps passer dans son enfant. <q>La maternité, la paternité nous rappellent parfois que le temps doit s’arrêter</q> (118). Or, <q>Dans ce <q>je t’aime, Éloi…</q>, le père stoppait un peu la marche folle du temps; il volait un morceau d’enfance aux heures et aux années méchantes à venir et donnait à lui-même et à son fils la permission de s’oublier l’un l’autre, de faire avec la vie</q> (117).</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p937">
                        <ref target="#genre_lifeWriting">
                            <ref target="#women_writing">Alors si, selon un vieux mythe féministe, c’est la vie qui se transmet dans ces écrits quasi quotidiens d’une femme en prise sur l’actualité, dans la tradition du journal intime et dans la mythologie de la maternité qui <hi rend="italic">donne le jour</hi>, ici c’est d’une vie comme <hi rend="italic">travail</hi> qu’il s’agit, une vie comme rythme, comme inscription de soi dans le monde, à inventer chaque jour.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p938">
                        <ref target="#genre">
                            <ref target="#technology">L’écriture du blogue, la forme de présentation et de diffusion spécifique de la page Internet d’un écrivain, devient alors un mode de pensée spécifique, à même d’intégrer le régime discontinu selon lequel nous vivons nos vies. À même aussi d’y refaire du lien : entre moi et le père de cet enfant, moi et mon voisin, moi et ma famille, moi et les millions de gens qui dans le monde souffrent en même temps que moi et, que sans connaître pourtant, je n’ignore pas.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p939">
                        <ref target="#genre">À la fois improvisé et né d’une nécessité, le blogue est pour notre présent ce <q>papier d’un jour</q> par lequel <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Marguerite Duras</persName> désignait la chronique d’un temps d’été voué plus encore qu’un autre à disparaître. Il est moins expression d’un moment sauvé brièvement de l’oubli qu’exposition de ce qui fait la matière même d’un jour, ce mélange de tâches et d’omission des sentiments les plus forts au milieu duquel surgit parfois un rêve ou une folie.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p940">
                        <ref target="#genre">En empruntant la forme subalterne — et éminemment singularisée — d’un billet d’humeur ou d’une histoire exemplaire, <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName> opère cette conversion de la matière du temps en matière à penser. Elle tire de ce tissu apparemment anodin, anecdotique, une réflexion de plus grande échelle qui dit quelque chose de l’organisation de valeurs souvent implicite qui sous-tend nos vies. <ref target="#collaboration">Le blogue ne parle pas ainsi de l’actualité, mais <hi rend="italic">donne son actualité au jour</hi>, pour celle qui l’écrit, pour ceux qui la lisent, et qui, la lisant, co-énoncent et co-actualisent un jour qui est peut-être aussi le leur (et pas nécessairement en même temps).</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p941">
                        <ref target="#genre">Le billet-page, la page-jour fabriquent ainsi un format énonciatif, un rythme ayant à voir avec le continu discontinu de nos vies; ils actualisent une rythmique intensive du vivre dont nous prenons rarement conscience. Ultimement donc, l’écriture du blogue, plus que celle du livre, affirme la mise en vivre du monde par sa mise en langage. L’écrit n’a plus seulement le rôle de graver dans la pierre, ou s’il le fait c’est justement <hi rend="italic">en accéléré</hi>. <ref target="#history"><title level="m">Éternité en accéléré</title>, le blogue fusionne la pérennité historique de l’écrit avec la vitesse d’exécution du vivre, rapprochant la possibilité d’être le contemporain de cette vie en action qui a conscience d’être en vie.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p942">
                        <ref target="#close_reading"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Marguerite Duras</persName> déplorait de ne pouvoir rejoindre, en tant qu’individu, <q>celle-là, celle qui avait écrit ça</q> (<title level="a">Interview</title> 59)<note xml:id="n41" place="end">L’extrait dit encore : <q>J’étais bouleversée par celle qui avait vu la mer, qui avait vu cet enfant, qui avait couru sur les collines d’argile, le long de la mer. J’étais dans un état de colère, comme ça, de la vie, que la vie vécue ne puisse pas rejoindre ça. J’étais jalouse de moi.</q> (59).</note>, faisant référence au sujet d’écriture de <title type="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/291016508" cert="definite">L’été 80</title> et à l’actualité singulière et décalée du présent de l’écriture, qui nous rend <hi rend="italic">après coup</hi> (et, sans doute, sublime) le présent de la vie, toujours inconnu de soi pendant qu’il se vit. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName> écrit au plus vite, au plus près, pour que cette vie qui passe en s’ignorant, cette vie qui se vit en vitesse sans la conscience de mourir, se réfléchisse au double sens du terme, se retourne sur elle-même pour se voir exister. <ref target="#genre_issue">Proche en cela beaucoup plus du <title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/312421416" cert="definite">Journal de deuil</title> de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44295060" cert="definite">Roland Barthes</persName> que du journalisme, son écriture enregistre le vivre comme un mourir, comme un décompte du temps et la prise de conscience de ce peu de durée qui nous reste avant de disparaître. Écriture du présent, elle l’est seulement dans la mesure où elle montre à quel point le présent n’est accessible que rétrospectivement. Son but ultime, à l’instar du mérite d’exemplarité qu’elle prête au genre biographique, c’est de <q>faire de la vie un savoir</q> (<title level="a">Par l’exemple</title> 178). Désir d’autant plus poignant que Mavrikakis déclare : <q>Il y a quelque chose d’épuisant et surtout de terrorisant à ne pas pouvoir, à bientôt cinquante ans, m’appuyer sur l’expérience que j’ai arrachée au temps</q> (<hi rend="italic"><title level="a">Back-slide</title></hi> 25). L’écriture, <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="la-150">a fortiori</hi> celle du blogue, permet peut-être de remédier à cette carence, par l’instauration, en lieu et place du partage d’expériences assurées et certaines, validées par le temps, d’un partage <hi rend="italic">qui va pouvoir devenir</hi> expérience.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p943">
                        <ref target="#genre">
                            <ref target="#technology">Le blogue, comme à sa manière la capsule de radio<note xml:id="n42" place="end">On écoutera en particulier pour apercevoir cette <hi rend="italic">saisie de vie</hi> qu’est l’entretien radiophonique l’émission enregistrée avec <persName>Savannah Lou</persName>, la fille de <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Catherine Mavrikakis</persName>. http://radiospirale.org/emission/revez-pour-moi.</note>, vient mettre de la conscience dans la fuite irraisonnée du temps. Beaucoup plus qu’un moyen technique, ce qu’apporte sa possibilité technologique est cette monstration du fugitif que signale également l’enregistrement des voix de la conversation : bien qu’on puisse les archiver, on ne peut les retenir. Une fois disparus les corps qui les portaient, ils deviennent les supports physiques indispensables d’une <hi rend="italic">conscience du vivre</hi>, aussi bien que des rappels irrémédiablement nostalgiques.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Bibliographie</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/44295060" cert="definite">Barthes, Roland</persName>.<title level="m" ref=" http://viaf.org/viaf/312421416" cert="definite">Journal de deuil</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: Seuil/<?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T183059-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>IMEC<?oxy_comment_end?>, 2009.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19993184" cert="definite">Bernadet, Arnaud</persName>. <title level="a">Le journal de l’invisible : <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/291016508" cert="definite">L’été 80</title></title>. <title level="m"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Marguerite Duras</persName> : L’image critique</title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125077482" cert="definite">Maïté Snauwaert</persName>. Dossier spéc. de <title level="j"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Dalhousie French Studies</hi></title> 95 (<date from="2011-06" to="2011-08">été 2011</date>): 27–46.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Duras, Marguerite.</persName> <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/310928603/" cert="reasonably certain">La vie matérielle</title>. <placeName>Paris</placeName>: P.O.L., <date when="1987">1987</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/291016508" cert="definite">L’été 80</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/149880181" cert="definite">Minuit</orgName>, <date when="1980">1980</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="a">Interview du <date when="1981-04-12">12 avril</date> à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName> et du <date when="1981-06-18">18 juin</date> 1981 à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/2988507" cert="definite">Paris</placeName></title>. <title level="m"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365" cert="definite">Marguerite Duras</persName> à <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName></title>. Dir. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/68943690" cert="definite">Suzanne Lamy</persName> et <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/111197256" cert="definite">André Roy</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: Éditions Spirale, <date when="1981">1981</date>. 55–71.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---.<title level="m"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Outside 1.</hi>Papiers d’un jour.</title> <placeName>Paris</placeName>: P.O.L., <date when="1984" cert="definite">1984</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33131412" cert="definite">Mavrikakis, Catherine</persName>. <title level="a"><hi xml:lang="en-CA">Back-slide with Michael</hi></title>. <title level="m"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T195954-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>L’éternité en accéléré<?oxy_comment_end?>.</title> 24–30.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314361719" cert="definite">Le ciel de Bay City</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: Héliotrope, <date when="2008" cert="definite">2008</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">L’éternité en accéléré</title>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName>: Héliotrope, <date when="2010">2010</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Moments fragiles</title>. <title level="m">L’éternité en accéléré</title>. 116–20.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a">Nos rêves les plus fous</title>. <title level="m">L’éternité en accéléré</title>. 135–39.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T195753-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Par l’exemple<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m">L’éternité en accéléré</title>. 172–78.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T195933-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Rêvez pour moi : entretien avec Savannah Lou<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="m"><ref target="http://radiospirale.org/" type="external">Radiospirale.org</ref></title>. Web. <date when="2011-06-08">8 juin 2011</date>.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311457123" cert="definite">Mercier, Samuel</persName>.<title level="a"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T200219-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Nouvelle vague dans l’édition québécoise<?oxy_comment_end?></title>. <title level="j"><?oxy_comment_start author="Olga" timestamp="20150402T200825-0600" comment="Not on the VIAF list "?>Quartier libre. Le Journal indépendant des étudiants de l’Université de <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243" cert="definite">Montréal</placeName><?oxy_comment_end?></title> 17.3 (<date when="2009-09-23">23 septembre 2009</date>). Web. <date when="2010-06-07">7 juin 2010</date>.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div type="chapter" xml:lang="en-CA">
                    <head>This is What a Public Intellectual Looks Like</head>
                    <byline><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>’s Housewife Years and the Public Sphere</byline>

                    <docAuthor>Shauna Lancit</docAuthor>

                    <p xml:id="p944">
                        <ref target="#technology">In discussing <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>’s conception of the public, as seen through her engagement with <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> radio</ref>, it may be useful to begin with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2467372" sameAs="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</persName>’s utopian dream for the role of radio: <q type="block">As for the radio’s object, I don’t think it can consist simply in prettifying public life. Nor is radio in my view an adequate means of bringing back cosiness to the home and making family life bearable again. But quite apart from the dubiousness of its functions, radio is one-sided when it should be two. It is purely an apparatus for distribution, for mere sharing out. So here is a positive suggestion: change this apparatus over from distribution to communication. The radio would be the finest possible communication apparatus in public life, a vast network of pipes. That is to say, it would be if it knew how to receive as well as to transmit, how to let the listener speak as well as hear, how to bring him into a relationship instead of isolating him.(51)</q> This <q>vast network of pipes,</q> sounds, of course, uncannily like the Internet. Given current fears about the atomizing effects of the Internet and its part in the erosion of what had been understood as public life, it is refreshing to encounter such a utopian vision of the power of a communication tool to draw us into relation, rather than to isolate. In short, Brecht is proposing a view of communications technology as a means of producing a public rather than eroding it.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p945">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">What is most interesting for my reading of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s view of the radio, however, is<persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2467372" sameAs="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</persName>’s contrast of family life to public life. <ref target="#non-book_media">The radio is un-interesting in its functions of <q>prettifying</q> public life (as a housewife might prettify her home) and of bolstering the cosiness of the home. Here, for Brecht, the radio’s alignment with the domestic, the private, is beside the point. On the other hand, radio’s potential as a <q>communications apparatus</q> is ideally realized in the public sphere, which is marked by speech, rather than by mere private reception.</ref> This is a contrast that had frequently been taken for granted until the feminist movement and gay liberation movement convincingly challenged the convenient and containing opposition between the private and the public. Brecht’s contrast between radio as reinstating the cosiness and tolerability of the domestic and the possibility of radio as a genuinely public tool illustrates how this construct may have specific implications for how radio as a mass medium has been viewed. Radio may be exemplary of tensions between private and public, domestic and political because of its relationship to space: it comes from the public, out there, into the home where, at least in Brecht’s view, it is absorbed and conservatised by the domestic. The receptivity of the home is isolating; the listener does not speak.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p946">Compare this to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s <q>housewife</q> figure, so productively read by <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71426952" cert="definite">Paul Tiessen</persName> in his article <title level="a">Dorothy Livesay, the <q>Housewife,</q> and the Radio in <date cert="definite" when="1951">1951</date>.</title> Tiessen, interested in the corporeality of the radio listener, suggests that Livesay’s housewife figure offers a counterpoint to intellectual anxieties about the passive consumption of mass media. Tiessen describes Livesay’s housewife as <q>a citizen passionate about a Canadian cultural agenda, [who] was also a radio listener who asserted the primacy of the self, of the sensate listener in real space</q> (207). Building on Tiessen’s reading, I wish to dwell a little longer on what the citizenship of Livesay’s housewife implies. <ref target="#methodology"><ref target="#social_movement">This chapter argues that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s mobilization of the image of the housewife destabilizes <ref target="#theme_or_topic">the division between public and private</ref> (and alongside this, production and consumption, masculine and feminine) in advance of the social movements that were to articulate the political operation of this distinction with greater clarity and force.</ref></ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p947"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71426952" cert="definite" sameAs="Paul Tiessen">Tiessen</persName> refers us to a series of talks that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> prepared in <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">the 1950s</date> for the program <title level="m">Critically Speaking (Dorothy Livesay and the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>)</orgName></title>. Here Livesay talks back to the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> programmers, making programming suggestions from the point of view of a mother and, in her own words, a housewife. <q>Like most housewives,</q> she says in one <date cert="definite" when="1951">1951</date> address, <q>I am more frequently a daytime than an evening listener. And in looking back over the year’s daytime programs it is impossible not to say: <q>What a good friend the radio was to me</q></q> (10).</p>
                    <p xml:id="p948">
                        <ref target="#gender_issue">
                            <ref target="#representation_of_women">The radio in this account visits the isolated housewife during her lonely hours and refrains from judging her unfinished chores. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> carefully positions herself as a representative of the domestic, feminine, consumer of radio; this is the very figure that looms large for many contemporaneous intellectuals as representative of the pacifying effects of mass media. Contradicting these assumptions about the interests of the housewife, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> asks for the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> to block together its highbrow offerings so that they might be more easily found.</ref>
                        </ref>
                        <ref target="#genre_performance"> In a <date cert="definite" when="1952">1952</date> discussion of <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> dramas, she expresses her excitement for a production of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/39390274">A.M. Klein</persName>’s <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/185105738" cert="definite">The Second Scroll</title>.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p949">
                        <ref target="#non-book_media">She is not, however, merely asking for a <q>higher level</q> of programming from the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName>; rather, she advocates for the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> to take a place as a truly public and interactive medium. For example, echoing her ongoing concern with documentary, she argues for <q>actuality broadcasts</q> to connect citizens across <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> (<title level="m"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName> and the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></title> 12). This desire for access to the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> as a public medium is expressed in tandem with a desire for the distribution of highbrow art and literature; it is public, but not populist. This is a distinction that still has much to offer current discussions about <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> programming. <ref target="#representation_of_women">In these brief talks, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> paints a picture of the housewife as not a mere passive consumer but as an engaged participant in a public conversation—indeed, as potentially an intellectual.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p950">Are we to take this housewife identification as anything other than ironic given that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s ambitious and politically passionate documentary poem <title level="a">Call My People Home</title> was first broadcast on the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> just a few years earlier in <date cert="definite" when="1949">1949</date>, and again in <date when="1952" cert="definite">1952</date>? We might keep in mind Livesay’s ongoing struggle with the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> to get her work on air. <ref target="#tone_or_style"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7141254">Peggy Lynn Kelly</persName> shows that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s literary style, departing from the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>’s preferred dramatic realism and straight narrative, was a major obstacle in this relationship.</ref> <ref target="#textual_strategies"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s housewife may be seen as a pose that allows her to communicate her ideas about public engagement and formal experimentation.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p951">Yet, in this period, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> <hi rend="italic">was</hi> a housewife. In her memoir <title level="m">Journey with My Selves</title>, the period is treated only briefly, as a time of retreat from public life: <q>The war and having children changed all my perspectives: from being a participant in the struggle for a better world I became an observer. All community efforts narrowed down to that of the home</q> (174). Livesay also paints an image of this time as one of retreat in <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title>: <q>Our solution was to withdraw, settle down to family life on the North Shore</q> (278). <ref target="#politics"><ref target="#history">In the wake of the dissolution of the radical Left during the <listEvent><event><label>Second World War</label></event></listEvent>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> claims that she substituted the suburbs and domestic retreat for political engagement.</ref></ref> The representation of this time in Livesay’s life as one of domestic retreat between her publicly engaged work of the <date cert="definite" from="1930" to="1939">1930s</date> and from the <date cert="definite" from="1960" to="1969">1960s</date> on has become pervasive.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p952">Despite this perceived preoccupation with domestic life, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> was in fact remarkably artistically and intellectually productive during the years in which she raised young children. <ref target="#recognitions">In addition to the broadcasting of <title level="m">Call My People Home</title>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> was awarded two Governor General’s awards</ref>, wrote <ref target="#genre_fiction">fiction</ref>, <ref target="#genre_poetry">poetry</ref>, and radio texts,<ref target="#genre_journalism"> reported for the <title level="j" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/132473809">Toronto Star</title></ref> and participated in the founding of <title level="j">Contemporary Verse</title>. But was her work publicly engaged, or part of a general retreat from political and public concerns? I argue that, in her years of <q>domestic retreat,</q> Livesay continues to be concerned with the public sphere. It is through her <ref target="#theme_or_topic">mobilization of the figure of the housewife</ref> that I wish to think about how this public appears in Livesay’s work of this period.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p953">
                        <ref target="#methodology">Theories of the public have, of course, a longer history than I will be able to articulate here; however, I will offer a couple of views of the relationship of the intellectual to the public that might be useful in thinking about what <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> accomplishes with her housewife figure.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p954">
                        <ref target="#intellectual_history">Following <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46781061" cert="definite">Russell Jacoby</persName>’s popularization of the term <q>public intellectual</q> in his <date cert="definite" when="1987">1987</date> book <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312361862">The Last Intellectuals</title>, much thinking about the relationship of the intellectual to the public has taken for granted that a public intellectual takes on a partisan (usually, but not always, Left) and populist approach to intellectual work, in contrast to, say, the academic intellectual. Jacoby identifies a lost generation of public intellectuals: the baby boom generation, whose Marxist politics were effectively consumed by their academic success. The term <q>public intellectual</q> has circulated beyond Jacoby’s original thesis to include a number of intellectuals speaking directly to a non-academic audience, frequently on topics relating to public life.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p955">
                        <ref target="#intellectual_history">It is worthwhile, then, to remember that as recently as the <date cert="speculative" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date>, when <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> was producing her <title level="s">Critically Speaking</title> talks, the intellectual was almost centrally defined by a <hi rend="italic">lack</hi> of partisan passions. This view of the intellectual frequently employed the term <q>disinterest</q> in describing the ideal function of the intellectual. This is the disinterest that we know best in English literary scholarship through <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/73868557" cert="definite">Matthew Arnold</persName>, the origins of which can be found in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490">Emmanuel Kant</persName>. In <title level="a" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314227100" cert="definite">What is Enlightenment?</title> written in <date cert="definite" when="1784">1784</date>, Kant attempts to designate the private and public rights and responsibilities of the intellectual. For Kant, the freedom of original thought allowed for by the Enlightenment comes with a limit on the expression of that thought; it belongs purely to the public realm. Thus, the intellectual has a split function. For example, a clergyman has responsibilities to his congregants and must, in that capacity, reflect the values and beliefs of the church he represents. In his capacity as a scholar, however, he must enjoy an unlimited freedom to use his reason. His actions as a free intellectual are bound with the public nature of intellectual discourse. Significantly, Kant describes the intellectual’s sphere of limitation as <q>domestic</q> (in the German, <q>Hausliche</q>). Insofar as the intellectual has any institutional responsibilities, he is not free, and his thought is not protected as legitimately public. Here there is a division between the domestic and the public. The public is the realm of disinterested freedom; the domestic is the realm of partiality and institutional responsibility.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p956">
                        <ref target="#intellectual_history">Skipping ahead to <date when="1958" cert="definite">1958</date>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053">Hannah Arendt</persName>, in <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/183361508" cert="definite">The Human Condition</title> elaborates extensively on the view, espoused by <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490" sameAs="Emmanuel Kant">Kant</persName>, that the public role of the intellectual is defined by disinterest, suggesting a lineage for this conception of the public that begins in ancient <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/390903">Greece</placeName>. In Arendt’s schema, human affairs can be grouped into three realms: the public, the private, and the social. For the Greeks, the public realm was a neutral space; its antithesis is the domestic. Whereas the home contends with necessity, the public allows freedom from material necessity. The domestic is where women, children, and slaves contend with the animal business of life; the public is where man achieves agency and acts freely. The key idea for Arendt is that the domestic is inherently concerned with what we have come to call <q>interest,</q> and the public is only truly public to the extent that it is free from interest. That much of what we understand as the public realm today is constituted by warring interests is a sign of the impoverishment of our conception of the public. In fact, we no longer have much of a public, according to Arendt, but rather a new realm—the social. The social is defined by the introduction of the material concerns, traditionally belonging to the household, into public discourse. The domination of politics by economics attests to this ascension of necessity and the material.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p957">
                        <ref target="#methodology">I’ve necessarily condensed this trajectory of thought about the nature of the public, the private, and the social. Key to my reading of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>, however, is the opposition between the domestic and the public, and the alignment of the intellectual’s project with the public, which is thought to be a disinterested site. It is in this context that I am interested in Livesay’s mobilization of the figure of the housewife at this point in her career.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p958">
                        <ref target="#social_movement">Writing in the <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> poses a challenge to the split between the domestic and the public before the second wave of the feminist movement does so in a more overtly theorized fashion. <ref target="#representation_of_women">In positioning the housewife as the listener who <q>transmits,</q> that is to say, produces programming for the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> challenges the conception of the domestic, and the feminine, as passive receptacle of mass media. Livesay seems keenly aware of the limits on women’s intellectual engagement in this time. Consequently, she uses the image of the housewife to leverage her way into broadcast, to keep doing what she was already doing in the 1930s and would continue doing after the rise of second-wave feminism and the new Left: engage wholeheartedly in public discourse.</ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p959"><ref target="#non-book_media">To see this leveraging in action, we might look at <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s <title level="a">Statement for New Year’s Day,</title> written to be broadcast through the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> for a European audience on <date cert="definite" when="1953-01-01">New Year’s 1953</date> (<title level="m">Dorothy Livesay</title>).</ref> <ref target="#nationality_issue">Here she argues for a Canadian arts policy that would provide support for cultural production, suggesting the building of a functional and funded national arts council, a working and representative authors’ association, and the institutional machinery necessary to represent Canada properly to <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/139500314"><hi rend="small-caps">UNESCO</hi></orgName>.</ref> The larger context of these concerns is a humanist argument for the arts as a source of connection in an increasingly alienating world. In this talk, not only is Livesay engaging publicly but she is also foregrounding the public context and public role of the writer. A significance of this rapid movement from housewife to, one might say, public intellectual, is that it directly contradicts the opposition between the private and the public that has been central to <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490" sameAs="Emmanuel Kant">Kant</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s understanding of the intellectual. Whereas Kant and Arendt see intellectual work as public, and necessarily sheared from the domestic, Livesay, in these talks, moves in fairly short order from being a housewife to being a writer with opinions on the structuring of arts funding. Doing so, she elides the distinction between the housewife, a vehicle for all that is private, and the intellectual, who is inherently public.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p960">
                        <ref target="#voice_or_narration">The relationship between private and public has been an ongoing concern in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> scholarship. In the <date cert="definite" when="1986">1986</date> conference proceedings <title level="s">A Public and Private Voice</title>, a number of people theorize the contradiction and, in some cases, the permeability between Livesay’s two <q>voices.</q> <ref target="#genre_poetry">The poetry <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> was writing in the <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> has been mostly aligned with her private voice</ref>, in line with the belief, mentioned earlier, that the <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> represented a time of domestic retreat in Livesay’s life. Looking at Livesay’s <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> projects from this period may serve to call into question the possibility of a truly private voice for Livesay, suggesting instead that, at least after the <date from="1930" to="1939" cert="definite">1930s</date>, historical circumstances may account for the appearance of a private voice, but deeper readings might reveal the public investments of even that voice. Jonathan C. Pierce hints at this in his suggestion that the importance of Livesay as a public poet resides in the <hi rend="italic">link</hi> she makes between the private and public in her work (23).</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p961">For Pierce, however, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s public constitutes an extension of the concerns of her private work (26). If this is the case, we might be justified in aligning her not with a true public voice but with the social, to use <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s terms. When we look at her speech, we see this is not entirely correct; instead, we see Livesay bridging the vast space between the domestic and the public with the<hi rend="italic"> language</hi> of the social. In addressing arts funding, the role of public broadcast, and the possibilities of radio for making connections between communities, Livesay appears to be interested in calling into being a public realm, in Arendt’s sense. <ref target="#nationality_issue"><date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date> <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName> may not have had the privileged and neutral space of the polis, but the ideal of an infrastructure of funded institutions, which support cultural production by independent artists, approaches a fantasy of the polis.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p962"><ref target="#textual_strategies">In calling upon the housewife figure, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> appears to be drawing domestic concerns into the public realm, only to turn nearly immediately to conversations regarding programming, funding, and public policy.</ref> It seems likely that Livesay the writer held Livesay the housewife at a distance. Given Livesay’s enduring commitment to a vision of <q>the people</q>—an inherently public interest—it makes sense to complicate Pierce’s argument and attend to the extent to which the private as represented by Livesay appears as an extension of her public concerns.</p>
                    <p xml:id="p963">While <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s approach to the public can be said to line up with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s in that it is concerned with an institutional space of appearance for discussions that exceed personal material interest, Livesay differs from Arendt in one significant way. <ref target="#politics">Unlike <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>, for <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> the domestic is not an abject zone in which the necessities underlying public life are sequestered. Instead, it is a politicized realm, affected by and implicated in the public realm. Succinctly, it is not outside of the polis. Put somewhat ahistorically, she demonstrates that <q>the personal is political.</q> This slogan distills the insights of the movements that would come to radically call into question the division between the public and the private that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490" sameAs="Emmanuel Kant">Kant</persName> and Arendt rely on. It is, however, important to note that this is a very different claim than that of the social, which may be condensed as <q>the political is personal.</q> This distinction is of increasing political significance.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p964">In these <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> talks, when the private <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> is extended into the public sphere it is in the form of a figure. It is through an understanding of the private Livesay as figural rather than expressive that we can most clearly see the cultural relevance of the tremendous fluidity with which the public and private circulate in Livesay’s work.<ref target="#textual_strategies"> When we read <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s private voice, her housewife, as a self-conscious pose created in the service of public concerns, we can see that what appears to be most private in Arendt’s sense, most domestic, is in fact a guise under which Livesay may engage with the public.</ref></p>
                    <p xml:id="p965">
                        <ref target="#history">One way to situate the complicated circulation of the private and the public in <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s writing is as reflective of a general cultural and economic shift that would go on to shape our understandings of the political, the public, and the personal. In this framing, Livesay’s circulation of the public and the private in terms that exceed <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s category of the social come to seem not only prescient but also inevitable. Arendt’s concern over the rise of the social occurs in the context of the postwar solidification of two trends in political and cultural organization: American consumer culture on the one hand, and the Soviet Union’s bureaucratization of public life on the other. The ultimate victory of the American model, which was even at the time threatening to become a global structure, may distract us from the commonality Arendt diagnosed in these trends: the creation of mass society at the expense of genuine individual engagement with democratic structures. <ref target="#politics">This constituted both a political and a subjective crisis for Arendt. <ref target="#economics">The rise of the social as the dominant realm in both the Soviet Union and the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6252001">United States</placeName> was symptomatic of the abandonment of the projects of individuality and democracy. Truly political concerns no longer appeared; in both systems, they came to be replaced by economic ones.</ref></ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p966">
                        <ref target="#politics"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s prescience in her articulation of the relationship of the personal to the political could be a coincidence. <ref target="#social_movement">Certainly, she had no way of knowing the political insights of the second wave of feminism that were soon to emerge.</ref> But I wonder if Livesay did have an intuitive knowledge about the changing nature of the public and private. In the <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date>, even as state structures appear to be consolidating (for example, the influential role of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> that grounds Livesay’s interest in radio during this period) a movement away from nation toward global trade was already underway. The establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, forerunner to the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312770601" cert="definite">World Trade Organization</orgName>, in <date cert="definite" when="1947">1947</date>, might be seen as the base to the superstructure of <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>’s international New Year’s Day broadcast.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p967">
                        <ref target="#economics"><ref target="#representation_of_women">If <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> participates in this liberal internationalism in the context of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> talks, her understanding of the subjectivity of the housewife as something other than a consumer identity pushes back on the kinds of subjectivity that globalization encourages. As we will see, there is a tremendous difference between the housewife as a consumer and the housewife as a situated subjective position.</ref> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s disposition to notice the effects of economic systems on people’s lives may account for what I have called her intuitive understanding of the impact of globalization on the national public sphere.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p968">
                        <ref target="#nationality_issue"><ref target="#politics"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693">Lynette Hunter</persName> provides us with useful vocabulary for discussing the shift in the constitution of the public that globalization is still in the process of being established. In her <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date> article <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92127388">Daphne Marlatt</persName>’s Poetics,</title> Hunter addresses the changes in public culture that result from the changing nature of the nation.</ref> This article offers a working definition of public culture that accounts well for the way in which <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> appears as a public writer: <q type="block">If <q>art</q> is the culture of the empowered and relatively-empowered group with special rights which have the money both to consume and produce, to disseminate and market, and <q>popular culture</q> is the culture of people excluded from that empowered group, then <q>public culture</q> could be defined as the culture of people at last included in <q>rights,</q> including the right to cultural power. (145)</q> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693" sameAs="Lynette Hunter">Hunter</persName> notes that the situation of knowledge is a strategy through which these newcomers may appear in the public realm, and notes that it is the model of situated knowledge that challenges what she calls <q>the universal/relative split of the liberal social contract</q> (145). We might consider Livesay’s housewife as exemplifying this situatedness.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p969">
                        <ref target="#gender_issue">In a historical moment when the increasing exclusion of women from the public was accompanied by a retrenchment of domesticity for women, Livesay appears as a housewife to access the public. But this is not the same as <hi rend="italic">being</hi> a housewife, wherein housewife is a rising consumer identity. </ref>
                        <ref target="#close_reading">
                            <ref target="#politics"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693" sameAs="Lynette Hunter">Hunter</persName>’s article addresses the significance of this distinction quite forcefully. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693" sameAs="Lynette Hunter">Hunter</persName> argues that the twentieth century has seen a shift from <persName sameAs="Louis Althusser" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/24596917" cert="definite">Althusser</persName>’s Institutional State Apparatuses, those that serve the nation, to Global State Apparatuses (<hi rend="small-caps">GSA</hi>s), which serve the interests of global capital. Nations in general, and <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> in particular, are caught in a tension between protecting individuals against <hi rend="small-caps">GSA</hi>s and enabling <hi rend="small-caps">GSA</hi>s to operate within their borders (144). In this context, partiality and situatedness, which had previously been excluded from public representation and derided as <q>interest,</q> come to be seen as differences between subjects; these differences acquire political relevance. Hunter warns that there is a crucial distinction to be made between the situated as a politically relevant fact for previously excluded subjects and the situated as marker of consumer identity and niche marketing. Hunter asserts, <q>partiality and the situated in themselves are no guarantee of democratic agency. They employ rhetorical techniques often similar to those used by <hi rend="small-caps">GSA</hi>s to establish representations, which even if they are not representations for the individual in the nation state, are still representations for the consumer in global state structures</q> (147).<ref target="#economics"> <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693" sameAs="Lynette Hunter">Hunter</persName>’s distinction is between the representations that enable new subjectivities to enter public discourse (those she calls <hi rend="italic">partial</hi>), and the representations that tie difference to the individual’s role as consumer (those she calls <hi rend="italic">relative</hi>) (147). To cast this in the language of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>, Hunter argues that there is an expanded role for a citizen who is articulated in terms that challenge those of the universal subject in the public sphere. This is seen in our increasing belief that material previously cast as private is, in fact, infused with the political. The public must come to acknowledge and include elements that had previously been relegated to the private. This is not, however, a total evacuation of the difference between public and private, or in Arendt’s language, the social. Relative identities, those that are aligned with corporate economic interests, are in Hunter’s model the location of the social, and, for Hunter as much as for Arendt, they threaten the existence of a genuine public.</ref></ref>
                        </ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p970">
                        <ref target="#textual_strategies"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s leveraging of the housewife figure in her <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName> broadcasts shows Livesay using the guise of the unthreatening relative subject (the housewife as consumer of radio in her lonely hours) to do the work of the situated subject. This is a further elaboration on my earlier claim that Livesay bridges the space between the domestic and the public with the language of the social. She stages the housewife as a private figure and then embodies that position to recuperate her access to the public sphere.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p971">
                        <ref target="#genre_poetry">In <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s poetry written in the <date cert="definite" from="1950" to="1959">1950s</date>, there is evidence that the experience of the housewife as a relative subject is in her view an unpromising basis for participation in a wider, public discussion. <ref target="#close_reading">In the tension between two poems of this period, we can see <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> considering, and rejecting, the notion that the private activities of the housewife connect her with anything outside of the domestic. In <date cert="definite" when="1951">1951</date>’s <title level="a">Life of the Mind,</title> Livesay traces the fantasies of a female <q>inhabitant / Of silence; of one land; / Yet in the mind /Many times a traveler</q> (<title level="m">Archive</title> 93–95). The title suggests two meanings: that the subject of the poem is an intellectual, engaged, if only in fantasy, in the life of the mind, and that the subject of the poem is isolated from the stream of life and discourse, a participant only in her mind. In successive scenarios, she imagines herself travelling to various European locations, then as <q>realmed in other consciousnesses</q> (93) presumably a man in a <q>community where all men think, yet think alike</q> (94). In the final imaginary scenario of the poem, the subject revisits her own childhood, and childhood in general: <q>Later she is thrust again / into the early area of pain.</q> Following this we are asked if the <q>traveler</q> who lives with an <q>abundant throng</q> has lost access to her voice, before redefining the role of the voice of the poet. Instead of <q>being part singer, dissonant,</q> it <q>must become the total song.</q></ref></ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p972">
                        <ref target="#close_reading">There are two ways one can read this transition from <q>part singer, dissonant</q> to <q>total song.</q> The first reading positions the subject as multiplied by her imagination, and thereby expanded to a more universal subject. In this reading, the <q>abundant throng</q> is the multiple interior life of the artist. In a second possible reading, the final scenario is not a purely imaginary one, but a life experience of the subject, maternity. <q>Later she is thrust again/ Into the early area of pain,/ Her own child life; sees children grow</q> can be read as a return to the experience of childhood, through motherhood. In this reading, the <q>abundant throng</q> is not an internal one, but an external one comprised of the lively distractions of family. Here it is not the imagination but rather maternal experience that allows the subject to become universal. She moves, through association with the stream of domestic life from <q>part singer, dissonant</q> to <q>the total song.</q> This calls to mind <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s earlier mass chants, which are concerned with a collective poetic voice. Perhaps the <q>total song,</q> accessed through the labour of mothering has this in common with Livesay’s more political poetry. This second reading’s understanding of the universal is an almost exact inversion of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s claims about the role of the domestic. The false universal of a <q>community where all men think, yet think alike</q> is usurped by a true universal, a total song, which is only accessible through the domestic.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p973">
                        <ref target="#representation_of_women">This vision of the mother as accessing a poetic of the universal is significantly at odds with her evocation of the housewife as a solitary figure awaiting the arrival of the outside world through radio programming. In addition, this universal, <q>total song</q> seems more in the realm of a mythologized and ahistorical femininity than in the realm of public discourse. Her decision not to further develop and publish this poem may suggest that she ultimately could not side with a poem that suggests that maternity is the route through which the female poet participates in a <q>total song.</q></ref>
                        <ref target="#genre_poetry"><title level="a">The Three Emilys</title> (<title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/313981778">Self-Completing Tree</title>, 83), a poem of this period that did make it into print, represents a position that <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName> may have ultimately been more comfortable with. Written in tribute to <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/97097302" cert="definite">Emily Brontë</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/31995584">Emily Dickinson</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56618171" cert="definite">Emily Carr</persName>, the poem insists on the impoverishment of the domestic. In this poem, family life does not bring the artist to a fusion with a larger human song but rather keeps her from an experience of the self, which is seen as necessary for the artist.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p974">
                        <ref target="#non-book_media">To return to <persName sameAs="Bertolt Brecht" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2467372">Brecht</persName>’s <q>vast network of pipes,</q> I would like to reflect on what the fulfilment of this hope has offered, and what it has taken away. To the extent that the relative democratization of broadcast has allowed new voices to circulate, and enabled the circumvention of a tight corporate hold on the means of mass communication, it is undoubtedly a good thing. Nonetheless, at the risk of sounding nostalgic, I wonder if this unlimited circulation between private and public has produced, in <persName sameAs="Bertolt Brecht" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2467372">Brecht</persName>’s terms, an <q>apparatus in public life,</q> or merely furthered the tendency <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName> saw toward the encroachment of the small concerns of the private into our understanding of the public. <ref target="#technology">That the rise of the Internet parallels, in <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999" cert="definite">Canada</placeName>, the dissolution of the structure of public funding for the arts and intellectual engagement that Livesay was interested in establishing may suggest that it is in fact part of a general diminishing of the public sphere. One doesn’t have to spend a long time reading the online comments section of a major newspaper to come to the conclusion that individual grievance rather than abstract concern for good policy forms the bulk of reader responses to major political events. Similarly, a proliferation of blogs and overtly ideological media outlets may signal that while the <q>listener</q> on the Internet can talk back, he talks not to peers, but in an echo chamber.</ref> It does not appear that the decentralized democratization promised by this moment does in fact constitute (to repeat Brecht’s words) <q>the finest possible communication apparatus in public life.</q> Perhaps we need institutions, and certain moments of listening in the absence of the possibility of broadcasting back, to allow a truly public sphere to exist.</ref>
                    </p>
                    <p xml:id="p975">It is through public and non-partisan institutions, like <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541" sameAs="Dorothy Livesay">Livesay</persName>’s vision of the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi></orgName>, that the individual voice can participate in a discourse that is public in Arendt’s sense of the word. Counterintuitively, an institutional gatekeeper placing limits on access to public speech allows for individuals to appear as partial rather than simply relative. <ref target="#economics"><ref target="#politics"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053" sameAs="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</persName>’s insistence on the neutrality of the public intellectual may strike us as naïve or conservative in the light of movements that establish the political content of the personal. However, quite relevantly for our political moment, Arendt warns that outside the neutral ideal of the public sphere lies not freedom but rather an encroaching and all-consuming economicism.</ref></ref></p>
                    <div type="section">
                        <head>Works Cited</head>
                        <listBibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105151053">Arendt, Hannah</persName>. <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/183361508">The Human Condition</title>. 2nd ed. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/4887398" cert="definite">Chicago</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122888939">U of Chicago P</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/2467372" cert="definite">Brecht, Bertolt</persName>. <title level="a">The Radio as an Apparatus of Communication.</title> <title level="m">Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic</title>. Trans. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56621190">John Willett</persName>. Ed. John Willett. 32nd ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/149294063" cert="definite">Hill and Wang</orgName>, <date when="2001" cert="definite">2001</date>. 51–52. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27086693">Hunter, Lynette</persName>. <title level="a"><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/92127388" cert="definite">Daphne Marlatt</persName>’s Poetics: What is an Honest Man? And Can There Be an Honest Woman?</title> <title level="j">Open Letter: A Canadian Journal of Writing and Theory</title> 12.8 (<date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date>): 143–69. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46781061">Jacoby, Russell</persName>. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/312361862" cert="definite">The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe</title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/169368934">Basic Books</orgName>, <date when="2000" cert="definite">2000</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/82088490" cert="definite">Kant, Immanuel</persName>. <title level="a" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/314227100">What is Enlightenment?</title> <title level="m">On History</title>. Trans. <persName>Louis W. Beck</persName>. Ed. Louis W. Beck. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/5128581">New York</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155934606" cert="definite">Bobbs-Merrill</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1963">1963</date>. 3–10. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7141254">Kelly, Peggy L.</persName> <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName> and the <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124250538" cert="definite"><hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi> Radio</orgName>: The Politics of Modernist Aesthetics, Gender and Regionalism.</title> <title level="m">Wider Boundaries of Daring: The Modernist Impulse in Canadian Women’s Poetry</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/8566613" cert="definite">Di Brandt</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/67996917">Barbara Godard</persName>. <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823" cert="definite">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157391394">Wilfrid Laurier UP</orgName>, <date when="2009" cert="definite">2009</date>. 213–36. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Livesay, Dorothy</persName>. <title level="m">Archive for Our Times: Previously Uncollected and Unpublished Poems of Dorothy Livesay</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" cert="definite">Dean J. Irvine</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/155778530" cert="definite">Arsenal Pulp Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1998">1998</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName> and the <hi rend="small-caps">CBC</hi>: Early Texts for Radio by Dorothy Livesay</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/76359250">Hildi F. Tiessen</persName> and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71426952" cert="definite">Paul Tiessen</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <hi rend="small-caps">MLR</hi> Editions, <date when="1994" cert="definite">1994</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m">Journey with My Selves: A Memoir <date cert="definite" from="1909" to="1963">1909–1963</date></title>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/134824560" cert="definite">Douglas and McIntyre</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1991">1991</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl> ---. <title level="m">Right Hand Left Hand: A True Life of the Thirties</title>. Ed. <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115570529">David Arnason</persName> and <persName>Kim Todd Erin</persName>, <placeName ref="http://www.geonames.org/6093943" cert="definite">ON</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311378991">Porcépic</orgName>, <date when="1977" cert="definite">1977</date>. Print. </bibl>
                            <bibl>---. <title level="m" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/313981778" cert="definite">The Self-Completing Tree</title>. 2nd ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6173331">Vancouver</placeName>: <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311378991">Porcepic Books</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="1999">1999</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl>Pierce, Jonathan C. <title level="a">A Tale of Two Generations: The Public and Private Voices of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>.</title> <title level="m">A Public and Private Voice: Essays on the Life and Work of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName></title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/72871170" cert="definite">Lindsay Dorney</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/238915438">Gerald Noonan</persName>, and <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71426952" cert="definite">Paul Tiessen</persName>. 2nd ed. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6176823">Waterloo, ON</placeName>: <orgName>U of Waterloo P</orgName>, <date when="1988" cert="definite">1988</date>. Print.</bibl>
                            <bibl><persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/71426952" cert="definite">Tiessen, Paul</persName>. <title level="a"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>, the <q>Housewife,</q> and the Radio in <date cert="definite" when="1951">1951</date>: Modernist Embodiments of Audience.</title> <title level="m">The Canadian Modernists Meet</title>. Ed. <persName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114" cert="definite">Dean Irvine</persName>. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6094817">Ottawa</placeName>: <orgName ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135965961" cert="definite">U of Ottawa P</orgName>, <date when="2005" cert="definite">2005</date>. 205–30. Print.</bibl>
                        </listBibl>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </body>
        <back>
            <div type="afterword" xml:lang="en-CA">
                <head>Afterword</head>
                <docAuthor>
                    <persName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/171626610">Susan Brown</persName>
                </docAuthor>
                <docAuthor>
                    <persName>Mary-Jo Romaniuk</persName>
                </docAuthor>
                <p xml:id="p976">
                    <ref target="#women_writing">Knowledge of <ref target="#theme_or_topic">women’s writing</ref> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> is on the move. New paths of inquiry, connections, and insights, as this collection richly illustrates, are emerging as this field of research embarks on major discoveries enabled by new methods of literary inquiry.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p977"><hi rend="italic">Regenerations / <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Régénérations:</hi> Canadian Women’s Writing / <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Écriture des femmes au Canada</hi></hi> emerged from the inaugural conference of the <ref target="#theme_or_topic"><orgName>Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory</orgName></ref> (<ref target="www.cwrc.ca">www.cwrc.ca</ref>), hosted by the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145376209" sameAs="Canadian Literature Centre">Canadian Literature Centre/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Centre de la littérature canadienne</hi></orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">CLC</hi>). The Collaboratory, or <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi> (pronounced <q>quirk</q>), is a path-breaking experiment in devising new ways of undertaking scholarship in a digital environment.</p>
                <p xml:id="p978">
                    <ref target="#methodology">
                        <ref target="#technology">
                            <ref target="#collaboration">Virtually all of us do our research as <ref target="#theme_or_topic">digital writing</ref>, using email, Internet resources, and word processors as key tools in our scholarly work. But email connects us fleetingly, Internet resources are often in silos on their own and not easily collected or connected to our notes on them, and our materials remain in word processing files on our hard drives until they emerge, in print or in digital form, to be consumed but not often interacted with or reused in a digital environment. The <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi></orgName> project aims to create a new kind of environment for literary research on and about <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>. It will make it easier for scholars to work together and to share the raw materials of their research (such as bibliographies, timelines, annotations, or digitized primary texts) with each other and with the wider scholarly community. It will also provide a space for publishing in nontraditional online forms and interconnecting research results in innovative ways. <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi> aims particularly to support the work of junior scholars by mentoring, by furnishing mechanisms for tracking and reporting collaborative contributions, and by offering a welcoming space within which anyone can explore the potential of digital tools for their work.</ref>
                        </ref>
                    </ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p979">
                    <ref target="#non-book media">
                        <ref target="#technology">The <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory">Collaboratory</orgName> is not a research project, but rather an infrastructure project. It is funded by the <orgName>Canada Foundation for Innovation</orgName> to create a research environment that will demonstrate the potential of online tools to support literary inquiry and foster practices that contribute to the interoperability and longevity of digital knowledge. <ref target="#methodology">It will combine a repository for primary and secondary materials with an array of tools, some for creating or placing materials in the repository and others for gathering, analyzing, visualizing, and mapping materials from within and beyond the repository collections.</ref></ref>
                    </ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p980">
                    <ref target="#collaboration"><ref target="#women_writing">As its name suggests, at the heart of the <orgName>Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory</orgName> are participation, partnership, and <ref target="#theme_or_topic">collaboration</ref>—all forms of connection that have been important in scholarship on women’s writing in the past, but that take new prominence and embody new possibilities in the digital era.</ref> The scholars whose work is represented in this volume represent a fraction of those who have affiliated themselves with <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi>. This participation, whether of individual projects that scholars wish to carry forward into a collaborative environment, large-scale projects such as the <orgName>Editing Modernism in Canada</orgName> Project or the <orgName>Canadian Women's Writing Project</orgName>, or of our colleagues whose research is on technical aspects of the Collaboratory, is essential to building <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi> into an environment that will meet scholars’ needs.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p981">
                    <ref target="#technology">The diverse investigations that make up the <orgName>Canadian Women's Writing Project</orgName>, some of which are reported in this volume, are representative of ways that digital scholarship can allow us to collaborate outside of a centralized model of large-scale research. So long as we provide the basis for connections among digital scholarly materials in ways that computers can process, the wealth of materials that the various contributors to this project produce—whether biocritical profiles of writers, bibliographies, readerly or critical responses, or analysis of patterns in publishing or poetics—will be able to interact within the <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi></orgName> environment in ways that allow unforeseen connections between texts and generations to emerge. <ref target="#women_writing">In this respect, the Collaboratory emerges from the <orgName>Orlando Project</orgName>, upon whose systems <hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi> builds, and its vision of the potential of computers to serve feminist literary studies. <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> needs better online representation of the strength of its female writing and fuller and more inclusive scholarly accounts: this volume shows how much both will enrich our understanding of Canada’s cultural wealth.</ref></ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p982">
                    <ref target="#technology">The digital turn is transforming research so thoroughly that it is remaking our institutions. Research libraries have a long-established tradition of collecting and preserving scholarly works, albeit in the analog formats in which they were created. As research and scholarship evolve, so must the roles and practices of libraries in this new digital era. The <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125238209" sameAs="University of Alberta. Library">University of Alberta Libraries</orgName> are national leaders in rethinking the relationship of the library to digital research.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p983">
                    <ref target="#archival_location">The <orgName>Education and Research Archive</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">ERA</hi>), which has its genesis and home in the <orgName>University of Alberta Libraries</orgName>, is more than a repository for research and scholarly output. <hi rend="small-caps">ERA</hi> embodies a technological and philosophical framework that not only supports collaboration but invites experimentation and fosters a robust relationship with researchers and new ways of doing research. The capacity and future potential of <hi rend="small-caps">ERA</hi> has propelled the Libraries to be both a more frequent and a more active partner in research ventures. The Libraries are partnering with <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125238209" sameAs="University of Alberta. Library"><hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi></orgName> to enhance the repository and, moreover, to ensure that the <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi></orgName> materials are ingested and curated in such a way that they are accessible, available for future research, and amenable to preservation in the long term.</ref>
                </p>
                <p xml:id="p984">
                    <ref target="#place_of_publication">
                        <ref target="#technology">The mode of publication of this book itself, a result of a four-way collaboration among the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125238209" sameAs="University of Alberta. Library">University of Alberta Libraries</orgName>, the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311351545">University of Alberta Press</orgName>, <orgName sameAs="Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory"><hi rend="small-caps">CWRC</hi></orgName>, and the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145376209" sameAs="Canadian Literature Centre"><hi rend="small-caps">CLC</hi></orgName>, signals, in important ways, the changing roles and relationships of university libraries and academic presses in relation to the dissemination of scholarship. This scholarly work takes advantage of traditional analog publication while simultaneously existing in an enhanced digital environment that contemplates, without presuming the specifics, the future research potential and needs of the scholarly community. This is not simply a monograph with a digital surrogate; it is a publication that lives with untapped future potential in its evolving digital representation. We are collectively excited by this exemplar of print publishing combined with the power of a repository enabling digital dissemination, access, and preservation as not only a vehicle for scholarly output but an impetus for future research and continuing scholarship.</ref>
                    </ref>
                </p>
            </div>
            <div type="contributors">
                <head><hi xml:lang="en-CA" rend="italic">Contributors</hi> / <hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Collaborateurs</hi></head>
                <p xml:id="p985" xml:lang="fr-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7387642">Nicole Brossard</persName></hi> est poète, romancière et essayiste. Elle est née à <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montréal</placeName>. Depuis <date cert="definite" when="1965">1965</date>, elle a publié une trentaine de livres dont <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/202967649">Le Désert mauve</title>, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/307029645">Musée de l’os et de l’eau, La lettre aérienne</title> ainsi qu’une <title level="m">Anthologie de la poésie des femmes au <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Québec</placeName></title> (avec <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/94503924">Lisette Girouard</persName>) et <title level="m">Poèmes à dire la francophonie</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2002">2002</date>). Sa poésie a influencé toute une génération de poètes. <ref target="#recognitions">Ses livres sont traduits en plusieurs langues et son œuvre a été célébrée par de nombreux prix littéraires majeurs dont le Prix du Gouverneur général en <date cert="definite" from="1974" to="1984">1974 et 1984</date> et le prix Athanase-David.</ref> Son plus récent recueil est <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305371880">Piano blanc</title>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p986" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/171626610">Susan Brown</persName></hi> is professor of English at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125486960">University of Guelph</orgName> and visiting professor at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987">University of Alberta</orgName>. Her research interests include the digital humanities, Victorian literature, and women’s writing. All of these interests inform <title level="m"><orgName>Orlando: Women’s Writing in the British Isles from the Beginnings to the Present</orgName></title>, an ongoing experiment in digital literary history published online by <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127979069">Cambridge University Press</orgName> since <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date> that she directs and co-edits. She leads the <orgName>Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory</orgName> infrastructure project.</p>
                <p xml:id="p987" xml:lang="fr-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/120027154">Marie Carrière</persName></hi> est directrice du <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145376209" sameAs="Canadian Literature Centre">Centre de littérature canadienne</orgName> à l’<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" sameAs="University of Alberta">Université de l’Alberta</orgName>, où elle enseigne aussi la littérature québécoise, française et comparée. Elle a publié récemment <title level="m">Médée protéiforme</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2012">2012</date>) aux <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135965961" sameAs="University of Ottawa Press">Presses de l’Université d’Ottawa</orgName>. Carrière mène des recherches sur l’écriture contemporaine des femmes, l’évolution de la pensée féministe ainsi que l’éthique en littérature.</p>
                <p xml:id="p988" xml:lang="en-CA"><ref target="#recognitions"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56665698">Patricia Demers</persName></hi>, Distinguished University Professor in the Department of English and Film Studies and the Comparative Literature Program at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987">University of Alberta</orgName>, has received numerous awards for her research and teaching.</ref> The author or editor of seventeen books and over fifty articles, she has served in senior positions with the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150876296" sameAs="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">Social Sciences and Humanities Research Coucil</orgName> and the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/159113084">Royal Society of Canada</orgName>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p989" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName>Louise Dennys</persName></hi> is executive publisher, <orgName>Knopf Random Vintage Canada Publishing Group</orgName>, and executive vice-president, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/311379199" sameAs="Random House of Canada">Random House of Canada Limited</orgName>. <ref target="#recognitions">She is a recipient of the Order of Canada for her contribution to Canadian culture; a recipient of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Medal; and most recently the <date cert="definite" when="2013">2013</date> winner of the Ivy Award for her contribution to Canadian publishing and writers.</ref> She is a Doctor of Civil Law, <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="la-150">honoris causa</hi>, <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131293372">Bishop’s University</orgName>, and a past president of <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/172689641"><hi rend="small-caps">PEN</hi> Canada</orgName>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p990" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/33915041">Cinda Gault</persName></hi> teaches at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125486960">University of Guelph</orgName>. In <date cert="definite" when="2012">2012</date>, she published <title level="m">National and Female Identity in Canadian Literature, <date cert="definite" from="1965" to="1980">1965–1980</date></title>. <ref target="#health_issue"><ref target="#gender_issue">Her new project, <title level="m">Abortion in Canadian Literature</title>, analyzes <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>’s story of abortion over the twentieth century. From the mid-twentieth century to contemporary times, we see a nation and its writers wrestle with an issue that signifies myriad meanings in a changing culture.</ref></ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p991" xml:lang="fr-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32220127">Lucie Hotte</persName></hi> est vice-doyenne à la recherche à la faculté des arts de l’<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/149530551" sameAs="University of Ottawa">Université d’Ottawa</orgName> où elle est aussi titulaire de la Chaire de recherche sur les cultures et les littératures francophones du <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName> et professeure titulaire au département de français. Ses recherches portent surtout sur les théories de la lecture, les littératures minoritaires et l’écriture des femmes. <ref target="#response_formal">Elle s’intéresse aussi à la réception critique des œuvres d’écrivains marginaux.</ref> Elle a beaucoup publié sur les littératures franco-canadiennes et les enjeux institutionnels propres aux littératures minoritaires.</p>
                <p xml:id="p992" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56891114">Dean Irvine</persName></hi> is director of <orgName>Editing Modernism in Canada/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Édition du modernisme au Canada</hi></orgName> and associate professor in the Department of English at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/127757839">Dalhousie University</orgName>. He is the author of <title level="m">Editing Modernity: Women and Little-Magazine Cultures in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>, <date cert="definite" from="1916" to="1956">1916–1956</date></title>, and editor of <title level="m">The Canadian Modernists Meet</title>; <title level="m">Heresies: The Complete Poems of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/66513221">Anne Wilkinson</persName>, <date cert="definite" from="1924" to="1961">1924–1961</date></title>; and <title level="m">Archive for Our Times: Previously Uncollected and Unpublished Poems of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName></title>. With <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/93165633">Zalig Pollock</persName> and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/32010922">Sandra Djwa</persName>, he is a general editor of the Collected Works of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/59208470">P.K. Page</persName> and its online companion, <title level="m">The Digital Page</title>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p993" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/110237888">Gary Kelly</persName></hi>, at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987">University of Alberta</orgName>, has published books and essays on and editions of the eighteenth-century Bluestocking circle and women writers of Revolution and Romanticism in <placeName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2648147">Britain</placeName> and the American republic. He has also written on the Romantic novel and Newgate literature and is general editor of the multivolume <title level="m">Oxford History of Popular Print Culture</title>. He is working on a history of British Romanticism; Romantic chronotopes; and women, learning, and lore in Romantic Britain. </p>
                <p xml:id="p994" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName>Shauna Lancit</persName></hi> is writing a dissertation on the public intellectual contributions of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/56774589">Pauline Johnson</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/116854541">Dorothy Livesay</persName>, and <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/61584279">Dionne Brand</persName>. Her writing, which theorizes and fantasizes the relationships between intellectual work, poetics, and publics, has appeared in <title level="j">Open Letter</title>, <title level="j">Tessera</title>, and <title level="j">Fireweed</title>, in numerous zines, and in the form of public performance. <ref target="#methodology">She wrote her contribution to this collection mostly during her son’s nap time.</ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p995" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/305358828">Mary McDonald-Rissanen</persName></hi> traces her roots back to <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6113358">Prince Edward Island</placeName> where she was born, brought up, completed her earlier degrees, and now spends her summers. For the rest of the year, Mary teaches English at the <orgName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122610343" sameAs="Tampereen yliopisto">University of Tampere</orgName> (<placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/660013">Finland</placeName>) where she defended her doctoral dissertation on early women’s life writing. Mary’s archival research on ordinary PEI women’s diaries has culminated in her new book, <title level="m">In the Interval of the Wave: Prince Edward Island Women’s Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Life Writing</title> (<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/141809819">McGill-Queen’s University Press</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2013">2013</date>).</p>
                <p xml:id="p996" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/36720142">Lindsey McMaster</persName></hi> teaches in the Department of English Studies at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/124254622">Nipissing University</orgName>. Her research and teaching focus on early Canadian literature, especially the works of women writers and the genre of Canadian gothic. <ref target="#representation_of_women">Her book, <title level="m">Working Girls in the West: Representations of Wage-Earning Women</title> (<date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>), examines depictions of women in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6251999">Canada</placeName>’s workforce, focusing on writers such as <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6077243">Montreal</placeName>’s <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105426589">J.G. Sime</persName> and turn-of-the-century prostitute <persName>Madeleine Blair</persName>.</ref> She has also published on gothic dimensions in the works of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/27203212">L.M. Montgomery</persName>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p997" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName>Mary-Jo Romaniuk</persName></hi> is an adjunct professor at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148870312" sameAs="University of Alberta. School of Library and Information Studies">School of Library and Information Studies, University of Alberta</orgName> while at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/135889690" sameAs="University of Southern California. Library">University of Southern California Libraries</orgName> and <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/128158107">Marshall School of Business</orgName>. Prior to her current positions she was chief librarian (acting) at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987">University of Alberta</orgName>, having previously been associate university librarian—Information and Financial Resources. <ref target="#technology">At that time, she first engaged with the <orgName>Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory</orgName> initiatives and this project. She is committed to fostering and preserving traditional formats for scholarly publication while exploring innovative interfaces and technologies that expand the reach and interactivity of scholarship and scholarly communication.</ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p998" xml:lang="fr-CA"><ref target="#recognitions"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/58502465">Julie Roy</persName></hi> a obtenu le Prix de la Chaire d’étude Claire-Bonenfant sur la condition des femmes en <date cert="definite" when="2004">2004</date> pour sa thèse de doctorat intitulée <title level="m">Stratégies épistolaires et écritures féminines : Les Canadiennes à la conquête des lettres (<date cert="definite" from="1639" to="1839">1639–1839</date>)</title>.</ref> Ses recherches post-doctorales ont porté sur l’histoire littéraire des femmes, la presse et la formation des couventines et elle a codirigé le projet <title level="m">Histoire littéraire des femmes : stratégies de légitimation et principes de filiation (<date cert="definite" from="1837" to="1882">1837–1882</date>)</title> (<hi rend="small-caps"><orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/150876296" sameAs="Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council">CRSH</orgName></hi>, <date cert="definite" from="2006" to="2011">2006–2011</date>). Elle est archiviste à <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/122051864" sameAs="Library and Archives Canada">Bibliothèque et Archives Canada</orgName> depuis <date cert="definite" when="2007">2007</date>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p999" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/51948730">Susan Rudy</persName></hi> is a literary critic and feminist theorist whose research focuses on the connections between feminist theory and women’s lives. On extended leave from her position as professor of English at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/143270900">University of Calgary</orgName>, she is currently director of <orgName>The Rhodes Project</orgName> in <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/2643741">London</placeName> and visiting research fellow, <orgName cert="probable" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/131406935" sameAs="Institute of English Studies">Institute of English Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London</orgName>. <ref target="#gender_issue">Her current research includes, with <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/226167868">Kate Blackmon</persName> (<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/151630447" sameAs="Saïd Business School">Said School of Business, University of Oxford</orgName>), a forthcoming <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/140705396">Oxford University Press</orgName> book on the gender gap in leadership. See <title level="a"><q>and you think you have it all mapped out</q>: Women Rhodes Scholars’ Work-Life Identity Narratives</title> (<ref target="http://rhodesproject.com/publications/">http://rhodesproject.com/publications/</ref>)<!--<a id="Anchor-124"/> MWVI: not sure where it came from; preceding url should be surrounded by a ref tag-->.</ref> </p>
                <p xml:id="p1000" xml:lang="fr-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/105437213">Chantal Savoie</persName></hi> est professeure au département d’études littéraires de l’<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/148525754">Université du Québec à Montréal</orgName> et chercheure au <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/145371179">Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la littérature et la culture québécoises</orgName> (<hi rend="small-caps">CRILCQ</hi>). Elle fait partie du collectif qui rédige la série <title level="m">La vie littéraire au <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6115047">Québec</placeName></title> (<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125659869">Presses de l’Université Laval</orgName>, six tomes parus) et elle s’intéresse principalement aux pratiques littéraires des femmes et à leur place dans le champ littéraire canadien-français, de même qu’à la culture de grande consommation.</p>
                <p xml:id="p1001" xml:lang="fr-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125077482">Maïté Snauwaert</persName></hi>, professeure adjointe à l’<orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/147166987" sameAs="University of Alberta">Université de l’Alberta</orgName>, s’intéresse au vieillissement, au deuil et à la fin de la vie dans la littérature française, canadienne et américaine. Son ouvrage <title level="m"><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/19716623">Philippe Forest</persName>, la littérature à contretemps</title> (<orgName>Éditions Cécile Defaut</orgName>, <date cert="definite" when="2012">2012</date>) est la première monographie sur un écrivain français dont l’œuvre s’inspire de l’expérience de la perte d’un enfant. À ses publications s’ajoutent la direction et codirection de numéros spéciaux sur <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/10365">Marguerite Duras</persName> (<title level="j" xml:lang="en-CA">Dalhousie French Studies</title> 95, <date cert="definite" when="2011">2011</date>) et <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/17233743">Sophie Calle</persName> (<title level="j">Intermédialités</title> 7, <date cert="definite" when="2006">2006</date>). Chroniqueuse pour <title level="j">Lettres québécoises</title>, elle collabore aussi à la revue culturelle <title level="j">Spirale</title>.</p>
                <p xml:id="p1002" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/7436967">Rosemary Sullivan</persName></hi>, OC, is the author of thirteen books, including biographies of <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/46814469">Elizabeth Smart</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/115290827">Gwendolyn MacEwen</persName>, <persName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/109322990">Margaret Atwood</persName>, and the collective biography, <title level="m" cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308575187">Villa Air-Bel: <listEvent> <event> <label>World War II</label> </event> </listEvent>, Escape, and a House in Marseille</title>. <ref target="#recognitions">She has won numerous prizes for her books, including the Governor General’s Award for Non-fiction, the <placeName cert="definite" ref="http://www.geonames.org/6167865">Toronto</placeName> Book Award, and the Yad Vashem Canadian Book Prize. She worked as the director of Literary Journalism at the <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/157249450">Banff Centre for the Arts</orgName>, and has held Trudeau, Jackman, and Guggenheim Fellowships.</ref></p>
                <p xml:id="p1003" xml:lang="en-CA"><hi rend="small-caps"><persName cert="reasonably certain" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/308227105">Sheena Wilson</persName></hi> is an assistant professor at <orgName cert="definite" ref="http://viaf.org/viaf/125414591" sameAs="University of Alberta. Faculté Saint-Jean">Campus Saint-Jean, University of Alberta</orgName>. <ref target="#historical_oppression"><ref target="#gender_issue">Her research involves an interdisciplinary approach to studying cultural representation of human and civil rights abuses and women’s issues in literature, film, and media.</ref></ref> Dr. Wilson is director of the <orgName>Centre d’écriture bilingue</orgName> at Campus Saint-Jean, co-director of the <orgName>Petrocultures Research Group</orgName> (<ref target="petrocultures.com">petrocultures.com</ref>) and editor-in-chief of the online journal <title level="j">Imaginations: Journal of Cross-Cultural Image Studies/<hi xml:lang="fr-CA">Revue d’études interculturelles de l’image</hi></title>.</p>

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          Figure 2.1
           Contents page for dandelion 37.1, Mapping. 
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            </div>
            <div type="index">
                <list>
                    <item xml:id="ie1">
                        <ref target="#p915">Aberdeen, Marchioness of</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie2">Aboriginal people, Western Canada <list> <item xml:id="ie3"><ref target="#p875 #p912">female prisoners</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie4"><ref target="#p916 #p918 #p919 #p920 #p921 #p922">Native/white relations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie5"><ref target="#p913">Native women</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie6"><ref target="#p912">oil sands use</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie7">academy <list> <item xml:id="ie8"><ref target="#p832">critical theory and mass culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie9"><ref target="#p834">francophone interest in popular culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie10"><ref target="#p832 #p835">literarism, textism, and telepathism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie11"><ref target="#p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie12"><ref target="#p953 #p954 #p955 #p956 #p957 #p959 #p975">public vs. academic intellectuals</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie152">collaborative theory and practice</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie191">creative writing programs</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie13">
                        <ref target="#p788 #p804 #p805 #p806">account diaries in PEI</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also </hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie589">life writing in PEI</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie14">
                        <ref target="#p65">Acker, Kathy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie15">advertisements <list> <item xml:id="ie16"><ref target="#p823 #p827">influence on folk poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie17"><ref target="#p799">representations of women in PEI</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie688">newspapers and magazines</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie18">Alberta <list> <item xml:id="ie19"><ref target="#p911">missionaries</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie20">
                        <ref target="#p105 #p106">ALCQ/ACQL (Association des littératures canadiennes et québecoise/Association of Canadian and Quebec Literatures)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie21">
                        <ref target="#p924">Aleta Day (Beynon)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie22">
                        <ref target="#p887">Alfred A. Knopf</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie23">
                        <ref target="#p919 #p920 #p923"><title type="a">Alone</title> (Ellis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie24">
                        <ref target="#p969">Althusser, Louis</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie25">
                        <ref target="#p78 #p79"><title type="m">Alyson Singes</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie26">
                        <ref target="#p789 #p790 #p807">Andrew, Amy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie27"><title type="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> (Leprohon) <list> <item xml:id="ie28"><ref target="#p219">ambivalence about British legacy</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie29"><ref target="#p216">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie30"><ref target="#p218 #p219">as "essentially Canadian,"</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie31"><ref target="#p213 #p215 #p232 #p233 #p234 #p236">as Gothic romance</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie32"><ref target="#p233">healing of social wounds</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie33"><ref target="#p233 #p234">political and gender domination in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie34"><ref target="#p232">reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie35"><ref target="#p236">union of French and English in</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie36">
                        <ref target="#p101"><title type="m">Archive for Our Times</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie37">archives, digital. <list> <head>See </head> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie38">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">Arctic Adventure</title> (Vyvyan)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie39">
                        <ref target="#p956 #p959 #p961 #p963 #p964 #p965 #p969 #p972 #p974 #p975">Arendt, Hannah</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie40">
                        <ref target="#p100">Arnason, David</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie41">
                        <ref target="#p877 #p902 #p903">Ashtiani, Sakineh</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie42">
                        <ref target="#p809">Assmann, Jan</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie43">
                        <ref target="#p105 #p106">Association des littératures canadiennes et québecoise/Association of Canadian and Quebec Literatures (ALCQ/ACQL)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie44">
                        <ref target="#p139"><title type="m">The Assumption of the Rogues and Rascals</title> (Smart)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie45">Atwood, Margaret <list> <item xml:id="ie46"><ref target="#p135 #p163–164 #p180 #p880">early career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie47"><ref target="#p878"><title type="m">Penelopiad</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie48"><ref target="#p135 #p158 #p159 #p160 #p161 #p162 #p163 #p164 #p165 #p166 #p167 #p168 #p169 #p170 #p171">self-confidence as a writer</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie49"><ref target="#p880"><title type="m">Survival</title></ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie50">autobiography. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie583">life writing</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie51">
                        <ref target="#n3 #p72 #p82 #p86 #p90">Avasilichioaei, Oana </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie52">
                        <ref target="#p226">Bailey, Alfred</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie53">
                        <ref target="#p92">Barbeau, Marius</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie54">
                        <ref target="#p880">Barbour, Douglas</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie55">
                        <ref target="#p137 #p168">Barker, George</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie56">
                        <ref target="#p78">Barthes, Roland</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie57">
                        <ref target="#p887"><title type="m">The Bass Saxophone</title> (Škvorecky)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie58">
                        <ref target="#p213"><title type="m">The Bastonnais</title> (Lespérance)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie59">
                        <ref target="#p834"><title type="m">Beautiful Joe</title> (Saunders)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie60">
                        <ref target="#p215 #p227 #p229 #p232">Beckwith, Julia Catherine</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also</hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie820"><title type="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title> (Beckwith)</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie61">Bergvall, Caroline <list> <item xml:id="ie62"><ref target="#p73 #p78 #p79 #p80 #p81 #p90">connivance and collaborative writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie63"><ref target="#p81">expanded field of writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie64"><ref target="#p75 #p79">her life</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie65"><ref target="#p62 #p74 #p79 #p88 #p89">her views</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie66">Bergvall, Caroline, works <list> <item xml:id="ie67"><ref target="#p75"><title type="a">1DJ2MANY</title>,</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie68"><ref target="#p78 #p79"><title type="m">Alyson Singes</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie69"><ref target="#p62"><title type="a">The Conceptual Twist</title>,</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie70"><ref target="#p88 #p89"><title level="m">Cropper</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie71"><ref target="#p90"><title type="m">Fig 116</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie72"><ref target="#p75"><title type="a">Ghost Cargo</title>,</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie73"><ref target="#p75"><title type="m">Ghost Pieces</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie74"><ref target="#p73 #p75"><title type="m">I'll Drown My Book</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie75"><ref target="#p80"><title type="m">Meddle English</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie76"><ref target="#p83"><title type="a">O YES</title> (with Moure)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie77"><ref target="#n2 #p76"><title type="m">Say Parsley</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie78"><ref target="#p75"><title type="m">THEREISNOTACLEARBRIGHTLINE,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie79"><ref target="#n9"><title type="m">Typhon Dru</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie80"><ref target="#p75 #p81"><title type="m">VIA: Poems 1994–2004</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie81"><ref target="#p75"><title type="a">VIA (48 Dante Translations),</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie82"><ref target="#p75">website as project</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie83">
                        <ref target="#p62">Beverley, Andrea</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie84">
                        <ref target="#p924">Beynon, Francis Marion</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie85">
                        <ref target="#n31 #p842 #p855">Bhabha, Homi</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie86">biography <list> <item xml:id="ie87"><ref target="#p135 #p143 #p144 #p145 #p146 #p147 #p148 #p149 #p150 #p151 #p152 #p153 #p154 #p155 #p156 #p157 #p158 #p159 #p160 #p161 #p162 #p163 #p164 #p165 #p166 #p167 #p168 #p169 #p183 #p184 #p185 #p186 #p897">theme of self-confidence of writers</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie583">life writing</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie88">
                        <ref target="#p249 #p263 #p265"><title type="m">A Bird in the House</title> (Laurence)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie89">
                        <ref target="#p223">Botting, Fred</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie90">
                        <ref target="#p878">Brand, Dionne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie91">
                        <ref target="#p944 #p945 #p974">Brecht, Bertolt</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie92">
                        <ref target="#p811">Brekus, Catherine A.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie93">Britain, Great. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie325">England</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie94">British Columbia <list> <item xml:id="ie95"><ref target="#p844 #p847 #p863">Japanese-Canadian relocations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie96"><ref target="#p915">travel accounts</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie505">Japanese-Canadian history</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie975">
                        <ref target="#p212 #p220 #p227">Brooke, Frances</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also </hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie449"><title type="m">The History of Emily Montague</title> (Brooke)</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie97">Brossard, Nicole <list> <item xml:id="ie98"><ref target="#p985">career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie99"><ref target=" #p66 #p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p71 #p90">connivance and collaborative writing</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie100">
                        <ref target="#p92">Brown, Audrey Alexandra</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie101">
                        <ref target="#p72">Brown, Kathleen</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie102">
                        <ref target="#p104 #p108 #p986">Brown, Susan</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie103">
                                <ref target="#p976 #p977 #p978 #p979 #p980 #p981 #p982 #p983 #p984">on women's writing in Canada</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie104">
                        <ref target="#p136 #p145"><title type="m">By Grand Central Station I Sat Down and Wept</title> (Smart)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie105">
                        <ref target="#p107">
                            <title type="m">Les Cahiers Anne Hébert</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie106">
                        <ref target="#p848"><title type="a">A Call for Justice</title> (CBC television)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie107">
                        <ref target="#p950 #p952"><title type="m">Call My People Home</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie108">
                        <ref target="#p916 #p917 #p918 #p925">Cameron, Agnes Deans</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie109">
                        <ref target="#p979">Canada Foundation for Innovation</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie110">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">Canadian Camp Life</title> (Herring)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie111">Canadian literature <list> <item xml:id="ie112"><ref target="#p833 #p834">bestseller lists</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie113"><ref target="#p892 #p893 #p895 #p898 #p899 #p903">cultural margins and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie114"><ref target="#p216 #p218">cultural self-definition in pre-Confederation novels</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie115"><ref target="#p817 #p818">folk poetry and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie116"><ref target="#p161 #p833 #p834 #p880">history of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie117"><ref target="#p876 #p877 #p878 #p879 #p889 #p890 #p891 #p892 #p893 #p894">international profile of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie118"><ref target="#p250">M. Laurence's works and establishment of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie119"><ref target="#p832 #p835">literarism, textism, and telepathism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie120"><ref target="#p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie121"><ref target="#p834">song lyrics as</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie152">collaborative theory and practice</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie754">publishing in Canada</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie122">
                        <ref target="#p977 #p984">Canadian Literature Centre/Centre de la littérature canadienne (CLC)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie123">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">A Canadian Scrap-Book</title> (Jephson)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie124">Canadian Women's Press Club (CWPC) <list> <item xml:id="ie125"><ref target="#p905 #p906 #p908 #p916 #p925">Ellis's roles in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie126"><ref target="#p905">history of</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie127">
                        <ref target="#p108 #p980 #p981">Canadian Women's Writing Project</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie128">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p64 #p103 #p104 #p108 #p977 #p978 #p979 #p980 #p981 #p984">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada (CWRC/CSÉC)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie129">
                        <ref target="#p986">Carrière, Marie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie130">
                        <ref target="#p787">Carter, Kathryn</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie131">Catholic Church <list> <item xml:id="ie132"><ref target="#p228">anti-Catholicism in 19th c. fiction</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie133"><ref target="#p227 #p228 #p229">convents in 19th c. fiction</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie134"><ref target="#p808 #p809 #p813">life writing in PEI</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie135"><ref target="#p911">missionaries in Western Canada</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie136"><ref target="#p809 #p810">statistics in PEI</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie137">CBC radio. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie778">radio</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie138">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104 #p107">Le Centre Anne-Hébert</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie139">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">Le Centre d'archives Gaston-Miron</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie140">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">Le Centre Hector-de-Saint-Denys Garneau</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie141">
                        <ref target="#p92">Chapman, Mary</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie142">
                        <ref target="#p79">Chaucer, Geoffrey</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie143">
                        <ref target="#p898">Cheiffetz, Julia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie144">
                        <ref target="#p819"><title type="m">A Child's Garden of Verses</title> (Stevenson)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie145">
                        <ref target="#n4">Church, Jonathan</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie146">
                        <ref target="#p881 #p885">Clarke Irwin</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie147">class. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie854">social class</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie148">
                        <ref target="#p880">Coach House Press</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie149">
                        <ref target="#p795 #p796 #p797"><title type="a">Coatman's Saloon</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie150">
                        <ref target="#p92">Cogswell, Fred</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie151">
                        <ref target="#p806 #p807">Coles, Mercy Ann</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie152">collaborative theory and practice <list> <item xml:id="ie153"><ref target="#p78 #p79 #p80 #p81 #p82 #p83 #p84 #p85">authorial identities and fictional collaborators</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie154"><ref target="#p66 #p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p80 #p81">authorship and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie155"><ref target="#p78">Barthes' death of the author and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie156"><ref target="#p70">collaborate, as term</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie157"><ref target="#p66 #p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p71 #p90">connivance and complicity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie158"><ref target="#p70">covert vs. overt actions</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie159"><ref target="#p81">expanded fields of writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie160"><ref target="#p73 #p81">graphic representations of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie161"><ref target="#n4">imperatives in the academy</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie162"><ref target="#p65">invitational rhetoric</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie163"><ref target="#p62 #p63 #p64 #p65">overview</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie164"><ref target="#p79 #p87">sexuality and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie165"><ref target="#p62">transnational relationships</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie166"><ref target="#p67 #p68 #p69 #p70">Woolf's vision of</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie128">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada (CWRC/CSÉC)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie287">Editing Modernism in Canada/Édition du modernisme au Canada (EMiC/EmaC)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie167">commercials. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie15">advertisements</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie168">commons <list> <item xml:id="ie169"><ref target="#p93">defined</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie170"><ref target="#p99">leftist print culture of 1930s as</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie171">
                        <ref target="#p93 #p94"><title type="m">Commonwealth</title> (Hardt and Negri)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie172">communications technology <list> <item xml:id="ie173"><ref target="#p974 #p975">Internet and arts funding</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie174"><ref target="#p974">Internet as two-way communication</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie175"><ref target="#p944 #p945 #p946 #p959">radio as</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie176"><ref target="#p877 #p902 #p903">social protests using</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie230">digital commons</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie778">radio</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie177">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889"><title type="m">A Complicated Kindness</title> (Toews)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie178">
                        <ref target="#p62"><title type="a">The Conceptual Twist</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie179">
                        <ref target="#p70–71"><title type="a">Connivance</title> (Brossard)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie180">
                        <ref target="#p967 #p968 #p969">consumer identity and globalization</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie181">
                        <ref target="#p171–182">consumer vs. gift-giving culture</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie182">convents. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie131">Catholic Church</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie183">
                        <ref target="#p800">Couser, G. Thomas</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie184">
                        <ref target="#p799">Coward, Rosalind</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie185">
                        <ref target="#p105">Cowley, Malcolm</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie186">creative process <list> <item xml:id="ie187"><ref target="#p171–182">gift-giving vs. commodity culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie188"><ref target="#p135 #p143 #p144 #p145 #p157 #p159 #p160 #p161 #p162 #p163 #p164 #p165 #p166 #p167 #p168 #p169 #p183 #p184 #p185 #p186 #p897">self-confidence of writers</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie189"><ref target="#p135 #p167 #p168 #p169 #p176 #p177 #p178 #p179 #p180 #p181 #p182 #p183 #p184 #p185 #p186">support for writers</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie190"><ref target="#p170 #p171 #p172 #p173 #p174 #p175 #p175 #p176 #p177 #p178 #p179 #p180 #p181 #p182 #p183 #p186">writers' motives</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie191">creative writing programs <list> <item xml:id="ie192"><ref target="#p73">collaborative writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie193"><ref target="#p167 #p168 #p169 #p185">history of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie194"><ref target="#p135 #p167 #p176 #p177 #p178 #p181 #p182 #p183 #p184 #p185 #p186">as support networks</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie195">
                        <ref target="#p947"><title type="m">Critically Speaking</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie196">
                        <ref target="#p795 #p796"><title type="a">The Crooked Rib</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie197">
                        <ref target="#p88–89"><title type="m">Cropper</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie198">culture <list> <item xml:id="ie199"><ref target="#p968">art vs. public culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie200"><ref target="#p876 #p877 #p878 #p879 #p880 #p889 #p890 #p891 #p892">Canada's international profile</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie201"><ref target="#p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969">consumer identity and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie202"><ref target="#p171–182">gift-giving vs. consumer paradigm</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie203"><ref target="#p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969">globalization and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie204"><ref target="#p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie205"><ref target="#p809">preservation of cultural memory</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie1015"><ref target="#p953 #p954 #p955 #p956 #p957 #p959 #p975">public vs. academic intellectuals</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie206"><ref target="#p955 #p956 #p957 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p969">separation/integration of public, private, and social</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie7">academy</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie111">Canadian literature</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie734">popular culture</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie754">publishing in Canada</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie207">
                        <ref target="#p878"><title type="m">The Cure for Death By Lightning</title> (Dargatz)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie208">
                        <ref target="#p86 #p90"><title type="a">Curiously 'My' Writing</title> (Moure and Avasilichioaei)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie209">CWRC/CSÉC. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie128">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada (CWRC/CSÉC)</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie210">
                        <ref target="#p92">Dalgliesh, Melissa</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie211">
                        <ref target="#p73">
                            <title type="m">dANDelion</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie212">
                        <ref target="#p968 #p969"><title type="a">Daphne Marlatt's Poetics</title> (Hunter)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie213">
                        <ref target="#p878">Dargatz, Gail Anderson</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie214">
                        <ref target="#p101"><title type="m">Day and Night</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie215">
                        <ref target="#p216">Dean, Misao</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie216">
                        <ref target="#p800">death writing in PEI</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie217">
                        <ref target="#p987">Demers, Patricia</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie218">
                                <ref target="#p905 #p906 #p907 #p908 #p909 #p910 #p911 #p912 #p913 #p914 #p915 #p916 #p917 #p918 #p919 #p920 #p921 #p922 #p923 #p934 #p925">on Miriam Green Ellis's travels</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie219">
                        <ref target="#p217">De Mille, James</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie220">
                        <ref target="#p989">Dennys, Louise</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie221">
                                <ref target="#p875 #p876 #p877 #p878 #p879 #p880 #p881 #p882 #p883 #p884 #p885 #p886 #p887 #p888 #p889 #p890 #p891 #p892 #p893 #p894 #p895 #p896 #p897 #p898 #p899 #p900 #p901 #p902 #p903">on publishing and women</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie222">
                        <ref target="#p220">Devereux, Cecily</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie223">
                        <ref target="#p107 #p108"><title type="m">Dialogue sur la traduction</title> (Scott and Hébert)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie224">diaries in PEI <list> <item xml:id="ie225"><ref target="#p788 #p790 #p802 #p804 #p805 #p806">account/ledger diaries</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie226"><ref target="#p787 #p788 #p789 #p790 #p791 #p801 #p802 #p816">overview</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie227"><ref target="#p806 #p814">political and social issues in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie228"><ref target="#p808 #p809 #p810 #p811 #p812 #p813 #p814">religious affiliations and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie229"><ref target="#p806">travel diaries</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie589">life writing in PEI</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie230">digital commons <list> <item xml:id="ie231"><ref target="#p93">defined</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie232"><ref target="#p979">funding</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie233"><ref target="#p93 #p94 #p95 #p96 #p108 #p109">gendered work</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie234"><ref target="#p101 #p102 #p103 #p978 #p979">new digital tools</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie235"><ref target="#p104 #p108 #p109 #p978 #p980 #p981">partnerships</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie236"><ref target="#p93 #p108">as socialized space</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie237"><ref target="#p109 #p978">training initiatives</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie128">Canadian Writing Research Collaboratory/Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada (CWRC/CSÉC)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie287">Editing Modernism in Canada/Édition du modernisme au Canada (EMiC/EmaC)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie238"><title type="m">The Displaced View</title> (Onodera) <list> <item xml:id="ie239"><ref target="#p849 #p851 #p852 #p853 #p866 #p867 #p872 #p873">as community autobiography</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie240"><ref target="#p870 #p871">Daruma doll and narrative closure</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie241"><ref target="#p843 #p844">displacement by immigration</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie242"><ref target="#n32 #p837 #p843 #p844 #p849 #p868">displacement by relocation(s)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie243"><ref target="#p840 #p853">diversity in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie244"><ref target="#p841 #p862 #p864 #p865 #p866 #p870 #p871">fairy tales and fantasies</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie245"><ref target="#p837 #p840 #p841 #p842 #p850 #p851 #p852 #p859">film techniques</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie246"><ref target="#n35 #p867 #p868">funding</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie247"><ref target="#p840 #p841 #p842 #p843 #p852 #p861 #p865 #p866 #p869 #p870 #p871">generational relations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie248"><ref target="#p853 #p854 #p855 #p856 #p857 #p858 #p862 #p864 #p865 #p866">generational relations, grandmother-granddaughter</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie249"><ref target="#p859 #p873">generational relations, mother-daughter</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie250"><ref target="#p840 #p844 #p845 #p846 #p847 #p848 #p849 #p853 #p862 #p863">historical context</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie251"><ref target="#p840 #p855">intercultural film</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie252"><ref target="#p838 #p839 #p840">interculturalism vs. multiculturalism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie253"><ref target="#p843 #p853 #p854 #p855 #p856 #p857 #p858 #p869 #p870">language loss</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie254"><ref target="#p841 #p843 #p854 #p855 #p856">languages and film techniques</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie255"><ref target="#p841 #p851">non-actors in roles</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie256"><ref target="#p836 #p837 #p850 #p851 #p852 #p870 #p871 #p872 #p873 #p874">overview</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie257"><ref target="#p837 #p844 #p845 #p846 #p847 #p848 #p856 #p860 #p861 #p862 #p874">racial identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie258"><ref target="#p841 #p851 #p852 #p862 #p863">research and memory work</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie259"><ref target="#p845">screening</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie260"><ref target="#p837 #p844 #p852 #p860 #p874">sexual identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie261"><ref target="#p837 #p854 #p856 #p862 #p863 #p864 #p865 #p866">silences and cultural losses</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie262"><ref target="#p868 #p874">stagnant vs. fluid identities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie263"><ref target="#p843 #p854 #p855 #p856 #p857 #p858">subtitles</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie264"><ref target="#n34 #p840 #p843">terms (issei, nisei, sansei, yonsei)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie265"><ref target="#p843">title of film</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie266"><ref target="#p841 #p843 #p850 #p851">voice-over narratives</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie505">Japanese-Canadian history</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie516">Japanese-Canadian identity</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie267"><title type="m">The Diviners</title> (Laurence) <list> <item xml:id="ie268"><ref target="#p250 #p251 #p252 #p253 #p254 #p262">cultural nationalism and identity in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie269"><ref target="#p263 #p265 #p272">gendered equality in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie270"><ref target="#p251 #p252 #p253 #p254">history of reception of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie271"><ref target="#p262 #p264">Métis as symbol of national unity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie272"><ref target="#p262 #p266 #p267 #p268 #p269 #p270 #p271">motherhood in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie273"><ref target="#p251 #p252 #p262 #p269">realism and identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie274"><ref target="#p258 #p263">romance and identity</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie275">
                        <ref target="#p105">Dobson, Kit</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie276">domestic life <list> <item xml:id="ie277"><ref target="#p944 #p945 #p946">radio as communication tool</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie278"><ref target="#p945 #p946 #p955 #p956 #p957 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p969">separation/integration of public, private, and social</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie583">life writing</ref>; <ref target="#ie561">Livesay, Dorothy</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie279">
                        <ref target="#n36 #p906 #p907 #p910 #p911 #p912 #p913 #p914 #p915 #p916 #p917 #p918 #p923"><title type="a">Down North</title> (Ellis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie280">
                        <ref target="#p81">Drucker, Joanna</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie281">
                        <ref target="#p915">Dufferin, Marchioness of</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie282">
                        <ref target="#p255">Duncan, Ian</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie283">
                        <ref target="#p105">Dvorak, Marta</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie284">
                        <ref target="#p92">Eaton, Edith (Sui Sin Far)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie285">
                        <ref target="#p902">Ebadi, Shirin</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie286">
                        <ref target="#p63 #p64 #p65">Ede, Lisa</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie287">Editing Modernism in Canada/Édition du modernisme au Canada (EMiC/EmaC) <list> <item xml:id="ie288"><ref target="#p95 #p96">archives and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie289"><ref target="#p109">community blog</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie290"><ref target="#p93">digital commons, defined</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie291"><ref target="#n11 #p92 #p101 #p102 #p108 #p109">digitization projects</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie292"><ref target="#p96 #p104 #p105">francophone collaboration</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie293"><ref target="#n17 #p93 #p94 #p95 #p96 #p108 #p109">gendered work</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie294"><ref target="#p95 #p96 #p97 #p98 #p103">intermediating space (co-op)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie295"><ref target="#p91">mandate and funding</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie296"><ref target="#p104 #p105 #p106 #p107 #p108">multilingual projects</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie297"><ref target="#p101 #p102 #p103">new digital tools</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie298"><ref target="#p103 #p108 #p109 #p980">partnerships</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie299"><ref target="#p95">terms of access</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie300"><ref target="#n17 #p109">training in digital production</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie301">
                        <ref target="#p76 #p81">Edmond, Jacob</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie302">
                        <ref target="#p983">Education and Research Archive (ERA)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie303">
                        <ref target="#p217">Edwards, Justin D.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie304">
                        <ref target="#p223">Edwards, Mary Jane</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie305">
                        <ref target="#p92">Ellingwood, Leah</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie306">
                        <ref target="#p105">
                            <title type="m">Ellipse</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie307">
                        <ref target="#p908 #p909">Ellis, George</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green <list> <item xml:id="ie309"><ref target="#n36 #p906 #p907">archives</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie310"><ref target="#p908 #p909">early life and marriage</ref> </item> <item xml:id="ie311"><ref target="#p905 #p906 #p907 #p908 #p909 #p925">overview of career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie312"><ref target="#p907 #p908 #p914 #p923 #p924 #p925">personal qualities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie313"><ref target="#n36 #p906">photographs by</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie314"><ref target="#p905 #p906 #p908 #p916 #p925">roles in CWPC</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie315">Ellis, Miriam Green, works <list> <item xml:id="ie316"><ref target="#p919 #p920 #p923"><title type="a">Alone,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie317"><ref target="#p906 #p907 #p910 #p911 #p912 #p913 #p914 #p915 #p916 #p917 #p918 #p923"><title type="a">Down North,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie318"><ref target="#p906"><title type="m">Pathfinders</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie319"><ref target="#p905"><title type="a">Special Fields,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie320"><ref target="#p921 #p922 #p923"><title type="a">A War Bride's Return,</title></ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie321">EMiC/EmaC. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie287">Editing Modernism in Canada/Édition du modernisme au Canada (EMiC/EmaC)</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie322"><title type="m">Emily Montague</title>. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie449"><title type="m">The History of Emily Montague</title> (Brooke)</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie323">
                        <ref target="#p847"><title type="m">Enemy Alien</title> (NFB)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie324">
                        <ref target="#p252 #p253 #p254">Engel, Marian</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie325">England <list> <item xml:id="ie326"><ref target="#p880">influence on Canadian publishing</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie327">
                        <ref target="#p804 #p805">entrepreneurship and life writing</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also</hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie583">life writing</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie328">ethnicity. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie771">race and ethnicity</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie329">
                        <ref target="#p92">Everett, Jane</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie330">
                        <ref target="#p847"><title type="m">Exodus of the Japanese</title> (Berton)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie331">
                        <ref target="#n3 #p82"><title type="m">Expeditions of a Chimoera</title> (Moure and Avasilichioaei)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie332">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889"><title type="m">Fall on Your Knees</title> (MacDonald)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie333">
                        <ref target="#p92">Far, Sui Sin (Edith Eaton)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie334">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">The Far Islands and Other Cold Places</title> (Taylor)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie335">
                        <ref target="#p239">Felski, Rita</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie336">feminism, second wave <list> <item xml:id="ie337"><ref target="#p842">filmmaking techniques</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie338"><ref target="#p272">independence as success</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie339"><ref target="#p239 #p240 #p241 #p242 #p252 #p253 #p254">nationalism and gendered identity development</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie340"><ref target="#p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p263 #p273">romance, female identity, and national identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie341"><ref target="#p239">self-identification as oppressed group</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie555">Laurence, Margaret</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie342">feminism, third wave <list> <item xml:id="ie343"><ref target="#p253 #p254 #p264 #p265 #p272 #p273">identities in Laurence's works</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie344">
                        <ref target="#p73">Fierle-Hedrick, Kai</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie345">
                        <ref target="#p90"><title type="m">Fig 116</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie346">
                        <ref target="#p92                   #p92">Filewod, Alan</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie347"><title type="m">The Fire-Dwellers</title> (Laurence) <list> <item xml:id="ie348"><ref target="#p260 #p261 #p263 #p265">gendered identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie349"><ref target="#p247 #p248 #p261">realism and interest in the ordinary</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie350">
                        <ref target="#p215 #p219">Fleming, May Agnes</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also </hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie535"><title type="m">Kate Danton</title> (Fleming)</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie351">folk poetry <list> <item xml:id="ie352"><ref target="#p817 #p831">common elements</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie353"><ref target="#p834">cultural studies of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie354"><ref target="#p822 #p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">folk vs. elite poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie355"><ref target="#p817 #p821">publication of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie356"><ref target="#p824 #p826">verse forms, rhythms, and tone</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie586">"LJ"</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie734">popular culture</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie357">folksongs. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie862">songs</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie358">
                        <ref target="#p793 #p794 #p795 #p796 #p797">
                            <title type="m">Folksongs from Prince Edward Island</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie359">
                        <ref target="#p70 #p71">Forsyth, Louise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie360">
                        <ref target="#p92">Fortin, Marc</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie361">
                        <ref target="#p70 #p71"><title type="a">Fragments of a Conversation</title> (Brossard)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie362">francophones <list> <item xml:id="ie363"><ref target="#p834">academic interest in popular culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie364"><ref target="#p105 #p106 #p107 #p108">bilingual modernist studies</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie365"><ref target="#p104 #p105 #p107 #p108">EMiC/EmaC collaborations</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie366">
                        <ref target="#p878">Frankfurt Book Fair</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie367">
                        <ref target="#p107 #p161 #p255 #p258 #p263">Frye, Northrop</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie368">
                        <ref target="#p97">Furey, Hester</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie369">
                        <ref target="#p884">Gallant, Mavis</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie370">
                        <ref target="#p805">Gammel, Irene</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie371">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">Garneau, Hector-de-Saint-Denys</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie372">
                        <ref target="#p990">Gault, Cinda</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie373">
                                <ref target="#p238 #p239 #p240 #p241 #p242 #p243 #p244 #p245 #p246 #p247 #p248 #p249 #p250 #p251 #p252 #p253 #p254 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p261 #p262 #p263 #p264 #p265 #p266 #p267 #p268 #p269 #p270 #p271 #p272 #p273">on Margaret Laurence</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie374">
                        <ref target="#p794"><title type="a">The Gay Spanish Maid</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie375">gender <list> <item xml:id="ie376"><ref target="#n17 #p93 #p94 #p96 #p108 #p109">female labour in digitization projects</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie377"><ref target="#p93 #p94 #p96">gendered work and immaterial labour</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie378"><ref target="#p846">identity-politics discourse</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie379"><ref target="#p213 #p214 #p217">male vs. female authorship of Gothic romance</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie380"><ref target="#p239 #p240 #p241 #p242 #p243 #p251 #p252 #p263">nationalism and female identity in literary criticism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie381"><ref target="#p99">poetry and mass culture in 1930s</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie382"><ref target="#p267 #p268">power dynamics in Manawaka series</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie383"><ref target="#p135 #p144 #p145 #p169">support for female writers</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie384"><ref target="#p138 #p139 #p140 #p141 #p142 #p143 #p144">writers and love for muses</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie336 #ie342">entries beginning with feminism</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie385">
                        <ref target="#p216">Gerson, Carole</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie386">
                        <ref target="#p75"><title type="a">Ghost Cargo</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie387">
                        <ref target="#p75"><title type="m">Ghost Pieces</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie388">
                        <ref target="#p818">Giddens, Anthony</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie389">
                        <ref target="#p171"><title type="m">The Gift</title> (Hyde)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie390">
                        <ref target="#p898">Gladwell, Malcolm</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie391">
                        <ref target="#p92 #p105">Glassco, John</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie392">
                        <ref target="#p85">Glissant, Édouard</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie393">
                        <ref target="#p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969">globalization and consumerism</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie394">
                        <ref target="#p107">Godbout, Patricia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie395">
                        <ref target="#p880">Godfrey, Dave</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie396">
                        <ref target="#p915">Godsell, Jean Walker</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie397">
                        <ref target="#p213 #p216 #p234"><title type="m">The Golden Dog</title> (Kirby)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie398">
                        <ref target="#p809 #p810">Goldsmith, Violet</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie399">Gothic fiction <list> <item xml:id="ie400"><ref target="#p228">anti-Catholicism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie401"><ref target="#p215 #p218 #p219 #p223">characteristics</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie402"><ref target="#p217">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie403"><ref target="#p217">decorative Gothic</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie404"><ref target="#p213 #p231">divided self</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie405"><ref target="#p217 #p223 #p224 #p225">emotional excess</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie406"><ref target="#p223">forbidden desire</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie407"><ref target="#p229 #p236 #p237">healing of social wounds in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie408"><ref target="#p218 #p219 #p221 #p224 #p225">legacy of colonial history</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie409"><ref target="#p215">market for</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie410"><ref target="#p227">popular literary conventions</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie411"><ref target="#p217 #p228 #p230">uncanny</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie412"><ref target="#p217 #p222 #p223 #p225">wilderness tradition</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie413">Gothic romance in Quebec literature <list> <item xml:id="ie414"><ref target="#p215 #p218 #p219 #p236 #p237">characteristics</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie415"><ref target="#p213 #p216 #p217 #p218">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie416"><ref target="#p213 #p237">divided self</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie417"><ref target="#p213 #p218 #p237">domestic romance</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie418"><ref target="#p223 #p224 #p225">emotional excess</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie419"><ref target="#p213 #p214 #p215 #p216 #p217 #p218 #p219 #p234">historical context</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie420"><ref target="#p223 #p224 #p225">ideas of love</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie421"><ref target="#p215">market for</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie422"><ref target="#p214 #p220 #p221 #p222 #p223 #p224 #p225">representations of French society</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie423"><ref target="#p222 #p223 #p226 #p235">settings</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie424"><ref target="#p213 #p214 #p217 #p234">women's vs. men's authorship</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie27"><title type="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> (Leprohon)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie449"><title type="m">The History of Emily Montague</title> (Brooke)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie535"><title type="m">Kate Danton</title> (Fleming)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie820"><title type="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title> (Beckwith)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie425">
                        <ref target="#p258 #p265 #p271">Grace, Sherrill</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie426">Great Britain. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie325">England</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie427">Green Ellis, Miriam. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie315">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie428">
                        <ref target="#p216">Gross, Konrad</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie429">
                        <ref target="#p911">Grouard, Bishop Émile</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie430">
                        <ref target="#p84"><title type="m">O guardador de rebanhos</title> (Pessoa)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie431">
                        <ref target="#p834">Hailey, Arthur</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie432">
                        <ref target="#p164"><title type="m">The Handmaid's Tale</title> (Atwood)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie433">
                        <ref target="#p93 #p94 #p98 #p108">Hardt, Michael</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie434">
                        <ref target="#p790">Harris, Robert</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie435">
                        <ref target="#p835">Harris, Roy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie436">
                        <ref target="#p92">Harvey, Katherine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie437">Haslam, Lucy Palmer <list> <item xml:id="ie438"><ref target="#p790 #p800 #p816">diaries</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie439"><ref target="#p810 #p811 #p812">influence of religion on writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie440"><ref target="#p800 #p810 #p812">life and career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie441"><ref target="#p800">obituary</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie442"><ref target="#p789 #p807 #p812">silences and boundaries in writing</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie443">
                        <ref target="#p94">Hawkesworth, Mary</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie444">Hébert, Anne <list> <item xml:id="ie445"><ref target="#n15 #p104 #p107">archives</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie446"><ref target="#p96 #p107 #p108">collaboration with F.R. Scott</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie447">
                        <ref target="#p915">Herring, Frances</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie448">
                        <ref target="#p900">Hirsi Ali, Ayaan</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie449"><title type="m">The History of Emily Montague</title> (Brooke) <list> <item xml:id="ie450"><ref target="#p220 #p221 #p223">British supremacy in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie451"><ref target="#p221">colonial ambivalence in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie452"><ref target="#p221 #p222 #p223 #p224 #p225">French-Canadian women in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie453"><ref target="#p212 #p215 #p221 #p222 #p223 #p224 #p225 #p236">as Gothic romance</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie454"><ref target="#p222 #p223 #p225">wilderness tradition</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie455">
                        <ref target="#p834">
                            <title type="m">History of the Book in Canada</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie456">
                        <ref target="#p92">Hjartarson, Paul</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie457">
                        <ref target="#p788">Hogan, Rebecca</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie458">
                        <ref target="#p888">Hogarth Press</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie459">
                        <ref target="#p911 #p912">Holroyd, Roland</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie460">
                        <ref target="#p991">Hotte, Lucie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie461">
                        <ref target="#p880">House of Anansi</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie462">housewife. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie276">domestic life</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie463">
                        <ref target="#p217">Howells, Coral Ann</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie464">
                        <ref target="#p92 #p105">Huculak, Matt</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie465">
                        <ref target="#p224 #p233">Hughes, William</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie466">
                        <ref target="#p956 #p959 #p961 #p963 #p964 #p965 #p969 #p972 #p974 #p975"><title type="m">The Human Condition</title> (Arendt)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie467">
                        <ref target="#p968 #p969">Hunter, Lynette</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie468">
                        <ref target="#p880">Hurtig, Mel</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie469">
                        <ref target="#p171 #p176">Hyde, Lewis</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie470">identity <list> <item xml:id="ie471"><ref target="#p273"><q>authentic</q> identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie472"><ref target="#p240 #p273">communal constructions</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie473"><ref target="#p249 #p272 #p273">historical changes in critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie474"><ref target="#p846">identity-politics discourse</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie475"><ref target="#p239 #p240 #p241 #p242 #p243">literary criticism, female identity, and nationalism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie476"><ref target="#p251 #p252 #p253 #p254 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p263">romance, female identity, and national identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie477"><ref target="#p868 #p874">stagnant vs. fluid identities</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie478">
                        <ref target="#p73 #p75"><title type="m">I'll Drown My Book</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie479">immigration <list> <item xml:id="ie480"><ref target="#n31">Bhabha on migrant discourse</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie481"><ref target="#p892 #p893 #p894 #p895">influence on Canadian writing</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie482"><ref target="#p804 #p805 #p808">life writing and</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie505">Japanese-Canadian history</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie483">
                        <ref target="#p900"><title type="m">Infidel</title> (Hirsi Ali)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie484">intellectuals <list> <item xml:id="ie485"><ref target="#p953 #p954 #p955 #p956 #p957 #p959 #p975">public vs. academic intellectuals</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie7">academy</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie486">intercultural film <list> <item xml:id="ie487"><ref target="#p856">grief and mourning in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie488"><ref target="#p861">memory work in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie489"><ref target="#p840 #p850 #p851 #p852 #p855">techniques</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie490"><ref target="#p841 #p850 #p851">voice-over narratives</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie491">
                        <ref target="#p838 #p839 #p840">interculturalism and multiculturalism</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie492">
                        <ref target="#p97">International Workers of the World song lyrics</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie493">
                        <ref target="#p912">Inuit prisoners</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie494">
                        <ref target="#p992">Irvine, Dean</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie495">
                                <ref target="#p91 #p92 #p93 #p94 #p95 #p96 #p97 #p98 #p99 #p100 #p101 #p102 #p103 #p104 #p105 #p106 #p107 #p108 #p109">on a modernist commons</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie496">
                        <ref target="#p243">Iser, Wolfgang</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie497">Islam, radical <list> <item xml:id="ie498"><ref target="#p899 #p900 #p901 #p902 #p903">female authors on</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie499"><ref target="#p877 #p902 #p903">stoning of women</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie500">
                        <ref target="#p103">Islandora (digital humanities project)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie501">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">I Was No Lady</title> (Godsell)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie502">
                        <ref target="#p892 #p893">Iyer, Pico</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie503">
                        <ref target="#p898">Jacobs, Jane</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie504">
                        <ref target="#p954">Jacoby, Russell</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie505">Japanese-Canadian history <list> <item xml:id="ie506"><ref target="#p853 #p856 #p860 #p867 #p868 #p869 #p870">assimilation</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie507"><ref target="#p844">deportation to Japan</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie508"><ref target="#n30">history of immigration</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie509"><ref target="#p846">identity-politics discourse</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie510"><ref target="#n27 #n28 #p837 #p844 #p847 #p849 #p860 #p862">internment and relocation(s)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie511"><ref target="#n27 #n28 #n32">internment terminology</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie512"><ref target="#p847 #p858 #p868">media representations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie513"><ref target="#p853 #p856 #p868 #p873">postwar silencing of histories</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie514"><ref target="#p840 #p845 #p846 #p848 #p853 #p857 #p867 #p873">redress movement</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie515"><ref target="#n33 #p859 #p860 #p866">responses to wartime displacements</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie516">Japanese-Canadian identity <list> <item xml:id="ie517"><ref target="#n30 #p840 #p867 #p872 #p873">diversity of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie518"><ref target="#p849 #p850 #p853 #p854 #p855 #p870 #p871 #p872 #p873 #p874">family histories</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie519"><ref target="#p850 #p851">female voices</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie520"><ref target="#p840">generational differences</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie521"><ref target="#p869">issei as bearers of culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie522"><ref target="#p837 #p846 #p856 #p860 #p868">racial othering</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie523"><ref target="#p837 #p844 #p868">sexual othering</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie524"><ref target="#p868 #p874">stagnant vs. fluid identities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie525"><ref target="#n34 #p840 #p843">terms (issei, nisei, sansei, yonsei)</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie238"><title type="m">The Displaced View</title> (Onodera)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie526">
                        <ref target="#p821">Jaques, Edna</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie527">
                        <ref target="#p915 #p918">Jephson, Harriet Julia Campbell</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie528">
                        <ref target="#p260 #p263 #p267"><title type="m">A Jest of God</title> (Laurence)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie529">
                        <ref target="#p795 #p796"><title type="a">The Jim Ross Song</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie530">
                        <ref target="#p875">Johnston, Yvonne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie531">
                        <ref target="#p802">
                            <title type="m">journal intime</title>
                        </ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also</hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie583">life writing</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie532">journalism, women in. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie533">
                        <ref target="#p951"><title type="m">Journey with My Selves</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie534">
                        <ref target="#p955 #p956 #p959 #p963">Kant, Emmanuel</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie535">
                        <ref target="#p215 #p219 #p235 #p236"><title type="m">Kate Danton</title> (Fleming)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie536">
                        <ref target="#p993">Kelly, Gary</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie537">
                                <ref target="#p817 #p818 #p819 #p820 #p821 #p822 #p823 #p824 #p825 #p826 #p827 #p828 #p829 #p830 #p831 #p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">on folk poetry and Canadian literature</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie538">
                        <ref target="#p950">Kelly, Peggy Lynn</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie539">
                        <ref target="#p218 #p249">Kertzer, Jonathan M.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie540">
                        <ref target="#p213 #p217 #p234">Kirby, William</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie541">
                        <ref target="#n33">Kitagawa, Muriel</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie542">
                        <ref target="#p899 #p900">Klein, Naomi</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie543">
                        <ref target="#p887">Knopf Canada</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie544">
                        <ref target="#p849 #p863 #p864">Kogawa, Joy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie545">
                        <ref target="#p264">Kortenaar, Neil ten</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie546">
                        <ref target="#p880">Kroetsch, Robert</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie547">
                        <ref target="#p994">Lancit, Shauna</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie548">
                                <ref target="#p944 #p945 #p946 #p947 #p948 #p949 #p950 #p951 #p952 #p953 #p954 #p955 #p956 #p957 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p961 #p962 #p963 #p964 #p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969 #p970 #p971 #p972 #p973 #p974 #p975">on Livesay as a public intellectual</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie549">
                        <ref target="#p819 #p825"><title type="a">The Land of Counterpane</title> (Stevenson)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie550">
                        <ref target="#p850">Lane, Jim</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie551">languages <list> <item xml:id="ie552"><ref target="#p853 #p854 #p855 #p856 #p857 #p858 #p869 #p870">Japanese-Canadian language loss</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie553"><ref target="#p846">official languages and multiculturalism </ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie554">
                        <ref target="#p954"><title type="m">The Last Intellectuals</title> (Jacoby)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie555">Laurence, Margaret <list> <item xml:id="ie556"><ref target="#p246 #p247 #p248 #p249">critical interest in the ordinary</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie557"><ref target="#p248 #p249 #p250 #p260 #p261 #p262 #p263 #p265 #p272 #p273">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie558"><ref target="#p263 #p265 #p266">gendered freedom and equality</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie559"><ref target="#p248 #p249 #p250 #p261 #p273">gendered identity development</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie560"><ref target="#p265 #p266 #p267">gendered power dynamics</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie561"><ref target="#p238 #p239 #p241 #p242 #p243 #p249 #p250 #p251 #p252 #p253 #p254 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p263 #p272 #p273">historical changes in critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie562"><ref target="#p884">international reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie563"><ref target="#p266 #p267 #p268 #p270 #p271 #p272">motherhood and identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie564"><ref target="#p239 #p241 #p242 #p243 #p250 #p251 #p252 #p253 #p254 #p256 #p257 #p259 #p263 #p273">national and gendered identities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie565"><ref target="#p239 #p248 #p249 #p250 #p273">realism and identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie566"><ref target="#p244 #p245 #p246 #p247 #p248 #p251 #p261">realism and mimetic truth</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie567"><ref target="#p268 #p269 #p270 #p271 #p272">realism and motherhood</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie568"><ref target="#p239 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p263">romance and gendered identity</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie569">Laurence, Margaret, works <list> <item xml:id="ie570"><ref target="#p263 #p265"><title type="m">A Bird in the House</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie571"><ref target="#p247 #p248 #p263"><title type="m">The Fire-Dwellers</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie572"><ref target="#p263 #p267"><title type="m">A Jest of God</title></ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie267"><title type="m">The Diviners</title> (Laurence)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie877"><title type="m">The Stone Angel</title> (Laurence)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie573">
                        <ref target="#p787 #p788 #p790 #p802 #p804 #p806">ledgers and account diaries in PEI</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also</hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie589">life writing in PEI</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie574">
                        <ref target="#p105">Lent, Vanessa</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie575">
                        <ref target="#p213 #p216 #p219 #p232">Leprohon, Rosanna</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also </hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie27"><title type="m">Antoinette De Mirecourt</title> (Leprohon)</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie576">
                        <ref target="#p213">Lespérance, John</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie577">
                        <ref target="#p788">letters in PEI</ref>
                        <list>
                            <head>
                                <hi rend="italic">See also</hi>
                            </head>
                            <item>
                                <ref target="#ie589">life writing in PEI</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie578">
                        <ref target="#p85">Levanthal, Ann</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie579">
                        <ref target="#p244 #p245">Levine, George</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie580">
                        <ref target="#p92">Lewis, Wyndham</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie581">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889"><title type="m">Life of Pi</title> (Martel)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie582">
                        <ref target="#p971 #p972"><title type="a">Life of the Mind</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie583">life writing <list> <item xml:id="ie584"><ref target="#p811 #p813">Bible reading, literacy, and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie585"><ref target="#p805 #p807">confessional modalities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie586"><ref target="#p817">folk poetry as</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie587"><ref target="#p800">obituaries</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie588"><ref target="#p813">religious affiliation and</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie351">folk poetry</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie589">life writing in PEI <list> <item xml:id="ie590"><ref target="#p809">access to religious documents</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie591"><ref target="#p788">critical approach to</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie592"><ref target="#p804 #p805 #p808">immigration</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie593"><ref target="#p800">obituaries</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie594"><ref target="#p787 #p788 #p816 #p817">overview</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie595"><ref target="#p788">paintings paired with</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie596"><ref target="#p808 #p809 #p810 #p811 #p812 #p813 #p814">religious affiliations and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie597"><ref target="#p790 #p809">schoolteachers</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie598"><ref target="#p788 #p789 #p790 #p798 #p801 #p802 #p803 #p807 #p813">silences and boundaries in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie599"><ref target="#p787 #p788">themes from everyday life</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie224">diaries in PEI</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie976">literature, Canadian. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie111">Canadian literature</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie977">Livesay, Dorothy <list> <item xml:id="ie978"><ref target="#p959 #p960 #p961 #p962 #p963 #p964 #p973 #p974 #p975">advocacy for arts support</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie979"><ref target="#p951 #p952 #p953 #p954">career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie980"><ref target="#p947 #p948 #p949 #p950 #p952 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p964 #p967 #p970 #p975">CBC projects</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie981"><ref target="#p100 #p101">collaboration with editors</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie982"><ref target="#p97 #p98 #p972">collective poetic voice</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie983"><ref target="#p92 #p96 #p101 #p102 #p109">digital commons projects on</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie984"><ref target="#p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969">globalization and consumer identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie985"><ref target="#p945 #p946 #p947 #p948 #p949 #p950 #p951 #p952 #p953 #p957 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p961 #p962 #p963 #p964 #p968 #p969 #p970 #p971 #p972 #p973 #p975">housewife and public/private engagement</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie986"><ref target="#p945 #p946 #p947 #p948 #p960 #p969 #p970">housewife as private figure</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie987"><ref target="#p973">impoverishment of artists</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie988"><ref target="#p96 #p97 #p98 #p99 #p100 #p101 #p102">leftist archives</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie989"><ref target="#p972 #p973">motherhood and universal poetic</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie990"><ref target="#p955 #p956 #p957 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p961 #p962 #p963 #p964 #p965 #p966 #p969 #p970 #p975">separation/integration of public, private, and social</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie991">Livesay, Dorothy, works <list> <item xml:id="ie992"><ref target="#p101"><title type="m">Archive for Our Times</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie993"><ref target="#p950 #p952"><title type="m">Call My People Home</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie994"><ref target="#p947"><title type="m">Critically Speaking</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie995"><ref target="#p101"><title type="m">Day and Night</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie996"><ref target="#p951"><title type="m">Journey with My Selves</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie997"><ref target="#p971 #p972"><title type="a">Life of the Mind,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie998"><ref target="#p100 #p101 #p951"><title type="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie999"><ref target="#p959 #p966"><title type="a">Statement for New Year's Day,</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie1000"><ref target="#p973"><title type="a">The Three Emilys,</title></ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie1001">
                        <q>LJ</q>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie1002">
                                <ref target="#p822 #p823 #p824 #p825 #p826 #p827 #p828 #p829 #p830 #p835">her folk poetry</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1003">
                                <ref target="#p818 #p826 #p829 #p830">her life</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1004">
                                <ref target="#p819 #p825">literary influences on</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1005">
                                <ref target="#p821">media influences on</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1006">
                                <ref target="#p820 #p822 #p823 #p825">musical influences on</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1007">
                                <ref target="#p818 #p819 #p821 #p829">reading experiences</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1008">
                                <ref target="#p827">theme of environment</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1009">
                                <ref target="#p824 #p825">theme of motherhood</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1010">
                                <ref target="#p820 #p823">theme of romantic love</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1011">
                                <ref target="#p819 #p827">theme of solitude</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1012">
                                <ref target="#p828 #p829">theme of writing experiences</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="ie1013">
                                <ref target="#p819 #p820 #p822 #p824 #p827">verse forms, rhythms, and tone</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie1014">
                        <ref target="#p814">Lord, Margaret Gray</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie600">
                        <ref target="#p249 #p832">Lukács, Georg</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie601">
                        <ref target="#p66">Lundgren, Jodi</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie602">
                        <ref target="#p63 #p64 #p65">Lunsford, Andrea</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie603">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889">MacDonald, Ann-Marie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie604">
                        <ref target="#p798 #p803">MacDonald, Edward</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie605">MacEwen, Gwendolyn <list> <item xml:id="ie606"><ref target="#p135 #p146 #p147 #p148 #p149 #p150 #p151 #p152 #p153 #p154 #p155 #p156 #p157 #p169 #p180">her life</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie607"><ref target="#p135 #p152 #p153 #p154 #p155 #p156 #p157 #p160 #p169">self-confidence as a writer</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie608">magazines. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie688">newspapers and magazines</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie609">
                        <ref target="#p899 #p902">Manji, Irshad</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie610">
                        <ref target="#p213"><title type="m">The Manor House of de Villerai</title> (Leprohon)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie611">
                        <ref target="#p92 #p105">Marcotte, Sophie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie612">
                        <ref target="#p838 #p840 #p855 #p856 #p861">Marks, Laura U.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie613">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889">Martel, Yann</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie614">
                        <ref target="#p103">Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie615">mass culture. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie734">popular culture</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie616">
                        <ref target="#p221">McCarthy, Dermot</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie617">
                        <ref target="#p881">McClelland and Stewart</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie618">
                        <ref target="#p241">McClintock, Anne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie619">
                        <ref target="#p995">McDonald-Rissanen, Mary</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie620">
                                <ref target="#p787 #p788 #p789 #p790 #p791 #p792 #p793 #p794 #p795 #p796 #p797 #p798 #p799 #p800 #p801 #p802 #p803 #p804 #p805 #p806 #p807 #p808 #p809 #p810 #p811 #p812 #p813 #p814 #p815 #p816">on life writing in PEI</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie621">
                        <ref target="#p835">McHoul, Alec</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie622">
                        <ref target="#p996">McMaster, Lindsey</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie623">
                                <ref target="#p212 #p213 #p214 #p215 #p216 #p217 #p218 #p219 #p220 #p221 #p222 #p223 #p224 #p225 #p226 #p227 #p228 #p229 #p230 #p231 #p232 #p233 #p234 #p235 #p236 #p237">on Gothic romance in Quebec</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie624">
                        <ref target="#p80"><title type="m">Meddle English</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie625">
                        <ref target="#p790">The Meeting of the School Trustees (painting)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie626">
                        <ref target="#p880">Melnyk, George</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie627">Métis <list> <item xml:id="ie628"><ref target="#p262 #p264">as symbol of national unity</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie629">
                        <ref target="#n27 #n28 #n33 #p848">Miki, Roy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie630">
                        <ref target="#p92">Millar-Usiskin, Jana</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie631">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">Miron, Gaston</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie632">modernism and modernist studies <list> <item xml:id="ie633"><ref target="#p98">altermodernism and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie634"><ref target="#p96 #p108 #p109">digital commons projects on</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie635"><ref target="#p106 #p107 #p108">multilingualism of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie636"><ref target="#p105">neglect of Canadian writers</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie637">
                        <ref target="#p247 #p259">Montagnes, Anne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie638">
                        <ref target="#p884">Montgomery, Lucy Maud</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie639">
                        <ref target="#p217">Moodie, Susanna</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie640">
                        <ref target="#p898">Morrison, Toni</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie641">motherhood <list> <item xml:id="ie642"><ref target="#p266 #p267">gendered power dynamics and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie643"><ref target="#p266 #p267 #p268 #p270 #p271">identity and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie644"><ref target="#p972 #p973">poetic of universal and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie645"><ref target="#p268 #p269 #p270 #p271 #p272">realism and single mothers</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie646"><ref target="#p826">theme in folk poetry</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie647">Moure, Erín <list> <item xml:id="ie648"><ref target="#p82 #p83 #p84 #p85">authorial identities</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie649"><ref target="#p82 #p83 #p84 #p85 #p90">collaborations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie650"><ref target="#p78 #p84 #p85">shared spaces with dead authors</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie651"><ref target="#p73 #p78">shared work spaces</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie652"><ref target="#n9 #p84 #p85 #p90">translations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie653"><ref target="#p62">views of</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie654">Moure, Erín, works <list> <item xml:id="ie655"><ref target="#p86 #p90"><title type="a">Curiously 'My' Writing</title> (with Avasilichioaei)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie656"><ref target="#p82"><title type="m">Expeditions of a Chimoera</title> (with Avasilichioaei)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie657"><ref target="#p82"><title type="m">Furious</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie658"><ref target="#p82"><title type="m">Little Theatres</title></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie659"><ref target="#p83"><title type="a">O YES</title> (with Bergvall)</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie660"><ref target="#p78 #p84 #p85"><title type="m">Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person</title></ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie661">
                        <ref target="#p62">Moyes, Lianne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie662">
                        <ref target="#p820"><title type="a">Mr. Wonderful</title> (song)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie663">
                        <ref target="#p838">
                            <title type="m">Multicultiphobia</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie664">multiculturalism <list> <item xml:id="ie665"><ref target="#p838 #p839 #p840 #p844 #p845 #p846">government policy and legislation</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie666"><ref target="#p838 #p839 #p840">interculturalism and</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie667">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p884">Munro, Alice</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie668">
                        <ref target="#p794"><title type="a">The Murder of Mary Tuplin</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie669">
                        <ref target="#p229">Murphy, Carl</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie670">
                        <ref target="#p232">Murray, Heather</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie671">
                        <ref target="#p143 #p144"><title type="a">The Muse: His and Hers</title> (Smart)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie672">music. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie862">songs</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie673">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">My Canadian Journal</title> (Dufferin)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie674">
                        <ref target="#p819 #p826"><title type="a">My Shadow</title> (Stevenson)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie675">
                        <ref target="#p901">Nafisi, Azar</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie676">national identity <list> <item xml:id="ie677"><ref target="#p218 #p219 #p221">colonial literature and internal divisions</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie678"><ref target="#p238 #p239 #p240 #p241 #p242 #p243 #p252 #p253 #p254">literary criticism, female identity, and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie679"><ref target="#p238 #p890 #p891 #p892 #p893 #p894 #p895">literature and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie680"><ref target="#p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie681"><ref target="#p256 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p263">romance, female identity, and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie682"><ref target="#p216 #p220">self-definition in pre-Confederation English-language literature</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie683">
                        <ref target="#p93 #p94 #p98 #p108">Negri, Antonio</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie684">
                        <ref target="#p97 #p99">Nelson, Cary</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie685">
                        <ref target="#p798">Neuman, Shirley</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie686">
                        <ref target="#p880">NeWest Press</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie687">
                        <ref target="#p916 #p917 #p918 #p925"><title type="m">The New North</title> (Cameron)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie688">newspapers and magazines <list> <item xml:id="ie689"><ref target="#p185">creative writing program graduates</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie690"><ref target="#p817 #p821">folk poetry in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie691"><ref target="#p99">leftist poetry in 1930s</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie124">Canadian Women's Press Club (CWPC)</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie692">
                        <ref target="#p826">Niedecker, Lorine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie693">
                        <ref target="#p92">
                            <title type="m">Le Nigog</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie694">
                        <ref target="#p899">Nolen, Stephanie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie695">
                        <ref target="#p899"><title type="m">No Logo</title> (Klein)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie696">
                        <ref target="#p900"><title type="m">Nomad</title> (Hirsi Ali)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie697">
                        <ref target="#p217">Northey, Margot</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie698">Northwest Territories <list> <item xml:id="ie699"><ref target="#p919 #p920 #p921 #p922">Native/white relations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie700"><ref target="#p906 #p910 #p911 #p912 #p913 #p914 #p915 #p916 #p917 #p918 #p923">travel accounts</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie701">
                        <ref target="#n34 #p849"><title type="m">Obāchan's Garden</title> (NFB)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie702">
                        <ref target="#p849 #p863 #p864"><title type="m">Obasan</title> (Kogawa)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie703">
                        <ref target="#p800">obituaries in PEI</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie704">
                        <ref target="#p847"><title type="m">Of Japanese Descent</title> (NFB)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie705">
                        <ref target="#n34">Ohama, Linda</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie706">
                        <ref target="#p834">Oke, Janette</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie707">
                        <ref target="#p794 #p797"><title type="a">The Old Oak Tree</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie708">
                        <ref target="#p848">Omatsu, Maryka</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie709">
                        <ref target="#p75"><title type="a">1DJ2MANY </title>(Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie710">Onodera, Midi <list> <item xml:id="ie711"><ref target="#n26 #n35 #p836 #p837 #p860">career</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie712"><ref target="#n35 #p855">on racial and cultural differences</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie713"><ref target="#p841 #p851 #p862 #p863 #p864">research and memory work</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie238"><title type="m">The Displaced View</title> (Onodera)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie714">
                        <ref target="#n3"><title type="m">O Resplandor</title> (Moure)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie715">
                        <ref target="#p64 #p981">Orlando Project</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie716">
                        <ref target="#p262">Oschacoff, Margaret</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie717">
                        <ref target="#p898"><title type="m">Outliers</title> (Gladwell)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie718">
                        <ref target="#p888">Outram, Richard</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie719">
                        <ref target="#p83"><title type="a">O YES</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie720">
                        <ref target="#p92">Page, P.K.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie721">Palmer, Lucy. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie437">Haslam, Lucy Palmer</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie722">
                        <ref target="#p834"><title type="m">Paperwork</title> (Wayman)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie723">
                        <ref target="#p213 #p217 #p234">Parker, Gilbert</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie724">
                        <ref target="#p906"><title type="m">Pathfinders</title> (Ellis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie725">
                        <ref target="#p878"><title type="m">Penelopiad</title> (Atwood)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie726">
                        <ref target="#p78 #p84 #p85">Pessoa, Fernando</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie727">
                        <ref target="#p960 #p961 #p962">Pierce, Jonathan C.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie728">poetry <list> <item xml:id="ie729"><ref target="#p99">collective voices in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie730"><ref target="#p822 #p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">elite vs. folk poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie731"><ref target="#p99">leftist culture of 1930s</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie351">folk poetry</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie732">
                        <ref target="#p848"><title type="m">The Politics of Racism</title> (Sunahara)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie733">
                        <ref target="#p163">Polk, Jim</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie734">popular culture <list> <item xml:id="ie735"><ref target="#p968">art vs. popular culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie736"><ref target="#p817 #p823 #p834 #p835">folk poetry </ref></item> <item xml:id="ie737"><ref target="#p834">francophone academic interest in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie738"><ref target="#p965 #p966 #p967 #p968 #p969">globalization and consumer identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie739"><ref target="#p97">IWW songbooks and leftist poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie740"><ref target="#p832 #p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie741"><ref target="#p944 #p945 #p946 #p959">radio as two-way communication tool</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie862">songs</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie742">press. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie688">newspapers and magazines</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie743">Prince Edward Island, 19th c. culture <list> <item xml:id="ie744"><ref target="#p799">advertisements</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie745"><ref target="#p792 #p793 #p794 #p795 #p796 #p797 #p816">folksongs</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie746"><ref target="#p798">historical vignettes</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie747"><ref target="#p800">obituaries</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie748"><ref target="#p808 #p809 #p810 #p811 #p812 #p813 #p814">religion</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie224">diaries in PEI</ref>; <ref target="#ie589">life writing in PEI</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie749">
                        <ref target="#n10 #p92">Le projet HyperRoy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie750">Protestants <list> <item xml:id="ie751"><ref target="#p808 #p809 #p810 #p811 #p812 #p813 #p814">life writing in PEI</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie752"><ref target="#p811">literacy and Bible reading</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie753"><ref target="#p810">statistics in PEI</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie754">publishing in Canada <list> <item xml:id="ie755"><ref target="#p833 #p880 #p884 #p886 #p887">American influences on</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie756"><ref target="#p833 #p834 #p889">bestseller lists</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie757"><ref target="#p880 #p884 #p886 #p888">British influences on</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie758"><ref target="#p892 #p893 #p894 #p895 #p898 #p899 #p903 #p905">cultural margins and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie759"><ref target="#p878 #p880">elements of success</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie760"><ref target="#p171 #p172 #p173 #p174 #p175 #p176 #p177 #p178 #p179 #p180 #p181 #p182">gift-giving vs. consumer paradigm</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie761"><ref target="#p167 #p168 #p179–180 #p183 #p876 #p877 #p880 #p881 #p882 #p883 #p886 #p887 #p888">history of</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie762"><ref target="#p876 #p877 #p878 #p879 #p880 #p889 #p890 #p891 #p892 #p903">international prominence</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie763"><ref target="#p833 #p834 #p835">national vs. people's literatures</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie764"><ref target="#p167 #p168 #p180 #p880">small presses</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie765"><ref target="#p881 #p889">statistics on sales</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie766"><ref target="#p896 #p897 #p898 #p899 #p900 #p901">women as authors</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie767">
                        <ref target="#p880">Pulp Press</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie768">Quebec literature. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie43">Association des littératures canadiennes et québecoise/Association of Canadian and Quebec Literatures</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie362">francophones</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie413">Gothic romance in Quebec literature</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie769">Quebec literature in translation. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie909">translations</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie770">
                        <ref target="#p94">Quinby, Lee</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie771">race and ethnicity <list> <item xml:id="ie772"><ref target="#p253">critical reception of Laurence's works</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie773"><ref target="#p846">identity politics</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie774"><ref target="#p262">Métis identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie775"><ref target="#p838 #p847 #p848">multiculturalism and interculturalism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie776"><ref target="#p919 #p920 #p921 #p922">Native/white relations</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie2">Aboriginal people, Western Canada</ref>; </item> <item><ref target="#ie238"><title type="m">The Displaced View</title> (Onodera)</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie778">radio <list> <item xml:id="ie779"><ref target="#p944 #p945 #p974">Brecht's <q>vast network of pipes,</q></ref></item> <item xml:id="ie780"><ref target="#p947 #p948 #p949 #p950 #p952 #p958 #p959 #p960 #p964 #p967 #p970 #p975">Livesay's CBC projects</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie781">reader response <list> <item xml:id="ie782"><ref target="#p243 #p245">historical variations in process</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie783"><ref target="#p835">literary meanings and</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie784">
                        <ref target="#p901"><title type="m">Reading Lolita in Tehran</title> (Nafisi)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie785">realism <list> <item xml:id="ie786"><ref target="#p246 #p247 #p248 #p249">critical interest in the ordinary</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie787"><ref target="#p253 #p263 #p273">critical reception of Laurence's works</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie788"><ref target="#p244 #p245 #p246 #p247">mimetic claims to truth</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie789"><ref target="#p269 #p270 #p271 #p272">motherhood and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie790"><ref target="#p244 #p245">reader response variations</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie791"><ref target="#p244 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p263">romance vs. realism continuum</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie792">
                        <ref target="#p902">Reisman, Heather</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie793">religion in PEI. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie743">Prince Edward Island, 19th c. culture</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie794">
                        <ref target="#p66 #p67 #p68 #p69"><title type="m">Rethinking Women's Collaborative Writing</title> (York)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie795">
                        <ref target="#p92">Ricard, François</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie796">
                        <ref target="#p217 #p222">Richardson, John</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie797">
                        <ref target="#p884">Richler, Mordecai</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie798">
                        <ref target="#p100 #p101 #p951"><title type="m">Right Hand Left Hand</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie799">
                        <ref target="#p243">Robinson, Sally</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie800">Roman Catholic Church. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie131">Catholic Church</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie801">romance <list> <item xml:id="ie802"><ref target="#p217">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie803"><ref target="#p254 #p257 #p258 #p259 #p260 #p263">female identity, national identity, and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie804"><ref target="#p223 #p224 #p225">ideas of love</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie805"><ref target="#p244 #p255 #p256 #p257 #p258 #p263">realism vs. romance continuum</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie806"><ref target="#p137 #p138 #p139 #p140 #p141 #p142">romantic obsession</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi> </head> <item><ref target="#ie413">Gothic romance in Quebec literature</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie807">
                        <ref target="#p997">Romaniuk, Mary-Jo</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie808">
                                <ref target="#p976 #p977 #p978 #p979 #p980 #p981 #p982 #p983 #p984">on women's writing in Canada</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie809">
                        <ref target="#p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p896 #p897"><title type="m">A Room of One's Own</title> (Woolf)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie810">
                        <ref target="#p795 #p796"><title type="a">Rose of Cumberland</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie811">
                        <ref target="#p234">Rothenburger, Sunnie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie812">
                        <ref target="#p217"><title type="m">Roughing It in the Bush</title> (Moodie)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie813">
                        <ref target="#p788">Rowbotham, Sheila</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie814">
                        <ref target="#p92">Roy, Gabrielle</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie815">
                        <ref target="#p917">Roy, Wendy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie816">
                        <ref target="#p999">Rudy, Susan</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie817">
                                <ref target="#p62 #p63 #p64 #p65 #p66 #p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p71 #p72 #p73 #p74 #p75 #p76 #p77 #p78 #p79 #p80 #p81 #p82 #p83 #p84 #p85 #p86 #p87 #p88 #p89 #p90">on collaborative writing</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie818">
                        <ref target="#p838">Ryan, Phil</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie819">
                        <ref target="#p92">Ryan, Toby Gordon</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie820"><title type="m">St. Ursula's Convent</title> (Beckwith) <list> <item xml:id="ie821"><ref target="#p229">battlefield scene</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie822"><ref target="#p216 #p226 #p229 #p231">critical reception</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie823"><ref target="#p230">Freud's uncanny</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie824"><ref target="#p215 #p226 #p227 #p228 #p229 #p230 #p231 #p236">as Gothic romance</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie825"><ref target="#p226 #p228 #p229 #p230 #p231 #p233 #p236">healing of social wounds</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie826"><ref target="#p219">hybrid cultural form</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie827"><ref target="#p227">popular literary conventions</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie828">
                        <ref target="#n34 #p849">Sakamoto, Kerri</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie829">
                        <ref target="#p794"><title type="a">Sally Munroe</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie830">
                        <ref target="#p834">Saunders, Marshall (Margaret)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie831">
                        <ref target="#n2 #p76"><title type="m">Say Parsley</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie832">Scott, F.R. <list> <item xml:id="ie833"><ref target="#p96 #p107 #p108">collaboration with Anne Hébert</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie834"><ref target="#p92">digital research</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie835"><ref target="#p880">promotion of Canadian culture</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie836"><ref target="#p105 #p107 #p108">translations</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie837">
                        <ref target="#p213 #p217 #p234"><title type="m">The Seats of the Mighty</title> (Parker)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie838">
                        <ref target="#p878"><title type="m">Self</title> (Martel)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie839">sexuality <list> <item xml:id="ie840"><ref target="#p79 #p87">collaborative writing and</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie841"><ref target="#p253">critical reception of Laurence's works</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie842">
                        <ref target="#p148 #p149 #p150 #p151 #p152 #p153 #p154 #p155 #p156 #p157"><title type="m">Shadow Maker</title> (Sullivan)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie843">
                        <ref target="#p78 #p84 #p85"><title type="m">Sheep's Vigil by a Fervent Person</title> (Moure)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie844">
                        <ref target="#p899"><title type="m">The Shock Doctrine</title> (Klein)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie845">
                        <ref target="#p63 #p64 #p65"><title type="m">Singular Texts/Plural Authors</title> (Ede and Lunsford)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie846">
                        <ref target="#p887">Škvorecky, Josef</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie847">Smart, Elizabeth <list> <item xml:id="ie848"><ref target="#p92">digital research</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie849"><ref target="#p136 #p137 #p138 #p139 #p140 #p141 #p142 #p143 #p144 #p145 #p168">her life</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie850"><ref target="#p137 #p138 #p139 #p140 #p141 #p142">romantic obsession</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie851"><ref target="#p135 #p143 #p144 #p145 #p157 #p160 #p168">self-confidence as a writer</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie852">
                        <ref target="#p224 #p233">Smith, Andrew</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie853">
                        <ref target="#p820"><title type="a">Smoke Gets in Your Eyes</title> (song)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie854">social class <list> <item xml:id="ie855"><ref target="#p253">critical reception of Laurence's works</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie856"><ref target="#p241">hierarchies as category of nature</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie857"><ref target="#p245 #p246 #p247 #p248 #p249">realism and interest in the ordinary</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie858">social media <list> <item xml:id="ie859"><ref target="#p877 #p902 #p903">international protests</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie860"><ref target="#p84">writers for</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie861">
                        <ref target="#p819"><title type="a">The Solitary Reaper</title> (Wordsworth)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie862">songs <list> <item xml:id="ie863"><ref target="#p820">influences on folk poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie864"><ref target="#p97">IWW songbooks and leftist poetry</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie865"><ref target="#p834">in literature anthologies</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie866"><ref target="#p820 #p823">as literature for everyday life</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie867"><ref target="#p838">performances as multiculturalism</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie868"><ref target="#p792 #p793 #p794 #p795 #p796 #p797 #p816">themes in PEI folksongs</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie869">
                        <ref target="#p905"><title type="a">Special Fields</title> (Ellis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie870">
                        <ref target="#p248">Spettigue, Douglas O.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie871">
                        <ref target="#p813">Stanley, Liz</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie872">
                        <ref target="#p959 #p966"><title type="a">Statement for New Year's Day</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie873">
                        <ref target="#p142">Stead, Christina</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie874">
                        <ref target="#p819 #p825 #p826">Stevenson, Robert Louis</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie875">
                        <ref target="#p216">Stockdale, John</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie876">
                        <ref target="#p875"><title type="m">Stolen Life</title> (Wiebe and Johnston)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie877"><title type="m">The Stone Angel</title> (Laurence) <list> <item xml:id="ie878"><ref target="#p263 #p266 #p267 #p268 #p271">gendered freedom</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie879"><ref target="#p259">Hagar as symbol of national identity</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie880"><ref target="#p266 #p270">motherhood in</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie881"><ref target="#p246 #p247">realism and interest in the ordinary</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie882"><ref target="#p260 #p262 #p263 #p264">reconciliation in</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie883">stories, folk. <list>
                        <?oxy_comment_start author="mikalson" timestamp="20150211T131959-0700" comment="no folk stories item to target."?> <head><hi rend="italic">See</hi> </head>
                        <?oxy_comment_end?> <item><ref>folk stories</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie884">
                        <ref target="#p217"><title type="m">A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder</title> (De Mille)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie885">
                        <ref target="#n34"><title type="m">The Strawberry Fields</title> (film)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie886">
                        <ref target="#p789 #p804 #p805 #p806 #p807">Stretch, Emma Chadwick</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie887">
                        <ref target="#n4"><title type="m">Structure and Agency in the Neoliberal University</title> (Church)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie888">
                        <ref target="#p219 #p231">Sugars, Cynthia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie889">
                        <ref target="#p1002">Sullivan, Rosemary</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie890">
                                <ref target="#p135 #p136 #p137 #p138 #p139 #p140 #p141 #p142 #p143 #p144 #p145 #p146 #p147 #p148 #p149 #p150 #p151 #p152 #p153 #p154 #p155 #p156 #p157 #p158 #p159 #p160 #p161 #p162 #p163 #p164 #p165 #p166 #p167 #p168 #p169 #p170 #p171 #p172 #p173 #p174 #p175 #p176 #p177 #p178 #p179 #p180 #p181 #p182 #p183 #p184 #p185 #p186">on biographies of women writers</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie891">
                        <ref target="#p848">Sunahara, Ann Gomer</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie892">
                        <ref target="#p880"><title type="m">Survival</title> (Atwood)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie893">
                        <ref target="#p261">Sykes, Philip</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie894">
                        <ref target="#p238">Szeman, Imre</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie895">
                        <ref target="#n34">Tajiri, Rea</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie896">
                        <ref target="#p880">Talonbooks</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie897">
                        <ref target="#p915">Taylor, Elizabeth</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie898">
                        <ref target="#p798"><title type="m">Them Times</title> (Weale)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie899">
                        <ref target="#p75"><title type="a">THEREISNOTACLEARBRIGHTLINE</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie900">
                        <ref target="#p247 #p250 #p252 #p260">Thomas, Clara</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie901">
                        <ref target="#p973"><title type="a">The Three Emilys</title> (Livesay)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie902">
                        <ref target="#p915"><title type="m">Through Canada with a Kodak</title> (Aberdeen)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie903">
                        <ref target="#p946 #p947">Tiessen, Paul</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie904">
                        <ref target="#p109">Timney, Meagan</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie905">
                        <ref target="#p100">Todd, Kim</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie906">
                        <ref target="#p878 #p889">Toews, Miriam</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie907">
                        <ref target="#n6 #p73">
                            <title type="a">The Tolerance Project,</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie908">
                        <ref target="#p107"><title type="m">Le tombeau des rois</title> (Hébert)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie909">translations <list> <item xml:id="ie910"><ref target="#p107 #p108">collaboration of Scott and Hébert</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie911"><ref target="#p66">collaboration with author</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie912"><ref target="#p105">neglect of modernist works</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie913">travel accounts <list> <item xml:id="ie914"><ref target="#p915 #p916 #p917 #p918">Arctic and Western Canada</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie915"><ref target="#n36 #p91 #p906">photographs</ref></item> <item> <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See also</hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie308">Ellis, Miriam Green</ref></item> </list> </item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie916">
                        <ref target="#p92">Tremblay, Tony</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie917">
                        <ref target="#p899"><title type="m">The Trouble with Islam Today</title> (Manji)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie918">
                        <ref target="#p217 #p219 #p226 #p231">Turcotte, Gerry</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie919">
                        <ref target="#p899"><title type="m">28: Stories of AIDS in Africa</title> (Nolen)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie920">
                        <ref target="#n9"><title type="m">Typhon Dru</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie921">United States <list> <item xml:id="ie922"><ref target="#p880">influences on Canadian publishing</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie923">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">l'Université de Laval</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie924">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">l'Université de Montréal</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie925">
                        <ref target="#n15 #p104">l'Université de Sherbrooke</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie926">university collaborative digitization projects. <list> <head><hi rend="italic">See </hi></head> <item><ref target="#ie287">Editing Modernism in Canada/Édition du modernisme au Canada (EMiC/EmaC)</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie927">University of Alberta Libraries <list> <item xml:id="ie928"><ref target="#p982 #p983 #p984">digital research</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie929"><ref target="#n36 #p906 #p907">Ellis Collection</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie930">
                        <ref target="#p984">University of Alberta Press</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie931">University of Prince Edward Island <list> <item xml:id="ie932"><ref target="#p103">digital commons</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie933">University of Toronto <list> <item xml:id="ie934"><ref target="#p135">writing workshops</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie935">University of Victoria <list> <item xml:id="ie936"><ref target="#n17 #p109">gender and digital commons</ref></item> <item xml:id="ie937"><ref target="#p103">new digital tools</ref></item> </list></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie938">
                        <ref target="#p880">van Herk, Aritha</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie939">
                        <ref target="#p101">Vautour, Bart</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie940">
                        <ref target="#p229">Veeder, William</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie941">
                        <ref target="#p75 #p81"><title type="m">VIA: Poems 1994–2004</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie942">
                        <ref target="#p75"><title type="a">VIA (48 Dante Translations)</title> (Bergvall)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie943">
                        <ref target="#p915">Vyvyan, Clara</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie944">
                        <ref target="#p217 #p222"><title type="m">Wacousta</title> (Richardson)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie945">
                        <ref target="#p92">Waddington, Miriam</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie946">
                        <ref target="#p921 #p922 #p923"><title type="a">A War Bride's Return</title> (Ellis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie947">
                        <ref target="#p838">Ward, W. Peter</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie948">
                        <ref target="#p92">Watson, Sheila</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie949">
                        <ref target="#p92">Watson, Wilfred</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie950">
                        <ref target="#p107">Watteyene, Nathalie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie951">
                        <ref target="#p834">Wayman, Tom</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie952">
                        <ref target="#p798">Weale, David</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie953">
                        <ref target="#p246">Weaver, Robert</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie954">
                        <ref target="#p88">Weir, Alison</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie955">
                        <ref target="#p795 #p796"><title type="a">What Do You Think of My Darling?</title> (folksong)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie956">
                        <ref target="#p955"><title type="a">What is Enlightenment?</title> (Kant)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie957">
                        <ref target="#p898"><title type="a">What the Hell, Malcolm Gladwell</title> (Cheiffetz)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie958">
                        <ref target="#p838"><title type="m">White Canada Forever</title> (Ward)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie959">
                        <ref target="#p837 #p838 #p839 #p841 #p842 #p847">white Canadians and ethnocultural identities</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie960">
                        <ref target="#p898">
                            <title type="a">Why Don't Women Write <q>Big Ideas</q> Books?,</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie961">
                        <ref target="#p875 #p880 #p883 #p893">Wiebe, Rudy</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie962">
                        <ref target="#p92">Wilkinson, Anne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie964">
                        <ref target="#p244">Williams, Raymond</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie965">
                        <ref target="#p151 #p152">Wilson, Carol</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie966">
                        <ref target="#p1003">Wilson, Sheena</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="ie967">
                                <ref target="#p836–874">on Onodera's <title type="m">The Displaced View</title></ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie1016">
                        <ref target="#p67 #p68 #p69 #p70 #p82 #p896 #p897">Woolf, Virginia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie968">
                        <ref target="#p819 #p822">Wordsworth, William</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie969">
                        <ref target="#p99"><title type="j">Worker</title> (newspaper)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie970">writing workshops. <note><hi rend="italic">See</hi> <ref target="#ie191">creative writing programs</ref></note></item>
                    <item xml:id="ie971">
                        <ref target="#p92">Yeo, Reilly</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie972">
                        <ref target="#p66 #p67 #p68 #p69">York, Lorraine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie973">
                        <ref target="#p820"><title type="a">You Don't Know Me</title> (song)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="ie974">
                        <ref target="#n6 #p73">Zolf, Rachel</ref>
                    </item>
                </list>
                <list>
                    <item xml:id="if1">
                        <ref target="#p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941">actualité et événements, subjectivation</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if2">
                        <ref target="#n21 #p197"><title level="m">L’amèr, ou le chapitre effrité</title> (Brossard)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if3">
                        <ref target="#p122">Amossy, Ruth</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if4">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p289 #p290 #p291"><title level="m">À perce-poche</title> (Martin) </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if5">
                        <ref target="#p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206">appartenance et identité, écriture migrante</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if6">
                        <ref target="#p29 #p30 #p31 #p32 #p33 #p34 #p35 #p36 #p37 #p38 #p39 #p40">arbres des connaissances</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if7">
                        <ref target="#p28">archives, et changement</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if8">
                        <ref target="#p12">attitudes sociales, et femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if9">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p289 #p290 #p291"><title level="m">Au soleil du souffle</title> (Lacelle)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if10">
                        <ref target="#p29">Authier, Michel</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if11">
                        <ref target="#p927"><title level="a">Backslide with Michael</title> (Mavrikakis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if12">
                        <ref target="#p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206">Balzano, Flora</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if13">
                        <ref target="#p942">Barthes, Roland</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if14">
                        <ref target="#p928">Bernadet, Arnaud</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if15">
                        <ref target="#p207 #p208 #p209 #p210">Bismuth, Nadine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if16">
                        <ref target="#p192">Blanchette, Josée</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if17">
                        <ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943">blogue catherinemavrikakis.com</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if18">
                        <ref target="#p190 #p276 #p283">Boisclair, Isabelle</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if19">
                        <ref target="#p292">Boivin, Aurélien</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if20">
                        <ref target="#p190">Bordeleau, Francine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if21">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p293 #p294">Brodeur, Hélène</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if22">
                        <ref target="#p985">Brossard, Nicole</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if23">
                                <ref target="#n21 #p197">
                                    <title level="m">L’amèr, ou le chapitre effrité</title>
                                </ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if24">
                                <ref target="#p36 #p40">
                                    <title level="m">La lettre aérienne</title>
                                </ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if25">
                                <ref target="#p8 #p9 #p10 #p11 #p12 #p13 #p14 #p15 #p16 #p17 #p18 #p19 #p20 #p21 #p22 #p23 #p24 #p25 #p26 #p27 #p28 #p29 #p30 #p31 #p32 #p33 #p34 #p35 #p36 #p37 #p38 #p39 #p40 #p41 #p42 #p43 #p44 #p45 #p46 #p47 #p48 #p49 #p50 #p51 #p52 #p53 #p54 #p55 #p56 #p57 #p58 #p189 #p190">narration et générations</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if26">
                                <ref target="#p17">œuvres</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if27">
                        <ref target="#p191">Butler, Judith</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if28">Canada français <list> <item xml:id="if29"><ref target="#p279 #p280 #p281">contexte sociopolitique 1970 à 1985</ref></item> <item xml:id="if30"><ref target="#p279 #p294">identité et expression</ref></item> <item xml:id="if31"><ref target="#p194 #p195">présence littéraire féminine</ref></item> <item><list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir aussi</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if199">Ontario français</ref></item></list></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if32">
                        <ref target="#p987">Carrière, Marie</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if33">
                                <ref target="#p187 #p188 #p189 #p190 #p191 #p192 #p193 #p194 #p195 #p196 #p197 #p198 #p199 #p200 #p201 #202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206 #p207 #p208 #p209 #p210 #p211">métaféminisme et histoires au féminin</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if34">
                        <ref target="#p290 #p291">Chamberland, Roger</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if35">changement <list> <item xml:id="if36"><ref target="#p21">analyse et impact</ref></item> <item xml:id="if37"><ref target="#p12">attitudes sociales</ref></item> <item xml:id="if38"><ref target="#p19 #p20 #p23 #p189 #p190 #p191 #p192 #p193">et féminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if39"><ref target="#p11 #p12 #p23 #p24 #p25 #p26 #p27">et femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if40"><ref target="#p10 #p14 #p19 #p20">et mémoire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if41"><ref target="#p22 #p23 #p54">sens et symbolisme</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if42">
                        <ref target="#p279">Chiasson, Herménégilde</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if43">
                        <ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943"><title level="m">Le Ciel de Bay City</title> (Mavrikakis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if44">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p292"><title level="m">Cogne la caboche</title> (Poulin)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if45">
                        <ref target="#p195 #p297">Collaboratoire scientifique des écrits du Canada (CSÉC), et présence littéraire féminine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if46">
                        <ref target="#p39">compétence, mise en commun</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if47">
                        <ref target="#p29 #p30 #p31 #p32 #p33 #p34 #p35 #p36 #p37 #p38 #p39 #p111">connaissances</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if48">
                        <ref target="#p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941">le contemporain</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if49">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129"><title level="j">Courrier du Canada</title>, analyse</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if50">critique littéraire <list> <item xml:id="if51"><ref target="#p280">littérature en contexte minoritaire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if52"><ref target="#p286 #p287 #p288 #p289 #p290 #p291 #p292 #p293 #p294">poésie et romans d'écrivaines franco-ontariennes</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if53">
                        <ref target="#p191">
                            <title level="m">cryptofeminism</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if54">
                        <ref target="#p192">D. Kimm</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if55">
                        <ref target="#p274"><title level="m">Des femmes en littérature</title> (Reid)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if56">
                        <ref target="#p292">Dionne, René</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if57">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129">discours, et scènes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if58">
                        <ref target="#p49">Djebar, Assia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if59">
                        <ref target="#p196 #p197 #p198">Dorion, Hélène</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if60">
                        <ref target="#p290">
                            <title level="j">Le Droit</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if61">
                        <ref target="#p192 #p197">Dupré, Louise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if62">
                        <ref target="#p928 #p939 #p942">Duras, Marguerite</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if63">
                        <ref target="#p38 #p39 #p40 #p41 #p42 #p43 #p44 #p45 #p46">échange et partage</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if64">
                        <ref target="#p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206">écriture migrante des femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if65">
                        <ref target="#p130 #p131">enchâssement, rhétorique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if66">
                        <ref target="#p49 #p50">enfance, interdictions</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if67">
                        <ref target="#p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941">événements et actualité, subjectivation</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if68">
                        <ref target="#p24 #p43">Facebook</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if69">féminisme <list> <item xml:id="if71"><ref target="#p17 #p193">deuxième vague</ref></item> <item xml:id="if72"><ref target="#p189 #p190 #p191">engagement</ref></item> <item xml:id="if73"><ref target="#p19 #p20 #p23 #p189 #p190 #p191 #p192 #p193">et changement</ref></item> <item xml:id="if74"><ref target="#p188 #p189">et liberté d'expression</ref></item> <item xml:id="if75"><ref target="#p195 #p196 #p197 #p198 #p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206 #p207 #p208 #p209 #p210">étude de textes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if76"><ref target="#p188 #p189 #p190 #p191 #p192 #p193 #p194 #p195 #p196 #p197 #p198 #p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206 #p207 #p208 #p209 #p210 #p211">existence dans l'écriture au féminin</ref></item> <item xml:id="if77"><ref target="#p40">logique d'intérêt et solidarité</ref></item> <item xml:id="if78"><ref target="#p17 #p18 #p19 #p20">mémoire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if79"><ref target="#p39">mise en commun des connaissances</ref></item> <item xml:id="if80"><ref target="#p188 #p191">postféminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if81"><ref target="#p40">refus par les femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if82"><ref target="#p192">régénération</ref></item> <item><list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir aussi</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if178">métaféminisme</ref></item></list></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if83">
                        <ref target="#p110 #p112">filiation, principes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if84">
                        <ref target="#p49 #p50">filles, identité et interdictions</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if85">
                        <ref target="#p192">Les filles électriques</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if86">
                        <ref target="#p13 #p16">
                            <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">flash mobs</hi>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if87">franco-ontariennes et franco-ontariens, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi> </head><item><ref target="#if199">Ontario français</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if88">francophones, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi> </head><item><ref target="#if28">Canada français</ref></item></list></item>

                    <item xml:id="if89">
                        <ref target="#p196">Gaboury-Diallo, Lise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if90">
                        <ref target="#p290 #p291 #p293">Gay, Paul</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if91">
                        <ref target="#p17 #p47 #p48 #p49 #p50">générations</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if92">
                        <ref target="#p284">Girard, Suzanne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if93">
                        <ref target="#p293">Grisé, Yolande</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if94">
                        <ref target="#p18">Harper, Stephen et son gouvernement</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if95">
                        <ref target="#p926">Héliotrope</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if96">
                        <ref target="#p284">Hémond, Lise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if97">
                        <ref target="#p191">Henderson, Jennifer</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if98">histoire <list> <item xml:id="if99"><ref target="#p17 #p18">apport culturel des femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if100"><ref target="#p13 #p14 #p15 #p16 #p17 #p18 #p19 #p20">et mémoire collective</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if101">
                        <title level="a">Histoire littéraire des femmes au Québec : stratégies de légitimation et principes de filiation</title>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if102">
                                <ref target="#p111 #p118 #p119 #p121 #p132">analyse des données</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if103">
                                <ref target="#p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131">analyse des scènes, exemples</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if104">
                                <ref target="#p113 #p114 #p115">auteures et pseudonymes</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if105">
                                <ref target="#p116 #p117">classes auxiliaires et relations</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if106">
                                <ref target="#p110 #p111 #p112">description et objectifs</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if107">
                                <ref target="#p112 #p133">et ontologie informatique</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if108">
                                <ref target="#p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132">et scènes</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if109">
                                <ref target="#p118 #p119 #p120 #p132">posture littéraire</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if110">
                                <ref target="#p133 #p134">résultats</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if111">
                                <ref target="#p130 #p131">rhétorique de l'enchâssement</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if112">
                                <ref target="#p119 #p120">sociopoétique</ref>
                            </item>
                            <item xml:id="if113">
                                <ref target="#p115">textes</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if114">
                        <ref target="#p991">Hotte, Lucie</ref>
                        <list>
                            <?oxy_comment_start author="mikalson" timestamp="20150203T135923-0700" comment="range: 274- 786"?>
                            <item xml:id="if115">
                                <ref target="#p194 #p274 #p275 #p276 #p277 #p278 #p282 #p283 #p284 #p285 #p286 #p287 #p288 #p289 #p290 #p291 #p292 #p293 #p294 #p295 #p296 #p297 #p298 #p299 #p300 #p301 #p302 #p303 #p304 #p305 #p306 #p307 #p308 #p309 #p310 #p311 #p312 #p313 #p314 #p315 #p316 #p317 #p318 #p319 #p320 #p321 #p322 #p323 #p324 #p325 #p326 #p327 #p328 #p329 #p330 #p331 #p332 #p333 #p334 #p335 #p336 #p337 #p338 #p339 #p340 #p341 #p342 #p343 #p344 #p345 #p346 #p347 #p348 #p349 #p350 #p351 #p352 #p353 #p354 #p355 #p356 #p357 #p358 #p359 #p360 #p361 #p362 #p363 #p364 #p365 #p366 #p367 #p368 #p369 #p370 #p371 #p372 #p373 #p374 #p375 #p376 #p377 #p378 #p379 #p380 #p381 #p382 #p383 #p384 #p385 #p386 #p387 #p388 #p389 #p390 #p391 #p392 #p393 #p394 #p395 #p396 #p397 #p398 #p399 #p400 #p401 #p402 #p403 #p404 #p405 #p406 #p407 #p408 #p409 #p410 #p411 #p412 #p413 #p414 #p415 #p416 #p417 #p418 #p419 #p420 #p421 #p422 #p423 #p424 #p425 #p426 #p427 #p428 #p429 #p430 #p431 #p432 #p433 #p434 #p435 #p436 #p437 #p438 #p439 #p440 #p441 #p442 #p443 #p444 #p445 #p446 #p447 #p448 #p449 #p450 #p451 #p572 #p573 #p574 #p575 #p576 #p577 #p578 #p579 #p580 #p581 #p582 #p583 #p584 #p585 #p586 #p587 #p588 #p589 #p590 #p591 #p592 #p593 #p594 #p595 #p596 #p597 #p598 #p599 #p600 #p601 #p602 #p603 #p604 #p605 #p606 #p607 #p608 #p609 #p610 #p611 #p612 #p613 #p614 #p615 #p616 #p617 #p618 #p619 #p620 #p621 #p622 #p623 #p624 #p625 #p626 #p627 #p628 #p629 #p630 #p631 #p632 #p633 #p634 #p635 #p636 #p637 #p638 #p639 #p640 #p641 #p642 #p643 #p645 #p646 #p647 #p648 #p649 #p650 #p651 #p652 #p653 #p654 #p655 #p656 #p657 #p658 #p659 #p660 #p661 #p662 #p663 #p664 #p665 #p666 #p667 #p668 #p669 #p670 #p671 #p672 #p673 #p674 #p675 #p676 #p677 #p678 #p679 #p680 #p681 #p682 #p683 #p684 #p685 #p686 #p687 #p688 #p689 #p690 #p691 #p692 #p693 #p694 #p695 #p696 #p697 #p698 #p699 #p700 #p701 #p702 #p703 #p704 #p705 #p706 #p707 #p708 #p709 #p710 #p711 #p712 #p713 #p714 #p715 #p716 #p717 #p718 #p719 #p720 #p721 #p722 #p723 #p724 #p725 #p726 #p727 #p728 #p729 #p730 #p731 #p732 #p733 #p734 #p735 #p736 #p737 #p738 #p739 #p740 #p741 #p742 #p743 #p744 #p745 #p746 #p747 #p748 #p749 #p750 #p751 #p752 #p753 #p754 #p755 #p756 #p757 #p758 #p759 #p760 #p761 #p762 #p763 #p764 #p765 #p766 #p767 #p768 #p769 #p770 #p771 #p772 #p773 #p774 #p775 #p776 #p777 #p778 #p779 #p780 #p781 #p782 #p783 #p784 #p785 #p786">écriture en contexte minoritaire franco-canadien</ref>
                            </item>
                            <?oxy_comment_end?>
                        </list>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if116">identité <list> <item xml:id="if117"><ref target="#p279 #p294">Canada français</ref></item> <item xml:id="if118"><ref target="#p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206">écriture migrante</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if119">
                        <ref target="#p122">Images de soi dans le discours. La construction d’un éthos.</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if120">
                        <ref target="#p54 #p55 #p56 #p57 #p58">information, et sens de la vie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if121">Internet, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if189">numérique</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if122">
                        <ref target="#p43 #p44 #p45 #p46">intimité et intimité non privée</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if123">
                        <ref target="#p37 #p51 #p52 #p53">invisibilité/visibilité</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if124">
                        <ref target="#p927 #p933 #p934">Jackson, Michael</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if125">
                        <ref target="#p927 #p930">
                            <hi rend="italic" xml:lang="en-CA">Joe the plumber</hi>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if126">
                        <ref target="#p189 #p190 #p191">Joubert, Lucie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if127">
                        <ref target="#p942"><title level="m">Journal de deuil</title> (Barthes)</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if128">
                        <ref target="#p192">Kimm, D.</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if129">
                        <ref target="#p196 #p288 #p289 #p290 #p291">Lacelle, Andrée</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if130">
                        <ref target="#p130 #p131">Larivière, Élise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if131">
                        <ref target="#p110 #p112">légitimation, stratégies</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if132">
                        <ref target="#p200">Lequin, Lucie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if133">
                        <ref target="#p36 #p40"><title level="m">La lettre aérienne</title> (Brossard)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if134">
                        <ref target="#p190">
                            <title level="j">Lettres québécoises</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if135">
                        <ref target="#p29">Lévy, Pierre</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if136">
                        <ref target="#p188 #p189">liberté d'expression</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if137">
                        <ref target="#p284"><title level="m">Lignes/Signes</title> (Prise de parole)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if138">
                        <ref target="#p17">L'Intégrale</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if139">littérature <list> <item xml:id="if140"><ref target="#p280">Canada français hors Québec</ref></item> <item xml:id="if141"><ref target="#p280">en contexte minoritaire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if142"><ref target="#p17">et féminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if143"><ref target="#p49">et mémoire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if144"><ref target="#p42">et partage et dialogue</ref></item> <item xml:id="if145"><ref target="#p51 #p52 #p53">et partie invisible</ref></item> <item xml:id="if146"><ref target="#p118 #p119 #p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132">et posture</ref></item> <item xml:id="if147"><ref target="#p191 #p192 #p193 #p194 #p195">métaféminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if148"><ref target="#p274 #p275 #p276 #p277 #p278 #p282 #p283 #p284 #p285 #p294 #p295 #p296 #p297">place des femmes vs celle des hommes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if149"><ref target="#p295 #p296 #p297">préjugés influant sur la place des femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if150"><ref target="#p188 #p189 #p190 #p191 #p192 #p193 #p194 #p195">présence littéraire féminine</ref></item> <item xml:id="if151"><ref target="#p926">relève au Québec</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if152">
                        <ref target="#p40">logique d'intérêt</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if153">
                        <ref target="#p943">Lou, Savannah</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if154">
                        <ref target="#p196 #p197">lyrisme au féminin</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if155">
                        <ref target="#p280">Maazaoui, Abbes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if156">
                        <ref target="#p132">Maingueneau, Dominique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if157">
                        <ref target="#p293">Martel, Réginald</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if158">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p289 #p290 #p291">Martin, Danielle</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if159">Mavrikakis, Catherine <list> <item xml:id="if160"><ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943">blogue</ref></item> <item xml:id="if161"><ref target="#p926 #p927">œuvres et formats</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if162">
                        <ref target="#p119 #p120">Meizoz, Jérôme</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if163">
                        <ref target="#p280">Melançon, Johanne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if164">mémoire <list> <item xml:id="if165"><ref target="#p10 #p14 #p19 #p20">et changement</ref></item> <item xml:id="if166"><ref target="#p17 #p18 #p19 #p20">et féminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if167"><ref target="#p20">et histoire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if168"><ref target="#p54 #p55 #p56 #p57 #p58">et sens de la vie</ref></item> <item xml:id="if169"><ref target="#p19 #p20">interprétation</ref></item> <item xml:id="if170"><ref target="#p14 #p15 #p17">rôle</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if171">mémoire collective <list> <item xml:id="if172"><ref target="#p32 #p33 #p34 #p35">arbres de connaissances</ref></item> <item xml:id="if173"><ref target="#p294">dans l'œuvre franco-ontarienne</ref></item> <item xml:id="if174"><ref target="#p13 #p14 #p15 #p16">et espace virtuel</ref></item> <item xml:id="if175"><ref target="#p17 #p18 #p19 #p20">et féminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if176"><ref target="#p13 #p14 #p15 #p16 #p17 #p18 #p19 #p20">et histoire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if177"><ref target="#p14 #p15 #p16 #p17">participation</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if178">métaféminisme <list> <item xml:id="if179"><ref target="#p191 #p192 #p193 #p194 #p195">dans la littérature</ref></item> <item xml:id="if180"><ref target="#p195 #p196 #p197 #p198 #p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206 #p207 #p208 #p209 #p210">étude de textes</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if181">
                        <ref target="#p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129">
                            <title level="a">Mgr. L’Archevêque de Québec à Villa Maria</title>
                        </ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if182">minorités et milieux minoritaires <list> <item xml:id="if183"><ref target="#p280 #p294">littérature canadienne française</ref></item> <item xml:id="if184"><ref target="#p194 #p294">présence littéraire féminine</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if185">
                        <ref target="#p188">Moi, Toril</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if186">
                        <ref target="#p927 #p936"><title level="a">Moments fragiles</title> (Mavrikakis)</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if187">
                        <ref target="#p927 #p929 #p930 #p931"><title level="a">Nos rêves les plus fous</title> (Mavrikakis)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if188">
                        <ref target="#p49"><title level="m">Nulle part dans la maison de mon père</title> (Djebar)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if189">numérique <list> <item xml:id="if190"><ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943">blogue</ref></item> <item xml:id="if191"><ref target="#p43 #p44 #p45 #p46">et intimité</ref></item> <item xml:id="if192"><ref target="#p13 #p14 #p15 #p16">et mémoire collective</ref></item> <item xml:id="if193"><ref target="#p112">et ontologie informatique</ref></item> <item xml:id="if194"><ref target="#p22">et présence</ref></item> <item xml:id="if195"><ref target="#p24 #p25 #p26 #p27">et violence</ref></item> <item xml:id="if196"><ref target="#p926 #p927">formats d'œuvres</ref></item> <item xml:id="if197"><ref target="#p12">influence sur l'apport des femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if198"><ref target="#p21">vérité-réalité</ref></item> </list> </item>

                    <item xml:id="if199">Ontario français <list> <item xml:id="if200"><ref target="#p286 #p733 #p734 #p735 #p736 #p737 #p738 #p739 #p740 #p741 #p742 #p743 #p744 #p745 #p746 #p747 #p748 #p749 #p750 #p751 #p752 #p753 #p754 #p755 #p756 #p757 #p758 #p759 #p760 #p761 #p762 #p763 #p764 #p765">comptes rendus d'ouvrages</ref></item> <item xml:id="if201"><ref target="#p279 #p280 #p281">contexte sociopolitique 1970 à 1985</ref></item> <item xml:id="if202"><ref target="#p282 #p283 #p284">corpus étudié</ref></item> <item xml:id="if203"><ref target="#p283">critères d'appartenance au corpus littéraire</ref></item> <item xml:id="if204"><ref target="#p282 #p283 #p284 #p285 #p298 #p299 #p300 #p301 #p302 #p303 #p304 #p305 #p306 #p307 #p308 #p309 #p310 #p311 #p312 #p313 #p314 #p315 #p316 #p317 #p318 #p319 #p320 #p321 #p322 #p323 #p324 #p325 #p326 #p327 #p328 #p329 #p330 #p331 #p332 #p333 #p334 #p335 #p336 #p337 #p338 #p339 #p340 #p341 #p342 #p343 #p344 #p345 #p346 #p347 #p348 #p349 #p350 #p351 #p352 #p353 #p354 #p355 #p356 #p357 #p358 #p359 #p360 #p361 #p362 #p363 #p364 #p365 #p366 #p367">écrivaines de 1970 à 1985</ref></item> <item xml:id="if205"><ref target="#p282 #p283 #p284 #p285 #p452 #p453 #p454 #p455 #p456 #p457 #p458 #p459 #p460 #p461 #p462 #p463 #p464 #p465 #p466 #p467 #p468 #p469 #p470 #p471 #p472 #p473 #p474 #p475 #p476 #p477 #p478 #p479 #p480 #p481 #p482 #p483 #p484 #p485 #p486 #p487 #p488 #p489 #p490 #p491 #p492 #p493 #p494 #p495 #p496 #p497 #p498 #p499 #p500 #p501 #p502 #p503 #p504 #p505 #p506 #p507 #p508 #p509 #p510 #p511 #p512 #p513 #p514 #p515 #p516 #p517 #p518 #p519 #p520 #p521 #p522 #p523 #p524 #p525 #p526 #p527 #p528 #p529 #p530 #p531 #p532 #p533 #p534 #p535 #p536 #p537 #p538 #p539 #p540 #p541 #p542 #p543 #p544 #p545 #p546 #p547 #p548 #p549 #p550 #p551 #p552 #p553 #p554 #p555 #p556 #p557 #p558 #p559 #p560 #p561 #p562 #p563 #p564 #p565 #p566 #p567 #p568 #p569 #p570 #p571">écrivains de 1970 à 1985</ref></item> <item xml:id="if206"><ref target="#p287 #p766 #p767 #p768 #p769 #p770 #p771 #p772 #p773 #p774 #p775 #p776 #p777 #p778 #p779 #p780 #p781 #p782 #p783 #p784 #p785 #p786">études critiques, essais et thèses</ref></item> <item xml:id="if207"><ref target="#p285 #p368 #p369 #p370 #p371 #p372 #p373 #p374 #p375 #p376 #p377 #p378 #p379 #p380 #p381 #p382 #p383 #p384 #p385 #p386 #p387 #p388 #p389 #p390 #p391 #p392 #p393 #p394 #p395 #p396 #p397 #p398 #p399 #p400 #p401 #p402 #p403 #p404 #p405 #p406 #p407 #p408 #p409 #p410 #p411 #p412 #p413 #p414 #p415 #p416 #p417 #p418 #p419 #p420 #p421 #p422 #p423 #p424 #p425 #p426 #p427 #p428 #p429 #p430 #p431 #p432 #p433 #p434 #p435 #p436 #p437 #p438 #p439 #p440 #p441 #p442 #p443 #p444 #p445 #p446 #p447 #p448 #p449 #p450 #p451 #p572 #p573 #p574 #p575 #p576 #p577 #p578 #p579 #p580 #p581 #p582 #p583 #p584 #p585 #p586 #p587 #p588 #p589 #p590 #p591 #p592 #p593 #p594 #p595 #p596 #p597 #p598 #p599 #p600 #p601 #p602 #p603 #p604 #p605 #p606 #p607 #p608 #p609 #p610 #p611 #p612 #p613 #p614 #p615 #p616 #p617 #p618 #p619 #p620 #p621 #p622 #p623 #p624 #p625 #p626 #p627 #p628 #p629 #p630 #p631 #p632 #p633 #p634 #p635 #p636 #p637 #p638 #p639 #p640 #p641 #p642 #p643 #p645 #p646 #p647 #p648 #p649 #p650 #p651 #p652 #p653 #p654 #p655 #p656 #p657 #p658 #p659 #p660 #p661 #p662 #p663 #p664 #p665 #p666 #p667 #p668 #p669 #p670 #p671 #p672 #p673 #p674 #p675 #p676 #p677 #p678 #p679 #p680 #p681 #p682 #p683 #p684 #p685 #p686 #p687 #p688 #p689 #p690 #p691 #p692 #p693 #p694 #p695 #p696 #p697 #p698 #p699 #p700 #p701 #p702 #p703 #p704 #p705 #p706 #p707 #p708 #p709 #p710 #p711 #p712 #p713 #p714 #p715 #p716 #p717 #p718 #p719 #p720 #p721 #p722 #p723 #p724 #p725 #p726 #p727 #p728 #p729 #p730 #p731 #p732">genres pratiqués par les écrivaines et les écrivains</ref></item> <item xml:id="if208"><ref target="#p294">identité et collectivité</ref></item> <item xml:id="if209"><ref target="#p277 #p278 #p282 #p283 #p284 #p285 #p294 #p295 #p296 #p297">place des femmes vs celles des hommes dans la littérature</ref></item> <item xml:id="if210"><ref target="#p295 #p296 #p297">préjugés influant sur la place des femmes dans la littérature</ref></item> <item xml:id="if211"><ref target="#p286 #p287 #p288 #p289 #p290 #p291 #p292 #p293 #p294">réception critique de poésie et de romans écrits par les femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if212"><ref target="#p294">thématiques des œuvres</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if213">
                        <ref target="#p112 #p133">ontologie et ontologie informatique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if214">
                        <ref target="#p12 #p14">oppression des femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if215">ordinateurs, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if189">numérique</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if216">
                        <ref target="#p292">Ostiguy, Denise</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if217">
                        <ref target="#p294">Ouellet, François</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if218">
                        <ref target="#p283"><title level="m">Ouvrir la voie/x</title> (Boisclair)</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if219">
                        <ref target="#p38 #p39 #p40 #p41 #p42 #p43 #p44 #p45 #p46">partage et échange</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if220">
                        <ref target="#p51 #p52 #p53">partie invisible</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if221">
                        <ref target=" #p39 #p50">patriarcat</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if222">
                        <ref target="#p49">plaisirs, interdictions</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if223">poésie et poétique <list> <item xml:id="if224"><ref target="#p192">et métaféminisme</ref></item> <item xml:id="if225"><ref target="#p130 #p131">presse périodique</ref></item> <item xml:id="if226"><ref target="#p288 #p289 #p290 #p291">réception critique d'œuvres franco-ontariennes</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if227">
                        <ref target="#p18 #p21">politique canadienne</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if228">
                        <ref target="#p198"><title level="m">Portraits de mers</title> (Dorion)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if229">
                        <ref target="#p188 #p191">postféminisme</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if230">
                        <ref target="#p118 #p119 #p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132">posture littéraire</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if231">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p292 #p293">Poulin, Gabrielle</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if232">
                        <ref target="#p10 #p942">le présent</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if233">presse périodique du Québec au XIXe siècle <list> <item xml:id="if234"><ref target="#p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131">analyse, exemple</ref></item> <item xml:id="if235"><ref target="#p110 #p111 #p112 #p113 #p114 #p115 #p116 #p117">corpus, constitution et étude</ref></item> <item xml:id="if236"><ref target="#p110 #p111 #p112 #p113 #p114 #p115 #p116 #p117 #p118 #p119 #p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132 #p133 #p134">écriture des femmes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if237"><ref target="#p130 #p131">poétique</ref></item> <item xml:id="if238"><ref target="#p134">relecture des textes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if239"><ref target="#p119 #p120">sociopoétique</ref></item> <item><list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir aussi</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if101"><title level="a">Histoire littéraire des femmes au Québec</title></ref></item></list></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if240">
                        <ref target="#p16">printemps arabe</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if241">
                        <ref target="#p16">printemps érable</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if242">
                        <ref target="#p284 #p289">Prise de parole</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if243">production littéraire <list> <item xml:id="if244"><ref target="#p274 #p275 #p276 #p277 #p278 #p282 #p283 #p284 #p285">femmes <hi rend="italic">vs</hi> hommes</ref></item> <item xml:id="if245"><ref target="#p296 #p297">préjugés influant sur la place des femmes</ref></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if246">
                        <ref target="#p191">Proulx, Monique</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if247">
                        <ref target="#p926">Quartier libre</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if248">Québec <list> <item xml:id="if249"><ref target="#p279 #p280 #p281">contexte sociopolitique 1970 à 1985</ref></item> <item xml:id="if250"><ref target="#p276 #p283 #p284">place des femmes vs celle des hommes dans la littérature</ref></item> <item xml:id="if251"><ref target="#p926">relève littéraire</ref></item> <item><list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir aussi</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if233">presse périodique du Québec au XIXe siècle</ref></item></list></item> </list> </item>
                    <item xml:id="if252">
                        <ref target="#p288 #p293 #p294"><title level="m">La quête d'Alexandre</title> (Brodeur)</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if253">
                        <ref target="#p943">radio, capsule</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if254">
                        <ref target="#p13 #p16">rassemblements éclair</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if255">
                        <ref target="#p31 #p36">reconnaissance</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if256">
                        <ref target="#p192">régénération du féminisme</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if257">
                        <ref target="#p19"><title level="m">Régénérations</title>, importance</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if258">
                        <ref target="#p274">Reid, Martine</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if259">
                        <ref target="#p12 #p14">religion, oppression des femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if260">
                        <ref target="#p279">Révolution tranquille</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if261">
                        <ref target="#p130 #p131">rhétorique de l'enchâssement</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if262">
                        <ref target="#p275"><title level="m">The Rise of the Novel: Studies in Defoe, Richardson and Fielding</title> (Watt)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if263">
                        <ref target="#p276">Robert, Lucie</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if264">
                        <ref target="#p998">Roy, Julie</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if265">
                                <ref target="#p110 #p111 #p112 #p113 #p114 #p115 #p116 #p117 #p118 #p119 #p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132 #p133 #p134">ontologie informatique et histoire littéraire des femmes</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if266">
                        <ref target="#p188 #p191">Saint-Martin, Lori</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if267">
                        <ref target="#p1000">Savoie, Chantal</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if268">
                                <ref target="#p110 #p111 #p112 #p113 #p114 #p115 #p116 #p117 #p118 #p119 #p120 #p121 #p122 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p130 #p131 #p132 #p133 #p134">ontologie informatique et histoire littéraire des femmes</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if269">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p121 #p122 #p128 #p132">scène de la parole</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if270">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p131 #p132">scène englobante et d'énonciation</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if271">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p121 #p127 #p131 #p132">scène générique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if272">
                        <ref target="#p120 #p123 #p124 #p125 #p126 #p127 #p128 #p129 #p131 #p132">scènes et discours/posture littéraire</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if273">
                        <ref target="#p207 #p208 #p209 #p210"><title level="m">Scrapbook</title> (Bismuth)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if274">
                        <ref target="#p22 #p23 #p54 #p55 #p56 #p57 #p58">sens (signification)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if275">
                        <ref target="#p191"><title level="m">Le sexe des étoiles</title> (Proulx)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if276">
                        <ref target="#p1001">Snauwaert, Maïté</ref>
                        <list>
                            <item xml:id="if277">
                                <ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943">au sujet de Catherine Mavrikakis</ref>
                            </item>
                        </list>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if278">
                        <ref target="#p119 #p120">sociopoétique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if279">
                        <ref target="#p199 #p200 #p201 #p202 #p203 #p204 #p205 #p206"><title level="m">Soigne ta chute</title> (Balzano)</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if280">souvenir, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if164">mémoire</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if281">
                        <ref target="#p275">Spender, Dale</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if282">technologie numérique, <list><head><hi rend="italic">Voir</hi></head> <item><ref target="#if189">numérique</ref></item></list></item>
                    <item xml:id="if283">
                        <ref target="#p119">Thérenty, Marie-Ève</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if284">
                        <ref target="#p12 #p14">tradition, et oppression des femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if285">
                        <ref target="#p48 #p937 #p938">transmission, par les textes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if286">
                        <ref target="#p43">Twitter</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if287">
                        <ref target="#p119">Vaillant, Alain</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if288">
                        <ref target="#p292">Vanasse, André</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if289">
                        <ref target="#p21">vérité-réalité, et mémoire historique</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if290">
                        <ref target="#p119">Viala, Alain</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if291">
                        <ref target="#p43 #p44 #p45 #p46">vie privée</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if292">
                        <ref target="#p24 #p25 #p26 #p27">violence et femmes</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if293">
                        <ref target="#p37 #p51 #p52 #p53">visibilité/invisibilité</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if294">
                        <ref target="#p290"><title level="m">Le Voyageur</title> (Sudbury)</ref>
                    </item>

                    <item xml:id="if295">
                        <ref target="#p275">Watt, Ian</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if296">
                        <ref target="#p208 #p209">Woolf, Virginia</ref>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="if397">
                        <ref target="#p926 #p927 #p928 #p929 #p930 #p931 #p932 #p933 #p934 #p935 #p936 #p937 #p938 #p939 #p940 #p941 #p942 #p943">www.catherinemavrikakis.com</ref>
                    </item>

                </list>
            </div>
            <div type="semantic_tagging">
                <!--Semantic Tags - updated March 2015. List moved from the encodingDesc classDecl, so that ANdrew can automate the semantic tag curration process in DToC -->
                <list>

                    <!-- Life tagset: -->
                    <item xml:id="class_issue">
                        <note>Encodes discussion related to class.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="nationality_issue">
                        <note>Encodes passages discussing nationality.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="race_and_ethnicity">
                        <note>Encodes passages dealing with the unstable, historically constituted categories of race and ethnicity.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="sexuality">
                        <note>Encodes discussions of sexuality in terms of culture, behaviour, or identity.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="education">
                        <note>Encodes information about educational background: schools or institutions, gender issues (conditions affecting women's access to education), subjects and crucial works studied, people encountered, behaviour, awards, and qualifications gained. </note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="health_issue">
                        <note>Encodes passages relating to well-being or illness (mental or physical).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="history">
                        <note>Encodes references to historical events or periods.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="politics">
                        <note>Encodes information concerning political activity.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="violence">
                        <note>Encodes instances of physical, sexual, institutional, or emotional abuse.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="gender_issue">
                        <note>Encodes the relation of a particular political engagement to gender issues, broadly defined.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="religion">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of religious issues.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="technology">
                        <note>Encodes substantial discussion of technology.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="collaboration">
                        <note>Encodes substantial discussion of collaboration.</note>
                    </item>
                    <!--  Production tagset: -->
                    <item xml:id="authorship">
                        <note>Contains discussions of authorship</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="literary_schools">
                        <note>Encodes a single reference to a school of thought.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="writing_climate">
                        <note>Encodes any physical, economic, or emotional circumstances affecting a writer's work.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="attitudes_to_women_writing">
                        <note>Contains material about authors' attitudes specifically to authorship, gender, and the relations between them.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="place_of_publication">
                        <note>Encloses significant statements about where books were published.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="editions">
                        <note> Contains information about later editions, re-issues, reprints or translations.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="anthologization">
                        <note> Encodes information about reprinting a work in collections with work by other people.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="manuscript_history">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of the history of unpublished or pre-published texts.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="non-survival_of_text">
                        <note>Encodes material on non-extant texts.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="archive">
                        <note>Encodes discussion about archived material.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="archival_location">
                        <note>Encodes information about location or ownership of manuscript or rare printed texts.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="non-book_media">
                        <note>Refers to a non-textual work or non-textual packaging of a written work.</note>
                    </item>
                    <!--  Textual Features tagset: -->

                    <item xml:id="genre">
                        <!-- List below is tentatively replaced with the CWRC primary genres. User testing will tell if this is a good alternative for this collection  -->
                        <!-- 
                        <catDesc xml:id="adaptation">Adaptation</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="afterword">Afterword</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="allegory">Allegory</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="annotation">Annotation</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="anthology">Anthology</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="aphorism">Aphorism</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="autobiography">Autobiography</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="ballad">Ballad</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="biography">Biography</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="catechism">Catechism</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="childrens_literature">Children's Literature</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="comedy">Comedy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="comic_book">Comic Book</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="detective_fiction">Detective Fiction</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="dialogue_or_debate">Dialogue or Debate</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="diary">Diary</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="didactic">Didactic</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="documentary">Documentary</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="drama">Drama</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="dystopia">Dystopia</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="elegy">Elegy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="epic">Epic</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="epilogue">Epilogue</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="epistolary">Epistolary</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="erotica">Erotica</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="essay">Essay</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="fable">Fable</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="fairy_tale">Fairy Tale</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="fantasy">Fantasy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="folksong">Folksong</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="gothic">Gothic</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="government_report">Government Report</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="historical">Historical</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="introduction">Introduction</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="journalism">Journalism</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="literary_criticism">Literary Criticism</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="liturgy">Liturgy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="magic_realism">Magic Realism</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="manifesto">Manifesto</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="mixed_media">Mixed Media</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="mystery">Mystery</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="novel">Novel</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="parody">Parody</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="philosophy">Philosophy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="poetry">Poetry</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="propoganda">Propaganda</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="science_fiction">Science Fiction</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="short_story">Short Story</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="social_science">Social Science</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="song">Song</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="sonnet">Sonnet</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="tragedy">Tragedy</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="translation">Translation</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="treatise">Treatise</note>
                        <catDesc xml:id="young_adult_writing">Young Adult Writing</note>--> </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_drama">
                        <note>Drama</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_fiction">
                        <note>Fiction</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_journalism">
                        <note>Journalism</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_lifeWriting">
                        <note>Life writing</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_music">
                        <note>Music</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_novel">
                        <note>Novel</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_non-ficion">
                        <note>Non-fiction</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_poetry">
                        <note>Poetry</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_performance">
                        <note>Performance</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_short_story">
                        <note>Short story</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_scholarlyWriting">
                        <note>Scholarly writing </note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="genre_issue">
                        <note>Encodes discussions of disputable generic allegiance or unusual generic mixtures.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="voice_or_narration">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of narrative techniques.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="textual_strategies">
                        <note>Rhetorical and discursive effects.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="characterization">
                        <note>Encodes discussions of fictional characters.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="intertextuality">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of gestures in a text towards other texts. Includes exchange, debate, rivalries, influence of one writer on another.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="theme_or_topic">
                        <note>Encodes both theme (concepts central to a particular text) and topic (subjects of less central weight).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="motif">
                        <note>Encodes a recurring element that has symbolic significance.</note>
                    </item>
                    <!--  Reception tagset: -->
                    <item xml:id="response_recent">
                        <note>Encodes time frame of a literary response to a work.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="response_re-evaluation">
                        <note>Encodes a response that is a re-evaluation of a literary work.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="response_formal">
                        <note>Encodes a formal response to a literary work (e.g. a review).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="response_informal">
                        <note>Encodes an informal response to a literary work (e.g. a comment or a letter).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="response_gendered">
                        <note>Indicates whether or not a literary response is predicated on the writer's gender.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="recognitions">
                        <note>Encodes material about acclaim offered to literary works, usually in the form of awards and prizes.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="censorship">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of censorship.</note>
                    </item>
                    <!--  Critcal Interpretation tagset: -->
                    <item xml:id="authority">
                        <note>Encodes statements about larger issues of cultural authority.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="economics">
                        <note>Encodes material related to wealth, power, etc.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="men_writing">
                        <note>Discussions of male writing as gendered, or as a tradition (not all discussions of writing by men).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="women_writing">
                        <note>Discussions of women's writing as gendered, or as a tradition (not all discussions of writing by women).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="textual_agency">
                        <note>Encodes material about the relation between books and social transformation and development (i.e. effects of a certain text on worldly conditions).</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="canon_formation">
                        <note>Encodes material about the transmission and production of the canon.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="critique_of_canon">
                        <note>Encodes critical discussions of the canon.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="intellectual_history">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of literary communities and their influences on intellectual history. </note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="social_movement">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of social movements.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="close_reading">
                        <note>Encodes passages of close reading.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="methodology">
                        <!-- Should we create subcategories for methodology? Or include these methodological approaches as categories in 'genre'? -->
                        <note>Encodes discussion of someone's methodological approach, or that of another critic. Methodological categories include: feminist, Canadianist, new historical, deconstructionist, psychoanalytic, globalism, post-colonialism, sustainability, etc.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="representation_of_women">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of the representation of women, literary or other.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="representation_of_men">
                        <note>Encodes discussion of the representation of men, literary or other.</note>
                    </item>
                    <item xml:id="historical_oppression">
                        <note>Encodes material on the exclusion of certain groups from the production of history (literary or other).</note>
                    </item>
                </list>
            </div>
            <!--          MVI: I suspect this whole portion will be taken out of the digital edition; if not, it would have to be restructured with the three tiles tagged as BIBLs
      <div>
        <p xml:lang="ar-SA">Other Titles from The University of Alberta Press</p>
      </div>
      <div rend="frame-3">
        <graphic rend="frame-5" url="image/cultural%20map%20cover_fmt.png"/>
      </div>
      <div rend="frame-3">
        <graphic rend="frame-6" url="image/landscapes%20of%20war_fmt.png"/>
      </div>
      <div rend="frame-3">
        <graphic rend="frame-7" url="image/poetstalk_fmt.png"/>
      </div>
      <div rend="Basic-Text-Frame">
        <p>
          <hi>Cultural Mapping and the Digital Sphere: </hi>
          <hi>Place and Space   </hi>
          
        </p>
        <p>
          <hi>Ruth Panofsky &amp; Kathleen Kellett</hi>
          <hi>, Editors</hi>
        </p>
        <p/>
        <p>336 pages | Foreword, 35 illustrations and maps, bibliography, notes, appendices, index</p>
        <p>978-1-77212-049-3 | $39.95 (T) paper</p>
        <p>978-1-77212-056-1 | $31.99 (T) EPUB</p>
        <p>978-1-77212-057-8 | $31.99 (T) Kindle</p>
        <p>978-1-77212-058-5 | $31.99 (T) PDF</p>
        <p>Canadian Literature/Digital Humanities/Essays</p>
        <p/>
        <p/>
        <p>
          <hi>Landscapes of War and Memory: </hi>
          <hi>The Two World Wars in Canadian Literature and the Arts, 1977–2007</hi>
        </p>
        <p>Sherrill Grace</p>
        <p/>
        <p>600 pages | 30 B&amp;W photographs, notes, bibliography, index</p>
        <p>978-1-77212-000-4 | $49.95 (T) paper</p>
        <p>War &amp; Cultural Memory/Literature, Visual Arts &amp; Film</p>
        <p/>
        <p/>
        <p/>
        <p>
          <hi>Poets Talk: </hi>
          <hi>Conversations with Robert Kroetsch, Daphne Marlatt, Erin Mouré, Dionne Brand, Marie Annharte Baker, Jeff Derksen, and Fred Wah</hi>
          
        </p>
        <p>Pauline Butling &amp; Susan Rudy</p>
        <p/>
        <p>216 pages | Notes, bibliography, index</p>
        <p>A volume in cuRRents, a Canadian literature series</p>
        <p>978-0-88864-431-2 | $34.95 (T) paper</p>
        <p>Literary Criticism</p>
      </div>-->
        </back>

    </text>
</TEI>
